The American Pageant The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved

The American Pageant

The Ordeal of Reconstruction,

1865-1877

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1. Wade-Davis bill required ____% of 1860 voters in a rebel state to take an oath of allegiance.

2. Johnson’s plan disenfranchised only ______Confederates .

3. Laws designed to curtail Freedmen’s rights were called __________.

4. The _______ amendment established universal male suffrage.

5. The _______ amendment conferred citizenship on Freedmen.

1. The _______ amendment established universal male suffrage.

2. Johnson’s plan required ____% of 1860 voters in a rebel state to take an oath of allegiance.

3. The _______ amendment prohibited slavery.

4. The catalyst for Johnson’s impeachment was his violation of the T______ of Office Act of 1867.

5. The _______ amendment conferred citizenship on Freedmen.

RECONSTRUCTION

TASKS FACING THE NATION: 1865-1877

1. How should the devastated South be rebuilt?

2. What would be the place/role of the freedmen?

3. How will the conquered states be re-admitted to the Union?

4. Who will direct/control reconstruction?

ALSO…

A. How will Southern leaders/traitors be treated?

B. What economic system will replace slavery?

THE FREEDMEN• Emancipation a gradual and varied process (vs.

event)

• Vast # of Freedmen migrated, esp. “Exodusters,” 25,000 to KS

• Boom in Black led Churches

• Demand/Desire for Education

• Mixed success using suffrage/electing representatives

• Creation of Freedmen’s Bureau (3/3/1865-1872)

What is your evaluation of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

Daughter teaching mother to read, Mt. Meigs, AlabamaAfrican Americans of all ages eagerly pursued the opportunity freedom provided to gain an education. This young woman in Mt. Meigs, Alabama, is helping her mother learn to read. (Smithsonian Institute. Photo by Rudolf Eickemeyer.)

Daughter teaching mother to read, Mt. Meigs, Alabama


Black teacher and studentsDuring Reconstruction, the freed people gave a high priority to the establishment of schools, often with the assistance of the Freedmen's Bureau and northern missionary societies. This photograph of a newly established school was taken around 1870, showing both the barefoot students and the teacher. (Library of Congress)

Black teacher and students


ExodustersBenjamin "Pap" Singleton, a one-time fugitive slave from Tennessee, returned there to promote the "exodus" movement of the late 1870s. Forming a real estate company, Singleton traveled the south recruiting parties of freedmen who were disillusioned with the outcome of Reconstruction. These emigrants, awaiting a Mississippi River boat, looked forward to political equality, freedom from violence, and homesteads in Kansas. (Library of Congress)

Exodusters


His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865Thomas Waterman Wood, who had painted portraits of society figures in Nashville before the war, sensed the importance of Congress's decision in 1867 to enfranchise the freedmen. This oil painting, one of a series on suffrage, emphasizes the significance of the ballot for the black voter. (Cheekwood Museum of Art, Nashville, Tennessee)

His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865


Distinguished Colored MenThis lithograph from 1883 depicts prominent African American men, several of whom had leading roles in Black Reconstruction. (Library of Congress)

Distinguished Colored Men


Portrait of Andrew JohnsonCombative and inflexible, President Andrew Johnson contributed greatly to the failure of his own Reconstruction program. (Library of Congress)

Pres. Andrew Johnson• VP to Lincoln in 1864 to

attract pro-Union Dems to Union Party

• Humble origins, self-educated, self-made man

• From Tennessee, slave-owner

• Pro-Union, appointed war time governor

• Pro states’ rights• HOSTILE to Freedmen’s

Bureau

Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which

may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/01/17/washington/20090117_ADDRESSES.html




RECONSTRUCTION PLANS

LINCOLN’S 1863 PLAN:

• 10% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union

• Pledge to abide by emancipation

• Erection of state govt.

• Recognition by Union

WADE-DAVIS BILL, 1864:

• 50% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union

• STRONG safeguards for emancipation

* Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, exposed split b/w Moderate and Radical Republicans

Taking the Oath of AllegianceThese white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress)

Taking the Oath of Allegiance


RECONSTRUCTION PLANS

• JOHNSON’S 1865 PLAN:• 10% plan of Lincoln• Disenfranchised leading Confederates and Planter

class ($20,000 property or more)• Special State Convention to repeal secession laws,

repudiate Confederate debts, ratify 13th amendment

• *Johnson granted many pardons-enraging Radical Reps.

