The Civil War The Civil War & &

ReconstructionReconstruction1860 – 18771860 – 1877

Part 1Part 1

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. HistoryMrs. MichaudMrs. Michaud

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Civil WarCivil War - ( - (1861-18651861-1865)) The Civil War was The Civil War was fought between Northern states & Southern fought between Northern states & Southern

statesstates. South used slave labor for plantation economy. The . South used slave labor for plantation economy. The North had industries & less dependent on slavery.North had industries & less dependent on slavery.

Primary issues were states rights & slaveryPrimary issues were states rights & slavery..

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War States’ RightsStates’ Rights – – 1832 Nullification Crisis1832 Nullification Crisis

South Carolina nullified (declared illegal) a South Carolina nullified (declared illegal) a federal law (a tariff [tax on imported goods]) federal law (a tariff [tax on imported goods]) within their state. within their state.

Many Many southerners believed a state should have southerners believed a state should have the right to the right to secede secede (formally withdraw)(formally withdraw) from the from the Union if not allowed to nullify a federal law.Union if not allowed to nullify a federal law.

Vice President Vice President John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun (from SC), (from SC), argued that the U.S. Constitution was argued that the U.S. Constitution was established by 13 sovereign states, therefore established by 13 sovereign states, therefore each state had the right to determine whether each state had the right to determine whether acts of Congress were constitutional.acts of Congress were constitutional.

Eventually, tariffs were gradually lowered & Eventually, tariffs were gradually lowered & secession was averted.secession was averted.

Later, Later, SouthernersSoutherners saw conflict over slavery as a saw conflict over slavery as a states’ rights issue. states’ rights issue. New U.S. territories should New U.S. territories should determine for themselves on legality of slaverydetermine for themselves on legality of slavery..

South feared balance between slave states and free South feared balance between slave states and free states would be gone, threatening southern way of states would be gone, threatening southern way of life. life.

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories

During the 1800s, northern states & southern states constantly During the 1800s, northern states & southern states constantly debated over the admission of new territories as slave states or free debated over the admission of new territories as slave states or free states.states.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise (1820-1821) (1820-1821) Missouri Missouri admitted as a admitted as a slave stateslave state, , MaineMaine admitted as a admitted as a free state.free state. Louisiana territory split into two parts – slavery permitted in areas Louisiana territory split into two parts – slavery permitted in areas

south of 36-30 north latitude (except Missouri).south of 36-30 north latitude (except Missouri).

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso, 1848: , 1848:

Proposed law sought Mexican Cession free of slaveryProposed law sought Mexican Cession free of slavery Supported by northern Free-soilers and abolitionists; passed by Supported by northern Free-soilers and abolitionists; passed by

House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives Blocked in Congress by Southern senators Blocked in Congress by Southern senators

Significance: Wilmot Proviso brought slavery into the forefront of Significance: Wilmot Proviso brought slavery into the forefront of American politics until the Civil WarAmerican politics until the Civil War..

""Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty" emerged as a way to avoid the " emerged as a way to avoid the issue. issue. Definition: Definition: Sovereign people of a territorySovereign people of a territory should decide for should decide for

themselves the status of slaverythemselves the status of slavery.. Supported by many because it appealed to democratic tradition of Supported by many because it appealed to democratic tradition of

local rights. local rights.             -- Politicians saw it as a viable compromise between extending -- Politicians saw it as a viable compromise between extending

slavery (Southern view) and banning it (northern Whig slavery (Southern view) and banning it (northern Whig view).view).

Popular Sovereignty proved inadequate in averting a civil war.Popular Sovereignty proved inadequate in averting a civil war.

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Free-Soil PartyFree-Soil Party

Coalition of northern antislavery Whigs, Democrats, & Liberty Coalition of northern antislavery Whigs, Democrats, & Liberty Party in North Party in North

Supported Wilmot Supported Wilmot Proviso; against slavery Proviso; against slavery in the territoriesin the territories

-- "Free soil, free speech, -- "Free soil, free speech,

free labor, and free men.”free labor, and free men.” Sought federal aid for Sought federal aid for internal improvements; internal improvements; free govt homesteads for settlers. free govt homesteads for settlers.

Martin Van Buren nominated as presidential candidate in 1848 Martin Van Buren nominated as presidential candidate in 1848 election (lost to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor) election (lost to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor)

Party foreshadowed emergence of Republican party 6 years Party foreshadowed emergence of Republican party 6 years laterlater. .

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Slavery in the Territories Slavery in the Territories (cont.)(cont.) Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California California admitted to Union as a admitted to Union as a free statefree state. . SouthSouth got a more effective got a more effective fugitive slave lawfugitive slave law.. Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty (right to vote for or against slavery) (right to vote for or against slavery)

in in UtahUtah and and New MexicoNew Mexico territories. territories.

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Slavery in the Territories Slavery in the Territories (cont.)(cont.) Kansas-Nebraska Act (Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)1854)

Repealed Missouri Compromise and established popular Repealed Missouri Compromise and established popular sovereignty in Kansas-Nebraska territory. sovereignty in Kansas-Nebraska territory. Kansas would Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska freepresumably become slave; Nebraska free

““Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas” - bloody ” - bloody violenceviolence broke out in Kansas as broke out in Kansas as pro-pro-slavery and abolitionist groups raced to populate the region.slavery and abolitionist groups raced to populate the region.

Pro-slavery forces crossed border from Missouri into Kansas to vote Pro-slavery forces crossed border from Missouri into Kansas to vote illegally in election. Won, and passed a series of proslavery acts.illegally in election. Won, and passed a series of proslavery acts.

Anti-slavery forces furious, set up rival govnt in Topeka.Anti-slavery forces furious, set up rival govnt in Topeka.

Republican party formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska ActRepublican party formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act.. Abraham Lincoln came out of political retirement and ran for the Abraham Lincoln came out of political retirement and ran for the

Senate.Senate. Became nation’s 2nd major political party overnight. Became nation’s 2nd major political party overnight. Republican party not allowed in the SouthRepublican party not allowed in the South

Considered by historians to be main short-term cause of Civil WarConsidered by historians to be main short-term cause of Civil War..

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War

Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

From From Massachusetts,Massachusetts, most radical white most radical white abolitionist. Called for abolitionist. Called for immediate emancipation in immediate emancipation in his newspaper, his newspaper, The LiberatorThe Liberator. Appealed to. Appealed to end end slavery on moral grounds & opposed violence.slavery on moral grounds & opposed violence. 75% of subscribers were black.75% of subscribers were black.

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

Escaped from slavery & Escaped from slavery & became became most prominent most prominent black abolitionistblack abolitionist. Started . Started own newspaper, own newspaper, The North The North StarStar. Called for an . Called for an end to end to slavery by any means slavery by any means necessary.necessary.

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery Turner’s RebellionTurner’s Rebellion (1831) (1831)

Virginia slave Virginia slave Nat Turner led most prominent slave Nat Turner led most prominent slave rebellion in Southrebellion in South. With group of over 50 slaves, . With group of over 50 slaves, killed about 60 whites on Virginia plantations.killed about 60 whites on Virginia plantations.

In In SouthSouth, rebellion led to , rebellion led to tighter restrictions on tighter restrictions on slavesslaves. In . In North, abolitionists North, abolitionists argued only way toargued only way to prevent slave revolts was emancipation.prevent slave revolts was emancipation.

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery Underground Railroad Underground Railroad (1850 – (1850 –

1860)1860) System of escape routes & secret System of escape routes & secret

network of peoplenetwork of people who would who would help help fugitive slavesfugitive slaves on their way to on their way to freedom in the North or Canada.freedom in the North or Canada.

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman – born a slave in – born a slave in Maryland, later escaped to freedom. Maryland, later escaped to freedom. Most famous “conductor” of Most famous “conductor” of Underground Railroad, helped over Underground Railroad, helped over 300 slaves escape to freedom.300 slaves escape to freedom.

40,000 – 100,000 total slaves 40,000 – 100,000 total slaves escaped via Underground Railroad. escaped via Underground Railroad.

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe: Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

(1852) (1852) Novel portrayed to the North the evils of slavery Novel portrayed to the North the evils of slavery

by focusing on the splitting of slaveby focusing on the splitting of slave families & the families & the physical abuse of slavesphysical abuse of slaves. .

Inspired by the Fugitive Slave Law Inspired by the Fugitive Slave Law Stowe influenced by the evangelism of the 2nd Great Stowe influenced by the evangelism of the 2nd Great

AwakeningAwakening Best seller of all time in proportion to population. Best seller of all time in proportion to population.

Extremely popular in Britain & FranceExtremely popular in Britain & France Had more social impact than any other novel in Had more social impact than any other novel in

U.S. History U.S. History Lincoln when introduced to her in 1862: "So you’re the little Lincoln when introduced to her in 1862: "So you’re the little

woman who wrote the book that made this great war." woman who wrote the book that made this great war." The The abolitionist movement grewabolitionist movement grew South condemned it as an attack on their lifestyleSouth condemned it as an attack on their lifestyle

Dred Scott v. SanfordDred Scott v. Sanford (March 6, 1857) (March 6, 1857) Dred Scott lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Dred Scott lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and

Wisconsin Territory. --Backed by abolitionists, he sued for Wisconsin Territory. --Backed by abolitionists, he sued for freedom on basis that he lived on free-soil. freedom on basis that he lived on free-soil.

Chief Justice Chief Justice RogerRoger B. Taney B. Taney (pro-slavery) wrote opinion.(pro-slavery) wrote opinion. Supreme Court Decision: Supreme Court Decision:

Dred Scott was a Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen and black slave and not a citizen and could not sue in federal courts.could not sue in federal courts.

Slaves were property, and could not be taken Slaves were property, and could not be taken away from owners without due process of lawaway from owners without due process of law. . As private property (5th Amendment) slaves could be As private property (5th Amendment) slaves could be moved into any territory.moved into any territory.

The Missouri Compromise was ruled The Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutionalunconstitutional; ; Congress could not forbid slavery in Congress could not forbid slavery in territories even if states wanted to. (KS-NB Act had already territories even if states wanted to. (KS-NB Act had already done this)done this)

Impact:Impact: Northerners & Republicans furious – Northerners & Republicans furious – undermined undermined

popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty, , and felt Southerners had too much and felt Southerners had too much influence on national government (most Sup. Crt. Justices influence on national government (most Sup. Crt. Justices were Southern).were Southern).

Southerners happy – Southerners happy – permitted extension of slavery.permitted extension of slavery.

Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery John Brown’ attack on Harper’s Ferry John Brown’ attack on Harper’s Ferry

(1859)(1859) Brown seized federal arsenal at Harper’s Brown seized federal arsenal at Harper’s

FerryFerry Brown’s scheme: Raid federal arsenal, secretly Brown’s scheme: Raid federal arsenal, secretly

invade the South, give slaves arms, create slave invade the South, give slaves arms, create slave rebellion, establish a kind of black free state. rebellion, establish a kind of black free state.

Brown and his followers failed - were hanged after Brown and his followers failed - were hanged after their trial.their trial.

Brown became a martyr in the NorthBrown became a martyr in the North Effects:Effects:

Brown seen as an agent of northern Brown seen as an agent of northern abolitionism & anti-slavery conspiracyabolitionism & anti-slavery conspiracy..

Southern states began to organize militias for Southern states began to organize militias for protection against future threatsprotection against future threats. . -- Essentially, this was the beginning of the -- Essentially, this was the beginning of the Confederate army. Confederate army.

Perhaps most immediate cause of secession Perhaps most immediate cause of secession besides Lincoln’s electionbesides Lincoln’s election . .

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War Lincoln is Elected President (1860)Lincoln is Elected President (1860)

RepublicansRepublicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. nominated Abraham Lincoln. Moderate, wanted to Moderate, wanted to halt further spread of halt further spread of slaveryslavery..

Lincoln did not even appear on ballot in Lincoln did not even appear on ballot in most southern states, but won presidency most southern states, but won presidency anyway.anyway.

Angry Southern states begin to Angry Southern states begin to secede secede from the Unionfrom the Union..

Seceded Seceded southern states banned together to southern states banned together to form the form the ConfederacyConfederacy and elected and elected Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis as as president.president.

Even drew up own constitution similar to Even drew up own constitution similar to U.S. Constitution, but added provision U.S. Constitution, but added provision protecting slavery in new territories.protecting slavery in new territories.

The Civil War The Civil War & &

ReconstructionReconstruction1860 – 18771860 – 1877

Part 2Part 2

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. HistoryMrs. MichaudMrs. Michaud

Civil War MapCivil War Map1861 - 18651861 - 1865

Civil WarCivil War Lincoln’s First Inaugural Lincoln’s First Inaugural

AddressAddress Vowed to preserve the Union; Vowed to preserve the Union; to “hold, occupy, and possess” to “hold, occupy, and possess” Federal property in the SouthFederal property in the South

Attack on Fort SumterAttack on Fort Sumter ((April 12, 1861April 12, 1861))

Located at mouth of Charleston Harbor, Located at mouth of Charleston Harbor, Ft. SumterFt. Sumter was one of the two last was one of the two last remaining federal forts in the South. remaining federal forts in the South.

Lincoln told supplies to the fort would soon run out and fort would be forced Lincoln told supplies to the fort would soon run out and fort would be forced to surrender. to surrender.

Lincoln notified South Carolinians of an expedition to send Lincoln notified South Carolinians of an expedition to send supplies to the fort, not to reinforce it with men or weaponssupplies to the fort, not to reinforce it with men or weapons

April 12:April 12: Fort Sumter was bombarded by more than 70 Fort Sumter was bombarded by more than 70 Confederate cannonConfederate cannon

Signaled the beginning of the Civil WarSignaled the beginning of the Civil War

Civil WarCivil War Effects of Ft. Sumter AttackEffects of Ft. Sumter Attack

Lincoln called for volunteers, Lincoln called for volunteers, in responsein response

Before the attack , Before the attack , many northerners felt that many northerners felt that South had the right to secede and should not be forced to South had the right to secede and should not be forced to

stay. stay. Attack on Sumter provoked the North to fight for their Attack on Sumter provoked the North to fight for their

honor and the Union. honor and the Union. Lincoln’s strategy paid off; South was seen as the aggressorsLincoln’s strategy paid off; South was seen as the aggressors

while the North was seen as the victim. while the North was seen as the victim.

Civil WarCivil War The The Border Slave StatesBorder Slave States (MO, KY, MD, later WV) (MO, KY, MD, later WV)

Remained in the Union since North Remained in the Union since North did not start the wardid not start the war

Crucial to Union cause; Crucial to Union cause; sent 300,000 soldiers to Union Armysent 300,000 soldiers to Union Army

West Virginia left Virginia in mid-1861 to join the Union; large West Virginia left Virginia in mid-1861 to join the Union; large “mountain white” population“mountain white” population

Politically, Politically, Lincoln had to keep border states in mind when Lincoln had to keep border states in mind when making public statements making public statements

Declared primary purpose of the war was to preserve Declared primary purpose of the war was to preserve the Union at all coststhe Union at all costs..

Declared North was Declared North was notnot fighting to free the slaves. fighting to free the slaves. Emancipation edict would have driven border states to the Emancipation edict would have driven border states to the

South. South. Lincoln heavily was criticized by abolitionists who saw him as Lincoln heavily was criticized by abolitionists who saw him as

a sell-out. a sell-out.

Civil WarCivil War Southern Advantages Southern Advantages

Advantage of a defensive war Advantage of a defensive war strategy & knowledge of the landstrategy & knowledge of the land (most battles would be fought in (most battles would be fought in South): only needed a stalemate, not outright victorySouth): only needed a stalemate, not outright victory

Until emancipation proclamations of 1862 & 1863, Until emancipation proclamations of 1862 & 1863, many felt many felt South had the superior moral causeSouth had the superior moral cause, slavery notwithstanding., slavery notwithstanding.

Fought for self-determination, its culture, its homeland & freedoms (for Fought for self-determination, its culture, its homeland & freedoms (for whites)whites)

Confederate army had superb military officers Confederate army had superb military officers Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee: : one of greatest military leaders in U.S. historyone of greatest military leaders in U.S. history Thomas J. Thomas J. ““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson

Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer.Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer. Southern men made strong cavalry and infantrymenSouthern men made strong cavalry and infantrymen

Stonewall Jackson & Robert E. leeStonewall Jackson & Robert E. lee

Civil WarCivil War Northern Advantages Northern Advantages

Larger PopulationLarger Population of 22 million of 22 million (including border states) (including border states)

South only had 9 million people South only had 9 million people includingincluding 3.5 3.5 million slaves million slaves

Union Army’s numerical advantages over Lee Union Army’s numerical advantages over Lee were 3 to 2 or even 3 to 1 were 3 to 2 or even 3 to 1

Union had 3/4 of the nation’s wealth Union had 3/4 of the nation’s wealth Overwhelming superiority in manufacturing, shipping, and banking. Overwhelming superiority in manufacturing, shipping, and banking.

North had 75% of nation’s railroads and could easily repair and North had 75% of nation’s railroads and could easily repair and replace railsreplace rails

Union controlled the sea through its blockade of Southern ports.Union controlled the sea through its blockade of Southern ports. Ideal of Union aroused the North against South; “Union Ideal of Union aroused the North against South; “Union

Forever” Forever” Significant in keeping border states & upper Mississippi states from Significant in keeping border states & upper Mississippi states from

seceding. seceding. Cry for Union gave North strong moral issue until emancipation of slaves Cry for Union gave North strong moral issue until emancipation of slaves

was added to it later. was added to it later.

Civil WarCivil War Confederate Chances for Victory?Confederate Chances for Victory?

Lack of significant industrial capacity a Lack of significant industrial capacity a crucial disadvantagecrucial disadvantage as the South was as the South was primarily agricultural primarily agricultural

As the war dragged on, As the war dragged on, severe shortages severe shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blanketsof shoes, uniforms, and blankets adversely impacted Rebel soldiers. adversely impacted Rebel soldiers.

Railroads were cut or destroyedRailroads were cut or destroyed by the by the Union Army. Union Army.

South didn't get its much-needed foreign interventionSouth didn't get its much-needed foreign intervention Confederates might have won if: Confederates might have won if:

1. one or more border states had seceded 1. one or more border states had seceded 2. upper Mississippi Valley states (Border States) had turned against the 2. upper Mississippi Valley states (Border States) had turned against the

Union Union 3. Northern public opinion demanded a peace treaty3. Northern public opinion demanded a peace treaty 4. England & France broke the Union blockade and recognized the 4. England & France broke the Union blockade and recognized the

Confederacy. Confederacy.

Civil WarCivil War

European Diplomacy during the WarEuropean Diplomacy during the War Aristocracies of England, France, Austria-Hungary Aristocracies of England, France, Austria-Hungary

supported the Confederate cause. supported the Confederate cause. Democracy hated by aristocracies; the Union was a symbol of Democracy hated by aristocracies; the Union was a symbol of

democracy democracy Europeans sold weapons, warships and supplies to the Europeans sold weapons, warships and supplies to the

Confederates. Confederates. British industrial & commercial centers wanted an British industrial & commercial centers wanted an

independent Confederacy independent Confederacy a. Wanted safe cotton supply without Union’s blockade or a. Wanted safe cotton supply without Union’s blockade or

interference interference b. British shippers & manufacturers could bypass Union tariffs.b. British shippers & manufacturers could bypass Union tariffs.

Civil WarCivil War Emancipation Emancipation

ProclamationProclamation (1863) – (1863) – Issued by Lincoln (after Union Issued by Lincoln (after Union

victory at Antietam)- freed slaves victory at Antietam)- freed slaves in the rebelling states only. in the rebelling states only.

Initially a military move to get Initially a military move to get South to rejoin Union – did not South to rejoin Union – did not work. work.

Later, was the Later, was the catalyst for catalyst for Congress to pass 13Congress to pass 13thth amendment, officially ending amendment, officially ending slavery. slavery.

Proclamation also Proclamation also opened Union opened Union army to blacksarmy to blacks, who enlisted in , who enlisted in large numbers.large numbers.

Civil WarCivil War Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address (November 1863) (November 1863)

Established Declaration of Independence Established Declaration of Independence as document of founding as document of founding lawlaw EqualityEquality became supreme commitment of became supreme commitment of the federal governmentthe federal government Established idea of Established idea of nationnation over over unionunion -- United States -- United States isis a free country; NOT United States a free country; NOT United States

areare a free country. a free country. Most Americans today accept Lincoln’s concept of Most Americans today accept Lincoln’s concept of

America America Attracted relatively little attention at the time but Attracted relatively little attention at the time but

became one of most important speeches in world became one of most important speeches in world history. history.

Civil WarCivil War Confederate defeats at Confederate defeats at

Gettysburg & VicksburgGettysburg & Vicksburg (1863) (1863) Key battles hurt South. Key battles hurt South.

Confederacy lost much of its Confederacy lost much of its soldiers & was low on supplies. soldiers & was low on supplies.

End of Civil WarEnd of Civil War Confederate General Confederate General Robert E. Robert E.

LeeLee surrendered tosurrendered to Union Union General General Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant at at Appomattox Court House April Appomattox Court House April 9, 18659, 1865..

North won Civil War.North won Civil War.

Lee’s Surrender to GrantLee’s Surrender to GrantAppomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865April 14, 1865 – – President Lincoln shotPresident Lincoln shot at Ford’s Theatre in at Ford’s Theatre in

Washington, D.C. by southern sympathizer Washington, D.C. by southern sympathizer John Wilkes John Wilkes Booth.Booth.

Became an instant martyrBecame an instant martyr First U.S. president to be assassinatedFirst U.S. president to be assassinated

ReconstructionReconstruction Reconstruction (1865-1877)Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Period Period during which theduring which the U.S. began to rebuild the U.S. began to rebuild the South after the Civil War.South after the Civil War.

Process federal govnt used to re-admit southern Process federal govnt used to re-admit southern states to the Union.states to the Union.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the

South. He didn’t consult Congress regarding

Reconstruction. Pardon to all but the highest ranking military &

civilian Confederate officers. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860

election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, the state would be recognized.

States could then send Representatives & Senators to Congress.

Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia accepted plan.

ReconstructionReconstruction

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans Led by Led by Senator Charles SumnerSenator Charles Sumner of of MassachusettsMassachusetts & &

Thaddeus StevensThaddeus Stevens of of Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania. Wanted toWanted to destroy political power of former destroy political power of former

slaveholders, slaveholders, also grantalso grant African-Americans full African-Americans full citizenship & right to vote.citizenship & right to vote.

Helped to pass 13th, 14Helped to pass 13th, 14thth, 15, 15thth amendments. amendments.

Charles Charles SumnerSumner

Thaddeus Thaddeus StevensStevens

ReconstructionReconstruction

1313thth Amendment Amendment Ratified in 1865, it Ratified in 1865, it outlawed slavery outlawed slavery

in the U.Sin the U.S. and its territories.. and its territories. 1414thth Amendment Amendment

All people born or naturalized in All people born or naturalized in U.S. are citizens and equally U.S. are citizens and equally protected by our laws.protected by our laws. (Granted (Granted former slaves citizenship – intended former slaves citizenship – intended to overrule Dred Scott decision).to overrule Dred Scott decision).

1515thth Amendment Amendment Gave black males the right to vote Gave black males the right to vote

((could not be kept from voting based could not be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition on race, color, or previous condition of servitude).of servitude).

ReconstructionReconstruction Johnson’s Plan for ReconstructionJohnson’s Plan for Reconstruction Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

EFFECTS: 1. Disenfranchised certain leading

Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them

back to political power to control state organizations.

3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

ReconstructionReconstruction Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

Established by Congress in 1865 to Established by Congress in 1865 to provide food, provide food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection for former clothing, hospitals, legal protection for former slavesslaves and poor whites in the South. and poor whites in the South.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

“Plenty to eat and nothing

to do.”

Freedmen’s Bureau School

ReconstructionReconstruction Scalawags & CarpetbaggersScalawags & Carpetbaggers

Three groups constituted new Three groups constituted new Republican party in SouthRepublican party in South – – Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, African-Americans.African-Americans.

ScalawagsScalawags – – white southerners white southerners who joined Republican partywho joined Republican party (often small farmers who did not (often small farmers who did not want planter elite to regain want planter elite to regain power).power).

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers – – Northerners Northerners who moved to the South after who moved to the South after Civil WarCivil War (often had $ money, (often had $ money, bought southern land cheaply).bought southern land cheaply).

ReconstructionReconstruction Black CodesBlack Codes

Designed to regulate affairs of freedmen (as the slave statutes did Designed to regulate affairs of freedmen (as the slave statutes did pre-Civil War.) pre-Civil War.)

Purpose: Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were Purpose: Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated & Restore pre-emancipation system of race relationsemancipated & Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations (as far as possible) (as far as possible)

Freedom recognized and marital rights granted but few other rights given Freedom recognized and marital rights granted but few other rights given Forbade blacks to serve on juries or testify against whites. Forbade blacks to serve on juries or testify against whites. Some forbade blacks from renting or leasing land. Some forbade blacks from renting or leasing land. Blacks not allowed to voteBlacks not allowed to vote "Vagrancy" -- "Idle" blacks could be sentenced to work on a chain gang."Vagrancy" -- "Idle" blacks could be sentenced to work on a chain gang.

Forced many blacks to become Forced many blacks to become sharecropperssharecroppers (tenant farmers). (tenant farmers). Result:Result: Many blacks sank to level of indentured servitude where Many blacks sank to level of indentured servitude where

generations remained on one plot of land, indebted to the generations remained on one plot of land, indebted to the plantation owner. plantation owner.

ReconstructionReconstruction

Sharecropping & Tenant FarmingSharecropping & Tenant Farming Poor blacks & poor whites often worked on farms Poor blacks & poor whites often worked on farms

after war.after war. Sharecropping – landowners gave sharecroppers Sharecropping – landowners gave sharecroppers

few acres of land and tools, kept small share of few acres of land and tools, kept small share of crops and gave rest to landowner.crops and gave rest to landowner.

Tenant farming – croppers who saved a little could Tenant farming – croppers who saved a little could rent land for cash and keep all of their crops. rent land for cash and keep all of their crops.

ReconstructionReconstruction Rise of the Rise of the Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan Essentially a rebellion against ‘radical’ Essentially a rebellion against ‘radical’ rule; terror wing of Democratic party.rule; terror wing of Democratic party. Goal: Overthrow Reconstruction Goal: Overthrow Reconstruction governments in the South and replace governments in the South and replace them withthem with white supremacy -oriented white supremacy -oriented Democratic governmentDemocratic government. . Used terrorism to intimidate blacks, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags Used terrorism to intimidate blacks, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags Effective in many areas for discouraging blacks from attaining their Effective in many areas for discouraging blacks from attaining their

rights. rights. Succeeded in decimating Republican organization in many Succeeded in decimating Republican organization in many

localitieslocalities. . -- In response, new southern governments looked to federal -- In response, new southern governments looked to federal gov't for survival.gov't for survival.

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 (also called (also called Enforcement ActsEnforcement Acts) -- ) -- also called the "KKK Act" also called the "KKK Act" Federal troops were sent to quell the KKK’s intimidationFederal troops were sent to quell the KKK’s intimidation while terrorist while terrorist

groups were outlawed. groups were outlawed. -- Significance: 1st time federal gov’t protected individuals, not local -- Significance: 1st time federal gov’t protected individuals, not local

authorities (Moderately successful in destroying the KKK) authorities (Moderately successful in destroying the KKK)

ReconstructionReconstruction Rise of the Rise of the Solid SouthSolid South

White supremacist White supremacist Solid SouthSolid South dominated by Democrats in each dominated by Democrats in each state. state.

Remaining Remaining Republican govt’s in South collapsedRepublican govt’s in South collapsed Republican party dead in South for about 100 years.Republican party dead in South for about 100 years. ""The Lost CauseThe Lost Cause"": : Southern resentment and humiliation lasted Southern resentment and humiliation lasted

generations.generations. -- -- Resulted in increased violence and discrimination Resulted in increased violence and discrimination

toward blackstoward blacks

Reconstruction Ends (1877)Reconstruction Ends (1877) Hayes – Tilden CompromiseHayes – Tilden Compromise - Southern Democrats in - Southern Democrats in

Congress agreed to accept Rutherford Hayes in a close Congress agreed to accept Rutherford Hayes in a close presidential election if presidential election if federal troops were withdrawnfederal troops were withdrawn from the from the SouthSouth. Reconstruction had come to an end.. Reconstruction had come to an end.

After Reconstruction…After Reconstruction… Southern states began to pass laws to strip African-Americans Southern states began to pass laws to strip African-Americans

of their newly won rights. Segregation laws (of their newly won rights. Segregation laws (called called Jim Crow Jim Crow lawslaws) would become a way of life in the South for the next 90 ) would become a way of life in the South for the next 90 years… years…