The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian …assets.cambridge.org/97805214/77994/frontmatter/...The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture Russia is a dominant force in the

The Cambridge Companion toModern Russian Culture

Russia is a dominant force in the world, yet its culture has beenshaped by tensions involved in its unique position on the marginsof both East and West. As Russia faces the latest cultural challengefrom outside its national boundaries, this volume introducesRussian culture in all its rich diversity, including the historicalconditions that helped shape it and the arts that express itshighest achievements. Newly commissioned essays by leadingscholars explore language, religion, geography, ideologicalstructures, folk ethos and popular culture, literature, music,theatre, art, and film. A chronology and guides to further readingare also provided. The Companion provides both historicalorientation for the central processes of Russian culture andintroductory surveys of the arts in their modern context. Overall,the volume reveals, for students, scholars, and all those interestedin Russia, the dilemmas, strengths, and complexities of theRussian cultural experience.

N i c h o l a s R z h e v s k y is Associate Professor of German at theState University of New York, Stony Brook. He is author ofRussian Literature and Ideology (1983) and editor of An Anthology ofRussian Literature: Introduction to a Culture (1996), among otherworks. He edited and translated Pushkin’s Boris Godunov andwrote the English-language version of Crime and Punishmentrecently directed by Yury Liubimov at London’s Lyric Theatre,Hammersmith.

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Cambridge Companions to Culture

The Cambridge Companion to Modern German CultureEdited by E v a K o l i n s k y and W i l f r i e d v a n d e r W i l l

The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by N i c h o l a s R z h e v s k y

The Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish CultureEdited by D a v i d T. G i e s






The Cambridge Companion to

Modern Russian Culture

edited by

Nicholas Rzhevsky






published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge university press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, nvicy 10011–4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa


©Cambridge University Press 1998

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1998Fourth printing 2002

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The Cambridge Companion to modern Russian culture / edited by NicholasRzhevsky.

p. cm. – (Cambridge companions to culture)Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn 0 521 47218 0 (hardback)isbn 0 521 47799 9 (paperback)1. Russian – Civilization.2. Russia (Federation) – Civilization.3. Arts, Modern – Russia.4. Arts, Modern – Russia (Federation)I. Rzhevsky, Nicholas, 1943–.II. Series.dk32.c33 1998 947.08 – dc21 98-3850 cip

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Contents

List of illustrations ixList of contributors xiChronology xivNote on names and transliteration xxviii

1 Russian cultural history: introduction 1n i c h o l a s r z h e v s k y

Part I Cultural identity

Origins

2 Language 19d e a n s . w o r t h

3 Religion: Russian Orthodoxy 38d m i t r y s . l i k h a c h e v

Boundaries

4 Asia 57m a r k b a s s i n

5 The West 85p i e r r e r . h a r t

6 Ideological structures 103a b b o t t g l e a s o n

7 Popular culture 125c a t r i o n a k e l l y






Contentsviii

Part II Literature and the arts

8 Literature 161d a v i d m . b e t h e a

9 Art 205j o h n e . b o w l t

10 Music 236h a r l o w r o b i n s o n

11 Theatre 264l a u r e n c e s e n e l i c k

12 Film 299n i k i t a l a r y

Suggested reading 330A select filmography 347Index 355






Illustrations

4.1 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, “Yermak’s conquest of Siberia in 1582”(1985). Oil on canvas. By permission of the State Russian Museum, St.Petersburg. 63

7.1 Zemstvo statisticians in a Russian village. From Harold Williams,Russia of the Russians (London, 1914). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 130

7.2 Pilgrims at a Russian monastery. From Rothay Reynolds, My RussianYear (London, c. 1912). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 132

7.3 “The four loving hearts who spend their time in gaming and amuse-ments.” Late eighteenth-century woodcut. From Iu. Ovsiannikov, TheLubok (Moscow, 1968). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 139

7.4 “The sirin-bird.” Old Believer watercolor in the style of an engravedlubok. Probably early nineteenth century. From Iu. Ovsiannikov, TheLubok (Moscow, 1968). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 140

7.5 Girls using kacheli, a Russian swing, and a seesaw, both popularamusements since medieval times. Russian lithograph, c. 1850,author’s own collection. 150

7.6 “Tsar Saltan’s feast”: illustration by Ivan Bilibin to Pushkin’s versefolk-tale stylization Skazka o tsare Saltane, Moscow 1905. Author’s owncollection. 154

11.1 Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit” at the Moscow Maly Theatre in the1850s: L. V. Samarin as Chatsky, Mikhail Shchepkin as Famusov, andG. S. Olgin as Skalozub. Phototype by Panov. Laurence Senelick collec-tion. 268

11.2 Korsh’s Theatre, Moscow, designed by the architect M. N. Chicagov.Laurence Senelick collection. 270

11.3 The last act of Chekhov’s The Three Sisters at the Moscow Art Theatre,directed by Stanislavsky in the setting by Viktor Simov (1903).Laurence Senelick collection. 271

11.4 Michael Chekhov as Hamlet. Laurence Senelick collection. 279






11.5 A Blue Blouse troupe demonstrating “Fordism in the factory.”Laurence Senelick collection. 283

11.6 Act ii of Armored Train 14–69 at the Moscow Art Theatre (1927).Laurence Senelick collection. 286

List of illustrationsx






Contributors

m a r k b a s s i n : Lecturer, University College London. Author of GeographicalImaginations and Imperial Power: The Russian Annexation of the Amur River1840–1865, essays and articles on Russian perceptions of the East, thehistory of geopolitics, and the history of environmentalism in theSlavic Review, American Historical Review, Journal of Modern History, andTransactions of the Institute of British Geographers. Former fellow in theInstitute for European History, Kennan Institute, and the RemarqueInstitute.

D a v i d M . B e t h e a : Vilas Professor of Slavic Languages, University ofWisconsin–Madison, Senior Associate Member, Russian Centre, St.Anthony’s, Oxford (1994–95), former Director, Middlebury CollegeRussian School. Author of Khodasevich: His Life and Art, The Shape ofApocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction, Joseph Brodsky and the Creation ofExile, articles and essays in Slavic Review, PMLA, Slavic and East EuropeanJournal, Russian Review, California Slavic Studies, and the NY Times BookReview. Editor of Pushkin Today and Pis’ma V. Khodasevicha k N. Berberovoi.

J o h n E . B o w l t : Professor, University of Southern California. Director,Institute of Modern Russian Culture at Blue Lagoon, Author of TheRussian Avant-Garde: Theory and Criticism 1902–34, Russian Art 1875–1975,The Silver Age: Russian Art of the Early Twentieth Century, articles andessays in Form, Art Journal, Soviet Studies, Slavonic and East EuropeanReview, Apollo, Art News, Russkaya mysl, Russian Review, Journal of RussianStudies, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Performing Arts Journal, TwentiethCentury Studies, Cornell Review, Times Literary Supplement, and New YorkReview of Books. Editor of works in Russian art studies and co-editor ofRussian Formalism and Kazimir Malevich. Curator and consultant fornumerous exhibitions of Russian art, stage, and costume design.

A b b o t t G l e a s o n : Professor, Brown University. President, AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Author of






Totalitarianism: the Inner History of the Cold War, Bolshevik Culture:Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution, Young Russia: the Genesis ofRussian Radicalism in the 1860s, European and Muscovite: Ivan Kireevsky andthe Origins of Slavophilism, essays, articles, and reviews in Journal ofInterdisciplinary History, Contemporary European History, Russian Review,Slavic Review, American Quarterly, and The Journal of Modern History.

P i e r r e R. H a r t : Professor and Chair, Louisiana State University. Authorof G. R. Derzhavin: A Poet’s Progress, articles, essays, and reviews in Slavicand East European Journal, Canadian–American Slavic Studies, Slavic Review,Russian Language Journal, Modern Fiction Studies, Modern Language Journal,The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet Literature, and the Handbookof Russian Literature.