Primary Document Mississippi Black Code Vagrancy LawSection 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practising unlawful games or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers, pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or behavior, common railers and brawlers, persons who neglect their calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and all other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling shops, shall be deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act; and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, with all accruing costs, and be imprisoned at the discretion of the court not exceeding ten days.Section 2. Be it further enacted, that all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes in this state over the age of eighteen years found on the second Monday in January 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together either in the day or nighttime, and all white persons so assembling with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes, or usually associating with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes on terms of equality, or living in adultery or fornication with a freedwoman, free Negro, or mulatto, shall be deemed vagrants; and, on conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not exceeding, in the case of a freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, 150, and a white man, $200, and imprisoned at the discretion of the court, the free Negro not exceeding ten days, and the white man not exceeding six months.Section 3. Be it further enacted, that all justices of the peace, mayors, and aldermen of incorporated towns and cities of the several counties in this state shall have jurisdiction to try all questions of vagrancy in their respective towns, counties, and cities; and it is hereby made their duty, whenever they shall ascertain that any person or persons in their respective towns, counties, and cities are violating any of the provisions of this act, to have said party or parties arrested and brought before them and immediately investigate said charge; and, on conviction, punish said party or parties as provided for herein. And it is hereby made the duty of all sheriffs, constables, town constables, city marshals, and all like officers to report to some officer having jurisdiction all violations of any of the provisions of this act; and it shall be the duty of the county courts to inquire if any officers have neglected any of the duties required by this act; and in case any officer shall fail or neglect any duty herein, it shall be the duty of the county court to fine said officer, upon conviction, not exceeding $100, to be paid into the county treasury for county purposes.Section 4. Be it further enacted, that keepers of gaming houses, houses of prostitution, all prostitutes, public or private, and all persons who derive their chief support in employments that militate against good morals or against laws shall be deemed and held to be vagrants.Section 5. Be it further enacted, that all fines and forfeitures collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid into the county treasury for general county purposes; and in case any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto shall fail for five days after the imposition of any fine or forfeiture upon him or her for violation of any of the provisions of this act to pay the same, that it shall be, and is hereby made, the duty of the sheriff of the proper county to hire out said freedman, free Negro, or mulatto to any person who will, for the shortest period of service, pay said fine or forfeiture and all costs:Provided, a preference shall be given to the employer, if there be one, in which case the employer shall be entitled to deduct and retain the amount so paid from the wages of such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto then due or to become due; and in case such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto cannot be hired out he or she may be dealt with as a pauper.Section 6. Be it further enacted, that the same duties and liabilities existing among white persons of this state shall attach to freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes to support their indigent families and all colored paupers; and that, in order to secure a support for such indigent freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes, it shall be lawful, and it is hereby made the duty of the boards of county police of each county in this state, to levy a poll or capitation tax on each and every freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, between the ages of eighteen and sixty years, not to exceed the sum of s I annually, to each person so taxed, which tax, when collected, shall be paid into the county treasurer's hands and constitute a fund to be called the Freedman's Pauper Fund, which shall be applied by the commissioners of the poor for the maintenance of the poor of the freedmen, free Negroes. and mulattoes of this state, under such regulations as may be established by the boards of county police, in the respective counties of this state.Section 7. Be it further enacted, that if any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto shall fail or refuse to pay any tax levied according to the provisions of the 6th Section of this act, it shall be prima facie evidence of vagrancy, and it shall be the duty of the sheriff to arrest such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, or such person refusing or neglecting to pay such tax, and proceed at once to hire, for the shortest time, such delinquent taxpayer to anyone who will pay the said tax, with accruing costs, giving preference to the employer, if there be one.Section 8. Be it further enacted, that any person feeling himself or herself aggrieved by the judgment of any justice of the peace, mayor, or alderman in cases arising under this act may, within five days, appeal to the next term of the county court of the proper county, upon giving bond and security in a sum not less than $25 nor more than $150, conditioned to appear and prosecute said appeal, and abide by the judgment of the county court, and said appeal shall be tried de novo in the county court, and the decision of said court shall be final.

http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html

Vagrancy LawSection 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practising unlawful games or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers, pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or behavior, common railers and brawlers, persons who neglect their calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and all other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling shops, shall be deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act; and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, with all accruing costs, and be imprisoned at the discretion of the court not exceeding ten days.

