The American Pageant

Chapter 5

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution, 1700-1775

Cover Slide

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Conquest by the Cradle

• 1775, Great Britain ruled 32 colonies in North America– Only 13 of them revolted (the ones in what’s today the U.S.) – Canada and Jamaica were wealthier than the “original 13” – All of them were growing by leaps and bounds

• 1775 - population numbered 2.5 million people• Average age - 16 years old (due mainly to having several

children)• 95% of population - densely cooped up east of the Alleghenies

– by 1775 some had slowly trickled into Tennessee and Kentucky

• 90% of the people lived in rural areas and were farmers

A Mingling of the Races

• Colonial America - mostly English but had other races• Germans - 6% of the population, or about 150,000 people

– Protestant (primarily Lutheran) – Called “Pennsylvania Dutch” (a corruption of Deutsch which

means German)• 5% of the multicolored population consisted of other European

groups, like French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders

• Americans were of all races and mixed bloods, so it was no wonder that other races from other countries had a hard time classifying them.

A Mingling of the Races• Scots-Irish - 7% of the population, with 175,000 people

– Had been transplanted to Northern Ireland, but did not find a home there (the already existing Irish Catholics resented the intruders)

– Many Scots-Irish reached America and became squatters, quarreling with both Indians and white landowners

– Tried to move as far from Britain as possible– 1764 - Scots-Irish led the armed march of the Paxton Boys

• Paxtons marched on Philadelphia to protest the Quaker’ peaceful treatment of the Indians

• Later started the North Carolina Regulator movement in the hills and mountains of the colony, aimed against domination by eastern powers in the colony

– Known to be very hot-headed and independent minded– Eventually became American revolutionists

The Structure of the Colonial Society

• America was a land of opportunity– Anyone willing to work hard could go from rags to riches, and

poverty was scorned– Class differences did emerge, as a small group of aristocrats

(made up of the rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen) had much of the power

• Armed conflicts in the 1690s and 1700s enriched a number of merchants in the New England and middle colonies

• War created many widows & orphans who had to turn to charity

The Structure of the Colonial Society• South - firm social pyramid emerged containing…

– Immensely rich plantation owners (“planters”) had many slaves– “Yeoman” farmers, or small farmers - owned their land and, maybe, a few

slaves– Landless whites - owned no land and either worked for a landowner or

rented land to farm– Indentured servants of America – the paupers and the criminals sent to the

New World• Some unfortunate victims of Britain’s unfair laws and became

respectable citizens • Group was dwindling though by the 1700s, thanks to Bacon’s

Rebellion and the move away from indentured servant labor and toward slavery

– Black slaves at the bottom of the social ladder - no rights or hopes up moving up or even gaining freedom

• Slavery became a divisive issue because some colonies didn’t want slaves while others needed them, and therefore vetoed any bill banning the importation of slaves

Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists• Most honored profession in the colonial times - clergy (priests)

– 1775 - less power than before during the height of the “Bible Commonwealth,” but still wielded a great amount of authority

• Physicians - not highly esteemed– Bleeding was often a favorite, and deadly, solution to illnesses– Plagues - a nightmare

• Smallpox (afflicting 1 of 5 persons, including George Washington) was rampant - crude form of inoculation for it was introduced in 1721

• Clergy and doctors didn’t like the inoculation - prefer not to tamper with the will of God

• Lawyers weren’t liked - regarded as noisy scumbags – Criminals represented themselves in court– 1750 - lawyers were recognized as useful, and many defended

high-profile cases– great orators and played important roles in history of America

Workaday America• Agriculture - leading industry (farmers could grow anything)

– Maryland and Virginia, tobacco was the staple crop– 1759 - New York exporting 80,000 barrels of flour a year

• Fishing rewarding (not as much as farming) and it was – pursued in all the American colonies especially in New

England• Trading - popular and prevalent industry

– “Triangular trade” - a ship, for example, would leave • (1) New England with rum and go to the • (2) Gold Coast of Africa and trade it for African slaves and

go to the • (3) West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses (for

rum), which it’d sell to New England once it returned there • Strong-backed laborers & skilled craftspeople - scarce & highly

prized

Workaday America

• Manufacturing - not as important• Single most important manufacturing activity was lumbering

– Britain marked the tallest trees for its navy’s masts– Colonists resented that – There were countless other good trees in the area and the

marked tree was going toward a common defense but it was the principle of Britain-first that was detested

• 1733 - Parliament passed the Molasses Act– If successful, would have struck a crippling blow to

American international trade by hindering its trade with the French West Indies

– Result was disagreement, and colonists got around the act through smuggling

Horsepower and Sailpower• Roads in 1700s America were very poor, and they only connected

the large cites– Took young Benjamin Franklin 9 days to get from Boston to

Philadelphia• Roads - so bad that they were dangerous

– People who would venture these roads would often sign wills and pray with family members before embarking

– Result - towns seemed to cluster around slow, navigable water sources, like gentle rivers, or by the ocean

• Taverns and bars sprang up to serve weary travelers and were great places of gossip and news

• An inter-colonial mail system was set up in the mid-1700s, but mailmen often passed time by reading private letters, since there was nothing else to do

Dominant Denominations• Two “established churches” (tax-supported) - Anglican and

Congregational• Majority of people didn’t worship in churches• The Church of England (the Anglican Church) - official in

Georgia, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of New York– Anglican sermons - shorter, its descriptions of hell were less

frightening, and amusements were less scorned– Anglicans - not having a resident bishop proved to be a

problem for unordained young ministers– 1693 - William and Mary founded to train young clergy

• Congregational church had grown from the Puritan church– Established in all the New England colonies except for Rhode

Island– 1600s - worry that people weren’t devout enough

The Great Awakening• Less religious fervor than before• Worry that so many people would not be saved• Stage was set for a revival - First Great Awakening. • Jonathan Edwards - preacher with fiery preaching methods,

emotionally moving many listeners to tears while talking of the eternal damnation that nonbelievers would face after death– 1734 - began preaching and his methods sparked debate– Famous sermon - “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

• Describes a man dangling a spider over a blazing fire, able to drop the spider in at any time – just as God could do to man

– Famous metaphor: “The road to hell is paved with the skulls of unbaptized children”

The Great Awakening• George Whitefield

– An orator of rare gifts - made Jonathan Edwards weep and persuaded skeptical Ben Franklin to empty his pockets into the collection plate

– Imitators copied his emotional shaking sermons and his heaping of blame on sinners

• New preachers - met with skepticism by the “old lights,” or the orthodox clergymen

• Great Awakening led to the founding of “new light” centers like Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth

• Great Awakening - the first religious experience shared by all Americans as a group

Schools and Colleges• Education - most important in New England - it was used to train

young future clergymen– Other parts of America, farm labor used up most of the time

that would have been spent in school– Fairly adequate primary and secondary schools in other areas– Problem - only well-to-do children could afford to attend

• Gloomy and grim atmosphere - colonial schools emphasis on religion and on the classical languages, as well as doctrine and orthodoxy– Discipline - quite severe (child being cut by a limb from a

birch tree)• New England - college education more important than the ABC’s • Some changes made to curriculum (from dead languages to live

ones)– Ben Franklin launched the University of Pennsylvania

A Provincial Culture

• Little time for recreation (due to farm work, fear of Indians, etc…) - little free time was used on religion, not art

• Painters were frowned upon as pursuing a worthless pastime– John Trumbull of CT was discouraged by his father– Charles Willson Peale, best know for his portraits of George

Washington, ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry in addition to his art

– Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley had to go to England to complete their ambitious careers

• Architecture - largely imported from the Old World and modified to meet American needs– Log cabin - borrowed from Sweden– 1720 - Classical, red-bricked Georgian style of architecture