C a t r i o n a K e l l y : Reader in Russian and Tutorial Fellow of New College,University of Oxford. Author of Petrushka, the Russian Carnival PuppetTheatre, A History of Russian Women’s Writing, 1820–1992, articles innumerous collections of essays and professional journals. Editor of AnAnthology of Russian Women’s Writing, 1777–1992, and co-editor ofDiscontinuous Discourses in Modern Russian Literature, An Introduction toRussian Culture Studies, and Constructing Russian Culture in the Age ofRevolution.

N i k i t a L a r y : Professor, York University, Toronto. Author of Dostoevskyand Soviet Film: Visions of Demonic Realism, Dostoevsky and Dickens, essays,articles, and reviews in Slavic and East European Journal, Sight and Sound,Slavic Review, Slavic and East European Arts, Kinovedcheskie zapiski,Eisenstein Rediscovered, Echoes of Glasnost’ in Soviet Ukraine, Eisenstein No. 2,Chas-Pik, Rossiia, Epicene, The Penguin Companion to Literature: Britain andCommonwealth, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, VictorianStudies, Dostoevsky Studies, Globe, and Mail.

D m i t r y S. L i k h a c h e v : Academician, Institute of World Literature,Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Former head SovietCulture Foundation and Deputy, Congress of Russian Deputies.Author and editor of numerous works on Russian literature andlanguage. Widely regarded as the primary modern authority andconscience of Russian culture. Advisor on cultural matters to theSoviet and Russian Federation governments.

H a r l o w R o b i n s o n : Professor and Chair, Northeastern University.Author of The Last Impresario: the Life, Times, and Legacy of Sol Hurok, SergeiProkofiev: a Biography, articles, essays, and reviews in Musical Quarterly,Opera News, Opera Quarterly, Dance Quarterly, Dance Magazine, RussianReview, Slavic Review, Slavic and East European Journal, and the New YorkTimes Book Review. Radio and television commentator on Russianmusic and culture. Editor of The Operas of Sergei Prokofiev and their

List of contributorsxii






Russian Literary Sources, musical compositions, and Selected Letters ofSergei Prokofiev.

N i c h o l a s R z h e v s k y : State University of New York, Stony Brook.Author of Russian Literature and Ideology, articles and essays in Encounter,Nation, Modern Drama, Russian Review, Slavic Review, New Literary History,and (with Yury Liubimov) an English-language adaptation of Crimeand Punishment. Editor of An Anthology of Russian Literature. Introductionto a Culture, and co-editor of Media��Media, Dramaturgs andDramaturgy, and Slavic and East European Arts.

L a u r e n c e S e n e l i c k : Fletcher Professor of Drama and Oratory at TuftsUniversity, Honorary Curator of Russian Drama and Theatre at theHarvard Theatre Collection. Recipient of the St. George medal of theMinistry of Culture of the Russian Federation. His many booksinclude The Chekhov Theatre: A Century of His Plays in Performance, SerfTheatre: The Life and Art of Mikhail Shchepkin, Anton Chekhov, NationalTheatre in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1749–1900: A Documentary History,and Gordon Craig’s Moscow Hamlet. He has edited and translated RussianDramatic Theory from Pushkin to the Symbolists, Cabaret Performance: Europe1890–1940, Russian Satiric Comedy, Russian Comedy of the Nikolaian Era. Hisdramatic adaptation of Dead Souls was staged in Boston.

D e a n S. W o r t h : Professor, University of California, Los Angeles. PastChair, American Committee of Slavists, member Academic Council ofthe Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. President,Western Slavic Association and Vice President, InternationalCommittee of Slavists. Author of fifty-plus publications on Russianculture and approximately 160 on linguistics, Paleosiberianlanguages, and Russian folk poetics.

List of contributors xiii






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1959

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1955

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1957

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1977

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1982

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1987

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1967

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1968

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1969

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1976

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1977

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1980

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elec

tion

s

xx

vii

Chr

onol

ogy






xxviii

Note on names and transliteration

Names are transliterated from their Russian forms with the excep-tion of familiar examples (Leo Tolstoy, Alexandre Benois). The Library ofCongress transliteration system predominates although contributorswere allowed some leeway, in part to adjust to their sense of commonusage.






Documents

The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian …assets.cambridge.org/97805214/77994/frontmatter/...The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture Russia is a dominant force in the