NEW FREEDOMS BLACK CODES

BLACK CODES

• Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset

• Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor

• Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned

• Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

FREEDOM TO OWN LAND

FREEDOM TO LEARN

FREEDOM TO WORSHIP

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

NEW FREEDOMS BLACK CODES

BLACK CODES

Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset

Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor

Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.

Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

FREEDOM TO OWN LAND Land restrictions

FREEDOM TO LEARN

FREEDOM TO WORSHIP

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Curfews, Vagrancy Laws, Labor contracts

Mrs. Juliann Jane Tillman, 1844 by Alfred HoffyBlack churches--especially the African Methodist Episcopal Church, run by and for free people of color--were central in the communal and religious life of free people of color. Mrs. Juliann Jane Tillman, an AME minister in Philadelphia, was a popular preacher. Peter S. Duval printed this 1844 life drawing of Tillman by Alfred Hoffy. (Library of Congress)

Mrs. Juliann Jane Tillman, 1844 by Alfred Hoffy


Black sharecropping family in front of their cabinSharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south's dependence on one-crop agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. (Library of Congress)

Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin


SHARECROPPING = system of farming in which a farmer tends some portion of a planter’s land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment.

SHARECROPPING AND THE CYCLE OF DEBT

SHARECROPPING AND THE CYCLE OF DEBT

Poor whites & Freedmen have

no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy food.

At harvest time, the sharecropper owes more to the landlord than his

share of the crop is worth.

Share cropper cannot leave the farm

as long as he is in debt

to the landlord.

Poor whites & freedmen sign contracts

to work a landlord’s acreage in exchange for part of the crop.

Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers

owe him for housing and food.

Store owner's record book of debts of sharecroppersSharecropping became an oppressive system in the postwar south. At plantation stores like this one, photographed in Mississippi in 1868, merchants recorded in their ledger books debts that few sharecroppers were able to repay. (Smithsonian Institution, Division of Community Life)

Store owner's record book of debts of sharecroppers


Map: The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881

The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881The transformation of the Barrow plantation in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, illustrates the striking changes in southern agriculture during Reconstruction. Before the Civil War, about 135 slaves worked on the plantation, supervised by an overseer and a slave foreman. After the war, the former slaves who remained on the plantation signed labor contracts with owner David Crenshaw Barrow. Supervised by a hired foreman, the freedmen grew cotton for wages in competing squads, but they disliked the new arrangement. In the late 1860s, Barrow subdivided his land into tenant farms of twenty-five to thirty acres, and freedmen moved their households from the old slave quarters to their own farms. By 1881, 161 tenants lived on the Barrow plantation, at least half of them children. One out of four families was named Barrow.


RADICAL REPUBLICANSCharles Sumner (left), Senator from Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Stevens, (right), Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Portraits from Library of Congress)

Charles Sumner

Republicans feared that readmitted Southern States, with new seats

in Congress and more electoral votes – because of population of

Freedmen now counted in full, would seize control of Federal govt.

and halt Reconstruction/Emancipation.

REPUBLICAN CONGRESS VS. “ANDY VETO”

• South returns “whitewashed rebels” to Congress• New South out#s North w/ Freedmen fully counted• Republicans close Congress to “rebels” Dec. 4, 1865• Johnson recognizes Southern states Dec. 6, 1865• Johnson vetoes extension of Freedmen’s Bureau• Congress passes Civil Rights Bill 1866, Johnson

vetoes• Republicans pass 14th Amendment – DOES NOT

GRANT RIGHT TO VOTE!!!• Johnson defeated in 1866 Congressional Elections

Women’s Suffrage

• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment represent a step back for women.

