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The Clash of Cultures: Europeans in the Americas
Readings: http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/nehaha/index.htm
Spodek, pp. 452-458
Aztecs/Mexica--Mexico Nahuatl Mayan Quetzacoatl Tenochtitlan Lake Texcoco Montezuma II
takes power (1502)
Cortes Decides to Conquer Mexico Spaniards Conquer Cuba 1517—Spaniards begin to explore
Mexico Aztecs may have experienced bad
omens, but an invention? February 10, 1519 Hernan Cortes
defies Governor Diego Velasquez June 3, 1519 Spaniards arrive at
Cempoala with 11 ships, 600 soldiers, 200 native servants, 16 horses, 32 crossbows, 13 muskets, and 14 cannons
Cortez’s translator, Jerome de Aguilar spoke Mayan.
Cortes finds a Translator and Mistress
Dona Marina is also known as La Malinche or Malintzin.
Dona Marina spoke Mayan and Nahuatl.
She became Cortez’s translator and mistress
Mexica called Cortez El Malinche in some documents
Cortes’ Route to Tenochtitlan
Cholula Massacre
September 2-20, 1519—the Spaniards fight with the Tlaxcalans but end by winning Tlaxcalan allies
October 1519—Massacre at Cholula
Cortez and Moctezuma November 8, 1519 –
Cortes enters Tenochtitlan Does Moctezuma believe
he’s Quetzacoatl? Modern historians – no, documents ambiguous
Panfilo de Navaez – May 1520 Cortes leaves Pedro de
Alvarado in Charge
Moctezuma Killed
Pedro de Alvarado attacks Mexica during festival
June 1520 – Moctezuma killed
Ultimately replaced by Cuauhtemoc
La Noche Triste
Spaniards forced to flee
La Noche Triste – June 30, 1520 Cortes loses 2/3 of
his men and many horses
Spanish conquest not inevitable
Cortes takes Tenochtitlan
July 1520—Spaniards reach Tlaxcala and are welcomed
July 1520-May 1521 Cortez regroups with Tlaxcala help—builds brigantines
October 1520—Smallpox decimating the population of Tenochtitlan
Mexica fortify Tenochtitlan like European cities
May 1521—Spaniards lay siege to Tenochtitlan.
July 1521—After failing to take Tenochtitlan, Cortez decides to destroy it.
August 13, 1521—Cuathemoc either surrenders or is captured and the Battle of Tenochtitlan is over with the city in ruins.
Peru Inca Huayna Capac ruled
generally well from 1493-1525.
He had an army of 50,000 loyal followers.
The Incas thought he was a god or god-like
Problem: Religion and Ancestor Worship of Incas (The name was given to the people ruled as well as the ruler.)
Peru (continued) When Capec died, he was preserved as a mummy
and housed in a sacred chamber with other mummified Incas.
The mummified Inca retained possession of all estates and properties held in life. Inca nobility managed the property of the dead Incas.
By 1525, so much property in hands of dead Incas, almost none available for live Incas
The Incas Huascar (1525-1532)
succeeded his father as Inca and was crowned at Cuzco.
Proposed burying the mummies and selling their property so living could have land.
Incas Atahualpa (1532-1533) Atahualpa was Huascar’s
half-brother He had tried to get
Huascar to agree to share power
Huascar refused Atahualpa not legal heir
but had support of nobility – upset at mummy proposal.
There was a civil war and Atahualpa won.
Spanish Conquest of Peru Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475-
1541) May 13, 1532 – Alahualpa
wins, Pizarro reaches northern Peru
Did Atahualpa think Pizarro was the God Virachocha, who he believed would return? Or, a Spanish invention?
Pizarro tricked Atahualpa—killed him after he got Atahualpa’s gold
Fierce resistance for at least 100 years
How did the Spaniards control the Americas? Disease (especially smallpox) was one control – not intentional at
first Peru’s population fell from 1.3 million in 1570 to 600,000 in 1620. Mexico’s population fell from 25.3 million Indians in 1519 to 1
million in 1605 Native population had no immunity because of isolation from the
population networks of Africa and Eurasia.
Economic Control
Natives were also treated poorly by the Spaniards. They were forced to work on mines and sugar plantations after Spaniards took land from them.
In 1511 King Ferdinand concluded that “one black could do the work of four Indians.” That started the birth of Slavery and massive imports of Africans into the Americas.
Encomienda Plantation/Fazenda
New agriculture New livestock New labor
Cultural Control
Paper City Building Race Language of Color-based
racial thinking Gender Religion Government