CHAPTER 25THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY CRISIS: WAR AND

REVOLUTION

In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.We are the Dead. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields.Take up our quarrel with the foe:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields.

In Flanders Fieldsby John McCrae, May 1915

QUIZ pp. 707-712

1. What were two of the three long-range underlying forces that led to WW I?

2. What was the specific event in SARAJEVO in June 1914 that started World War I?

3. Who gave the “BLANK CHECK” to who?4. What was the SCHLIEFFEN PLAN?5. Why did Britain enter the war against

Germany?

QUIZ ANSWERS

1. COMPETITION STATES, COLONIAL AND COMERCIAL RIVALRY, NATIONALISM, INTERNAL PROBLEMS

2. ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND

3. GERMANY/KAISER GAVE THE BLANK CHECK TO AUSTRIA

4. KNOCK OUT FRANCE FIRST THEN DEAL WITH RUSSIA

5. GERMANY VIOLATION OF BELGIAN NEUTRALITY

NATIONALISM AND INTERNAL DISSENT

1. Competition between states not cooperation

2. Colonial competition3. Commercial competition4. Brinksmanship5. Nationalism6. Internal problems and dissent

MILITARISM

Belief that military power was the most important thing the military is always right

Growth of mass armies

Conscription Mobilization plans Military eagerness

and inflexibility

The Balkans = “the powder keg of Europe”

The rulers of Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the United Kingdom attempting to keep the lid on the simmering cauldron of imperialist and nationalist tensions in the Balkans to prevent a general European war. They were successful in 1912 and 1913 but did not succeed in 1914.

THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR – THE SUMMER OF 1914

Balkans = the powder keg of Europe Austria v. Russia Austria v. Serbia The assassination of Austrian Archduke

Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 SARAJEVO in Bosnia-Herzegovina GAVRIL PRINCIP THE BLACK HAND

Heir to the Austrian throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

THE KAISER’S “BLANK CHECK”

Austria goes to Germany to get permission to punish Serbia

Germany says do what you want we will back you!

MOBILIZATION PLANS

Mobilization = getting your army equipped, organized, and moving towards the enemy

The military philosophy of the time said mobilize now!!! you will have the advantage over your enemy

THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

The problem for Germany a two front war

France in the WestRussia in the East

Knock out France 1st then big slow Russia

BELGIAN NEUTRALITY

THE ROAD TO WW I THE SUMMER OF 1914

1. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand – June 282. Austria ultimatum to Serbia – July 233. Austria declares war on Serbia – July 284. Russia mobilizes its army – July 295. German ultimatum to Russia – July 316. Germany declares war on Russia – August 17. Germany declares war on France – August 38. German troops invade Belgium – August 49. Britain declares war on Germany – August 4

THE GUNS OF AUGUST

"The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our time

". LORD GREY, BRITISH FOREIGN SECRETARY