• 14th Amendment includes word “male” in defining citizenship, for first time.

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaign against 14th amendment, despite their support for emancipation and Freedmen’s suffrage

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/

constitution.amendmentxiv.html

Congressional Reconstruction/ Military Reconstruction: 1867-1877

1867-1869:

• South divided into 5 military districts

• Disenfranchised former Confederates

• Req. South to ratify 14th Amendment

• Req. South to guarantee full suffrage to Freedmen

1870-1877:

• Fifteenth Amendment passed to ensure suffrage

• Federal troops enforce Reconstruction until 1877, despite Ex parte Milligan & Constitution

Map: The Reconstruction


King AndrewThis Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper's Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's Weekly, 1866)

King Andrew


Johnson Impeached (Almost!!!)

• 1867: Congress passes “Tenure of Office Act”

• Johnson fires Sec. Of War Stanton, a Radical sympathizer in the Administration

• House of Reps votes 126 to 47 to impeach

• Senate fails to impeach by ONE vote

• Vice Presidency still vacant – many fear Ben Wade as President, despite dislike of Johnson

Southern Counter-Reaction

• New Southern govts pass Black Codes

• Racial politics enforced (segregation)

• Race riots & lynchings

• KKK, vigilante “justice”

• Sharecropping instituted

• Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of Freedmen

The White LeagueAlabama's White League, formed in 1874, strove to oust Republicans from office by intimidating black voters. To political cartoonist Thomas Nast, such vigilante tactics suggested an alliance between the White League and the outlawed Ku Klux Klan. (Harper's Weekly, October 24, 1874)

The White League


Mississippi Klansman, 1871Members of the Ku Klux Klan devised ghoulish costumes to heighten the terror inspired by their acts. This photograph shows the costume of a Mississippi Klansman from 1871. (Courtesy of Mr. Herbert Peck, Jr.)

Mississippi Klansman, 1871


Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's WeeklyIn 1866, as Congress reviewed the progress of Reconstruction, news from the South had a considerable impact. Violence against black people, like the riot in Memphis depicted here, helped convince northern legislators that they had to modify President Johnson's policies. (Library of Congress)

Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's Weekly


Ku Klux Klan meetingIn this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)

Ku Klux Klan meeting


Map: Popular Vote for President in the South, 1872


Grant Administration

• President during the “Gilded Age”

• Time of the robber barons and political machines/corruption

• Grant (Republican) wins 214 electoral votes to Seymour’s (Democrat) 80

• NOTE: Grant only wins popular vote by 300,000

SIGNIFICANCE: The approx. 600,000 to 700,000 Freedmen’s votes swing election to Grant.

Gilded Age

From 1865 to 1871, Boss Tweed and his cronies stole millions of dollars from the city treasury. Convicted of forgery and larceny in 1873, Tweed was released in 1875. Immediately rearrested on civil charges, he was allowed daily visits to his family in the company of his jailor. On one of these trips, Tweed made his escape. – Library of Congress

Grant Administration

• Grant – Popular soldier, inept (corrupt?) politician

• Grant’s Cabinet and Administration famous for graft, corruption and nepotism (his wife’s family)

• Despite, numerous scandals and charges of incompetence, Grant is reelected in 1872!

The Grant administration had already undergone the embarrassment of a slew of scandals—Credit Mobilier, Sanborn Contracts, Whiskey Ring, Navy Contracts, Emma Silver Mine, and others—and the Senate was trying Grant’s secretary of war, William Belknap, who had been impeached by the House in March. Realizing their opportunity to gain political capital for the fall 1876 elections, the Democrats expanded the investigations, including an attempt to impeach the president.

http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=June&Date=3

Crédit Mobilier Scandal• Basically a “front company” formed by the

financiers/builders of the Transcontinental Railroad

• Insiders of the Union Pacific Railroad hired and paid themselves as much as $50,000 a mile for construction that cost $30,000.

• Stock was sold to influential Congressmen to keep them quiet.

• New York Sun unearthed the scandal and kept attention on the “Trial of Innocents” = public figures in the Grant Administration and Congress that were involved. Only 2 Congressmen formally censured. Even Vice President Colfax escaped serious charges.