A Provincial Culture

• Colonial literature - generally undistinguished– Slave girl, Phillis Wheatley

• Never been formally educated• Went to Britain and • Published a book of verse and subsequently wrote other

polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

– Ben Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac - very influential, containing many common sayings and phrases, and was more widely read in America and Europe than anything but for the Bible

• Ben Franklin’s experiments with science, and his sheer power of observation, also helped advance science

Pioneer Presses• Few libraries in early America, and few Americans were rich

enough to buy books• On the eve of the revolution, many hand-operated presses

cranked out leaflets, pamphlets, and journals signed with pseudonyms

• John Peter Zenger, a New York newspaper printer, was taken to court and charged with seditious libel (writing in a malicious manner against someone)– Judge urged the jury to consider that the mere fact of

publishing was a crime, no matter whether the content was derogatory or not

– Zenger won after his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, excellently defended his case

– The importance—freedom of the press scored a huge early victory in this case

The Great Game of Politics• 1775 - 8 of the colonies had royal governors (appointed by king) • Three had governors chosen by proprietors• Practically every colony utilized a two-house legislative body

– Upper house - appointed by royal officials or proprietors– Lower house - elected by the people

• Self-taxation with representation came to be a cherished privilege • Governors did a good job, but some were just plain corrupt

– I.e., Lord Cornbury, first cousin of Queen Anne, was made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702, but proved to be a drunkard, a spendthrift, a grafter, and embezzler, a religious bigot, a cross-dresser, and a vain fool

• Right to vote was not available to just anyone, just white male landowners– Ease of acquiring land to hard workers made voting a privilege

easily attainable to many people in this group

Colonial Folkways• Americans - many hardships, basic amenities not available

– Churches weren’t heated – Running water or plumbing in houses was nonexistent– Garbage disposal was primitive at best

• Amusement was permitted, and people often worked/partied during house-raisings, barn-raisings, apple-parings, quilting bees, husking bees, and other merrymaking

• South, card playing, horse racing, and fox hunting were fun • Lotteries were universally approved, even by the clergy because

they helped raise money for churches and colleges• Stage plays were popular in the South, but not in the North • Holidays - celebrated everywhere (New England didn’t like

Christmas)• 1775 – Am. like a quilt, each part different and individual in its

own way, but all coming together to form one single, unified piece

Makers of America: The Scots-Irish

• Life for Scots - miserable in England– extremely poor– Britain still taxed them

• Migrating to Ulster, Ireland– Scots still felt unwelcome, and came to America

• Constantly tried to further themselves from Britain– Went to Pennsylvania - tolerance was high

• Scots-Irish - America’s pioneers - clearing the trails• Religion - the only thing that bonded these people (Presbyterian)• Hatred of England made them great allies and supporters of the

United States during the Revolutionary War

Abigail Adams by Benjamin Blythe, 1766The American artist Benjamin Blythe painted this portrait of Abigail Smith Adams in 1766, shortly after her marriage. Less than a decade later she would join her husband John in eager support of the revolutionary cause. At the same time, however, she forthrightly challenged him to "remember the ladies" in the nation's "new code of laws." (Massachusetts Historical Society)

Abigail Adams by Benjamin Blythe, 1766

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Iroquois warriorAn eighteenth-century Iroquois warrior as depicted by a European artist. Such men of the Six Nations confederacy dominated the North American interior before the Seven Years War. Lines drawn on maps by colonizing powers and the incursions of traders made little impact on their power. (Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division)

Iroquois warrior

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Phillis WheatleyAs a child, Phillis Wheatley was brought from Africa and sold to a Boston couple who came to recognize and encourage her literary talent. Wheatley's patriotic poetry won approval from George Washington and praise from many revolutionary leaders. She died free but in poverty in the 1780s. (Library of Congress)

Phillis Wheatley

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Map: Immigration and British Colonial Expansion, to 1755

Immigration and British Colonial Expansion, to 1755Black majorities emerged in much of the Chesapeake tidewater and the Carolina-Georgia low country. Immigrants from Germany, Ireland, and Scotland predominated among the settlers in the piedmont. A significant Jewish population emerged in the seaports.

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