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The Biological Perspective. Chapter 2. The Nervous System. Neurons – basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system. The Neuron. Dendrites – branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Biological Perspective
Chapter 2
The Nervous SystemO Neurons – basic cell that makes up
the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system
The NeuronO Dendrites – branchlike structures
that receive messages from other neurons
O The dendrite is connected to a soma – or a cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
The NeuronO Axon – fiber attached to the soma
and carries the neural message to other cells
O Myelin – fatty substances that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
DepolarizationO Electrical charge – like dominos falling
O Action potential – impulse is now in action rather than at rest
O Each action potential sequence takes about one-thousandth of a second
O 2 miles per hour to 270 miles per hour
O Hands - slaps
The NeuronO Axon terminals – branches at the end
of the axon
O At the end of the axon terminals, there are synaptic vesicles – saclike structures found inside the synaptic know containing chemicals
The NeuronO Neurotransmitter – chemical found in
the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell
O The synapse reaches the end of the nerve, and sends the neurotransmitters through little locks called receptor sites
Central Nervous System (CNS)
O Brain and Spinal cord
O Life-sustaining functions of the body – also thought, emotion, and behavior
O Without each other, they would be useless
Peripheral Nervous System
O All the nerves and neurons that are not contained in the CNS
O Communicates with the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth
Divisions of the PNSO Somatic Nervous System – skeletal
muscles, voluntarily
O Autonomic Nervous System – not voluntarily control – breathing digestion, heart rate, hormones
Fight or flight responseO Anything that gets your heart
pumping – autonomic arousal
VIDEO
Endocrine GlandsO System of ductless glands that
secrete their chemicals directly into the bloodstream for fast distribution
O Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones (“to excite”)
Project then quiz
Studying the brainO How do we study it?
O Brain-dead peopleO Animals – anesthetizedO Deep lesioning – inserting a thin,
insulated wire into the brain and sending an electrical current that destroys brain cells
Safer ways to studyO CT scan – computed tomography –
mapping
O MRI – Magnetic resonance imaging – 3D
O PET scan – radioactive glucose to detect activity
O Page 55
NeuroplasticityO The brains ability to constantly
change both structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma
O Old ones die or are damaged, the brain can adapt and form new functions
Neuroplasticity leads to…
O Stem cells – special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear
O Found in organs, bone marrow, placentas
O Very controversial – video - edmodo
What does each part of the brain do!?
O HypothalamusO HippocampusO MedullaO Thalamus O CerebellumO Cerebral cortexO Corpus callosum
How does the left differ from the right?!
O Class demonstration
O Both have four lobes
Mirror NeuronsO Read page 64
O Answer
O Discuss
O Quiz
DNAO 23 + 23 = 46
O Dominant and recessive
O Predispositions – not guaranteed, but a possibility
O Look at your family tree…
HitlerO Was Hitler born that way, or did
something happen to make him the person he was?
Nature vs. NurtureO Nature – genetic traits and inherited
characteristics
O Nurture – the environmental factors that surround us throughout our lives and influence our development
O Class demonstration discussion page 69
What influences you?
SiblingsO Are you different than your siblings?
TwinsO Read of James Lewis and James
Springer on pg 68
O Adoption studies – more than 20 years found that adopted children share more similarities with their biological parents than their adoptive parents
O Class demonstration page 68
Charles DarwinO EvolutionO Natural Selection – traits and
behaviors that provide a survival advantage are more likely than other characteristics to be passed on to future generations
Quiz
