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The Cell Cycle. Chromosomes. Chromosomes are condensed strands of ____________. Many, many ____________ fit on one chromosome. Chromosomes. The tips of the chromosomes are called ____________ . Chromosomes are bound in the middle with ____________ . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Cell Cycle
Chromosomes
• Chromosomes are condensed strands of ____________.
• Many, many ____________ fit on one chromosome.
Chromosomes• The tips of the chromosomes are called
____________.• Chromosomes are bound in the middle
with ____________.• The long arm of
a chromosome is the _____ arm.
• The short arm of a chromosomes is the _____ arm.
Genes
• A ____________ is a section of a chromosome that codes for a specific ____________.
Hair Color
Eye Color
Height
Weight
Chromosomes• Each cell has
_____ of each kind of chromosome.
• They aren’t exactly alike, but they code for the same ____________.
• These are called ____________ ____________.
Blonde
Brown Eyes
Tall
Red Hair
Blue Eyes
Medium
Homologous Pair
Chromosomes• Usually
chromosomes are all jumbled up. This is called ____________.
• Only just before division do they condense down into ____________ chromosomes.
Chromosomes• Before a cell
____________, the ____________ must duplicate as well.
• The two halves of the duplicated chromosomes are called ____________ ____________. They are ____________ alike.
SIMILAR
IDENTICAL
Cell Division
Periods of the Cell Cycle
• G1 and G2 – ____________• S – ____________of DNA
• M – ____________(Cell Division)
_______________
Cell Division• ____________–
Growth and repair• ____________–
Creation of sex cells (____________)
• ____________ ____________ – Cell division in prokaryotes like bacteria
Mitosis• ____________ division • Duplicated chromosomes are
evenly distributed into two ____________ cells
• Purposes:– ____________ of single-
cell organisms (i.e. amoebas)
– ____________ repair– Cell ____________– ____________
____________ (i.e. bone lengthening)
Mitosis• All ____________ cells
(non-gametes) in an organism have the same number of ____________ and undergo mitosis.
• The chromosome number is characteristic of a given ____________ (e.g.humans 46, goldfish 94).
• ____________ cells have 2 sets of chromosomes – ____________.
Mitosis• Daughter cells are the ____________
____________ of the parent cell (they have the same number of ____________ )
• Parent cells are ____________, or ____ – this means they have 2 of each chromosome
• After mitosis daughter cells will be ____ as well (if a cell is ____________ or n, it did not go through mitosis – it went through ____________)
• If a cell grasshopper’s gland is 2n=24, it has _____ chromosomes– After mitosis the daughter cell will have
____ chromosomes.
I Pee on the MAT
• ____________• ____________(Mitosis)
• ____________(Mitosis)
• ____________(Mitosis)
• ____________(Mitosis)
Let's watch an animation!
Interphase• G1 Phase - First growth phase
– 2 pairs of ____________ begin forming
• S Phase - DNA is “____________” (chromosomes are ____________)– Each chromosome now consists
of 2 replicas called ____________ ____________ held together at the ____________
– ____________ needed for replication produced
Interphase
• G2 Phase - second growth phase
– Proteins made for division
– Completion of replication of ____________ pairs
• Cell ____________ and ____________ activities
– 90% of time
Interphase
Prophase• ____________ condenses to form
____________ ____________
• ____________ disappears
• Nuclear ____________ breaks down
Spindle Apparatus• Forms during ____________• Made of ____________• Spindle fibers pull
____________ where they need to go
• Centrioles/____________ at each pole (animals cells)– ____________: region of the cell that organizes
the spindle.• Some cancer medications interfere with the formation
of a cancer cell’s ____________. So, the ____________ can’t form and the cancer cell can’t go through mitosis.
Spindles are like Fishing Poles for
Chromosomes
Prophase
Prophase
Metaphase
• ____________ formation complete
• Chromatids line up at cell's ____________ ____________.
Metaphase
Anaphase• ____________ split• Sister ____________ separate into separate ____________ –
____________ as many chromosomes now!• Chromosomes are drawn to ____________/centrosomes
Anaphase
Telophase
• 2 new ____________
• Nuclear ____________ re-forms
• ____________ reappears
• ____________ disassembles
Telophase
Cytokinesis
• Division of ____________ into 2 daughter cells
• Animal cells: ____________ ____________ forms and pinches cell in two
• Plant cells: ____________ ____________ forms at equator of cell
Cell Plate in Plant Cell
Mitosis
Let's watch the whole process now.
Source: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120073/bio14.swf
Chromosome Number Practice
Cell Type Ploidy # Chromosomes in Prophase
# Chromosomes in Anaphase
# Chromosomes in Daughter Cells
Fruit Fly 2n 8 16 8
Human Cheek
2n 46 92 46
Grasshopper Gland
2n 24 48 24
Onion Root 2n 6 12 6