Compromise of 1877• Grant willing to run for 3rd term, but Congress votes 233-

to 18 on resolution to discourage him• Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes, veteran

from Ohio• Democrats nominate Samuel J. Tilden, reformer who

convicted Tweed• Tilden wins 184 of 185 needed votes, with 20 contested

electoral votes. Tilden also wins popular vote.• The Republican president of Senate appears to have

right to decide contested ballots, though Constitution is vague on procedure.

Map: The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877

The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877In 1876 a combination of solid southern support and Democratic gains in the North gave Samuel Tilden the majority of popular votes, but Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed election in the electoral college, after a deal satisfied Democratic wishes for an end to Reconstruction. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

"Compromise-Indeed!"Topic: Electoral CommissionSource: Harper's WeeklyDate: January 27, 1877, p. 64

Cartoonist: Thomas Nast

http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoon-Medium.asp?UniqueID=11&Year=1876

http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoon-Large.asp?UniqueID=11&Year=1876




http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoon-medium.asp?UniqueID=11&Year=1876






Compromise of 1877AKA the Hayes-Tilden deal

• Republicans controlled the electoral commission, and gave election to Hayes.

• To avoid conflict, possible disunion, North/Republicans offer to withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina.

• Freedmen are abandoned for Northern political interests

RECONSTRUCTION OFFICIALLY OVER

Hayes as a Benevolent Farmer, May 12, 1880This cartoon by J. A. Wales Puck reveals the North's readiness to give up on a strong Reconstruction policy. According to the image, only federal bayonets could support the "rule or ruin" carpetbag regimes that oppressed the south. What do the background and foreground of the cartoon suggest will be the results of President Hayes's "Let ‘Em Alone Policy"? (Library of Congress)

Hayes as a Benevolent Farmer, May 12, 1880


Reconstruction cartoonThis 1868 cartoon by Thomas Nast pictured the combination of forces that threatened the success of Reconstruction: southern opposition and the greed, partisanship, and racism of northern interests. (Library of Congress)

Reconstruction cartoon


THE FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION:DISENFRANCHISEMENT, GRAFT, &

COMPROMISE OF 1877• Successes of Reconstruction regimes marred by graft of

“scalawags” and Northern “carpetbaggers”• KKK and secret societies intimidate Freedmen and pro-

Reconstruction whites• Congress’ Force acts of 1870 and 1871 ineffective• Jim Crow laws (literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll tax,

property reqs.) & intimidation disenfranchise blacks • Black officials and representatives removed from office by

“electorate”• 1883: Supreme Court rules 1875 Civil Rights Act unconst.• Later, Plessy v. Ferguson guts 14th amendment

http://elections.harpweek.com

/09Ver2C

ontroversy/cartoons-list.asp?year=1876

"'Another such victory, and I am undone'-Pyrrhus"

Topic: Final ResultsSource: Harper's WeeklyDate: March 24, 1877, p. 232Cartoonist: Thomas Nast




RECONSTRUCTION

TASKS FACING THE NATION: 1865-1877

1. How should the devastated South be rebuilt?

2. What would be the place/role of the freedmen?

3. How will the conquered states be re-admitted to the Union?

4. Who will direct/control reconstruction?

ALSO…

A. How will Southern leaders/traitors be treated?

B. What economic system will replace slavery?

1. “Seward’s icebox” refers to the purchase of ________.

2. _______ was elected president in 1872.

3. Boss Tweed is a famous example of ____________.

4. The post-Civil War era has been called the “_________ Age,” in recognition of its corruption.

5. The election of 1877 was a tie between _______ and Hayes.

Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882• Great Railroad Strike of 1877!!!

• Workers protest 10% wage cuts

• Pres. Hayes calls in federal troops to stop strike, over 100 people died fighting the troops

• Strike failed b/c of disunity b/w Chinese & Irish Irish Demagogue, Denis Kearney and the Kearneyites create anti-Chinese backlash

• Congress passes Chinese Exclusion Act to halt Chinese immigration. Hayes vetoes the popular bill.

• Passes after Hayes leaves office & in effect to 1943.

Documents

The American Pageant The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved