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Current therapies: where are we now? We know that: PwA find it difficult to generalise strategies taught in clinic based se6ngs to everyday conversa9on (Kagan 1998, Purdy et al 1994). Conversa9on training for CPs is effec9ve (SimmonsMackie 2010). It can also improve a PwA's conversa9on skills (Beckley et al 2013, Fox et al 2009, Wilkinson & Wieleart 2012) It seems that conversa7on training for a PwA has poten7al so how do we strengthen the evidence base? Compare tradi9onal PwA strategy training approaches with conversa9on based approaches e.g. BCA, SPPARC based approaches Explore the factors that influence outcomes for people with aphasia e.g. cogni9on, types of strategy targeted, profile of language deficits The clinical application of CA in interventions for aphasia: Where are we now? Where should we be going? Firle Beckley 1, 2 , Suzanne Beeke 2 & Wendy Best 2 1 Stroke Association Junior Research Training Fellow 2 UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF Correspondence: [email protected] Website: http://firleb.wordpress.com ) @firleb Mul7Modal Strategies Interac7on (CA) Strategies Natural Conversa7on Ar7ficial Clinic Based Tasks Promo9ng Aphasics Communica9ve Effec9veness (PACE) (Davis & Wilcox 1985) Total Communica9on Training (Fawcus & Fawcus 1990) Supported Conversa9on for Adults (SCA) TM (Kagan 1998) Communica9on Partner Training (McVicker 2009) Suppor9ng Partners of People with Aphasia in Rela9onships & Conversa9on (SPPARC) (Lock et al 2001) Be^er Conversa9ons with Aphasia (BCA) (Beeke et al 2011) Conversa9on Coaching (Hopper et al 1994) Communica9on Partners (Lyon 1997) Therapy trains: Person with Aphasia (PwA) Conversa9on Partner (CP) Both (PwA & CP) SPPARC based approaches (Fox et 2009, Wilkinson et al 2010, 2011) Where should we be going? Helping people with aphasia have beJer conversa7ons: which therapy works best & why? My PhD Research Ques7ons 1. What type of speech and language therapy (a) Be^er Conversa9ons with Aphasia Therapy or (b) Communica9on Strategy Training is most effec9ve at improving a PwA’s strategy use in everyday conversa9on? 2. Does a PwA's cogni9ve abili9es impact on the ability to change communica9on strategy use in conversa9on acer interven9on? Methodology A mul9ple baseline case series therapy study with imbedded cross over interven9on (n=6) comparing 6 weeks Be^er Conversa9ons with Aphasia Therapy (ThA) to 6 weeks Communica9on Strategy Training (ThB). Assessment Will include a full cogni7ve profile, 12 conversa7on samples and measures of wellbeing. Main outcome measures The Aphasia Conversa7on Measure (Beeke et al unpublished) will quan9fy changes in PwA mul9modal strategy use in dyads videoed conversa9ons pre, post and between both interven9on phases. A modified version of Purdy & Koch’s (2006) Cogni7ve Flexibility Measure will quan9fy changes in how a PwA switches between mul9modal strategies in their conversa9ons pre, post and between both interven9on phases. Analysis Changes in strategy use acer therapy will be analysed quan9ta9vely. Cogni9ve profile will be compared to a PwA’s conversa9on and wellbeing outcomes. Factors thought to influence a PwA’s conversa7on outcomes AStude some)mes it was the partner’s a1tude that influenced the use of strategies e.g. by preferring the informant to prac)ce talking instead of using strategies(Johansson et al 2012 p.150; also Turner & Whitworth 2006) Cogni7ve ability (Saldert et al 2012) • Both may limit a PwA’s opportunity for strategy use (Johansson et al 2012) • Research has suggested, independent of language deficit, a link between: Execu7ve func7on and conversa9on management (Frankel et al 2007; Wielaert 2011) Cogni7ve flexibility and flexible use of strategies in func9onal communica9on tasks (Purdy & Koch 2006) Novel vs. expanded: there is a difference between “new learning” and “expanding upon” spontaneous strategies” (Simmons Mackie & Damico 1997; Kraat 1990; Purdy et al 1994) Automa7c vs. efforVul (SimmonsMackie & Damico 1997): there is a difference between revealing a PwA’s communica9ve abili9es indirectly as a consequence of CP conversa9on changes (Kagan 1998; Wilkinson et al 2010) and “ac9ve training” of mul9modal strategy use in conversa9on (Beckley et al 2013) Conversa9on Partner Execu9ve Func9on Strategy References Beckley, F., Best, W., Edwards, S., Johnson, F., Maxim, J., & Beeke, S. (2013) Exploring mechanisms of therapeu9c change during conversa9on therapy for agramma9sm: a single case study. Interna9onal Journal of Language & Communica9on Disorders, 48 (2), 220239. Beeke, S., Maxim, J., Best, W. & Cooper, F., 2011, Re designing therapy for agramma9sm: ini9al findings from a conversa9onbased approach. Journal of Neurolinguis9cs, 2, 222–236. Davis, G. A., & Wilcox, M.J. (1985). Adult aphasia rehabilita9on. Applied pragma9cs. San Diego, CA: CollegeHill Press Fawcus, M., & Fawcus, R. (1990). Informa9on transfer in four cases of severe ar9culatory dyspraxia. Aphasiology, 4(2), 207212 Hopper, T., Holland, A., & Rewega, M. (2002). Conversa9onal coaching: Treatment outcomes and future direc9ons. Aphasiology, 16, 745–761. Lock, S, Wilkinson, R. and Bryan, K., 2001, Suppor9ng Partners of People With Aphasia in Rela9onships and Conversa9on (SPPARC): A Resource Pack (Bicester: Speechmark). Fox ,S., Armstrong,E.and Boles, L., 2009, Conversa9onal treatment in mild aphasia: a case study. Aphasiology, 23(7–8), 951–964. Frankel,T., Penn,C.and OrmondBrown, D., 2007, Execu9ve dysfunc9on as an explanatory basis for conversa9on symptoms of aphasia: a pilot study. Aphasiology, 21(6–8), 814– 828. Johansson, M. B., Carlsson, M., & Sonnander, K. (2012). Communica9on difficul9es and the use of communica9on strategies: from the perspec9ve of individuals with aphasia. Interna9onal journal of language & communica9on disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, 47(2), 144–55. Kagan, A. (1998). Supported conversa9on for adults with aphasia: methods and resources for training conversa9on partners. Aphasiology, 12(9), 816–830.Kraat, A. (1990). Augmenta9ve and alterna9ve communica9on: Does it have a future in aphasia rehabilita9on? Aphasiology, 4, 321–338. Lyon, J. G., Cariski, D., Keisler, L., Rosenbek, J., Levine, R., Kumpula, J., et al. (1997). Communica9on partners: Enhancing par9cipa9on in life and communica9on for adults with aphasia in natural se6ngs. Aphasiology, 7, 693–708. McVicker,S.,Parr,S.,Pound,C. & Duchan, J., 2009, The communica9on partner scheme: a project to develop long term lowcost access to conversa9on for people living with aphasia. Aphasiology, 23(1), 52–71 Purdy, M., Duffy, R., & Coelho, C. (1994). An inves9ga9on of the communica9ve use of trained symbols in aphasic adults following mul9modality training. In. P.Lemme, (Ed.), Clinical Aphasiology, Vol. 22, 345356. Purdy, M. & Koch, A. (2006). Predic9on of strategy usage by adults with aphasia. Aphasiology, 20 (2/3/4), 337348. SimmonsMackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communica9on partner training in aphasia: a systema9c review. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilita)on, 91(12), 1814–37 SimmonsMackie, N. N., & Damico, J. S. (1997). Reformula9ng the defini9on of compensatory strategies in aphasia. Aphasiology, 11(8), 761–781. Turner, S., & Whitworth, A. (2006). Clinicians’ percep9ons of candidacy for conversa9on partner training in aphasia: How do we select candidates for therapy and do we get it right? Aphasiology, 20, 616–643. Wielaert, S. M. (2011). Unravelling conversa)on in aphasia : what is the role of execu)ve func)ons? University of Manchester MPhil. Wilkinson, R., Bryan, K., Lock, S. and Sage, K., 2010, Implemen9ng and evalua9ng aphasia therapy targeted at couples’ conversa9ons: a single case study. Aphasiology, 6, 869–886. Wilkinson, R., Lock,S.,Bryan,K. and Sage, K., 2011, Interac9onfocused interven9on for acquired language disorders: facilita9ng mutual adapta9on in couples where one partner has aphasia. Interna9onal Journal of Speech–Language Pathology, 13(1), 74–87. Wilkinson, R., & Wielaert, S. (2012). Rehabilita9on targeted at everyday communica9on: can we change the talk of people with aphasia and their significant others within conversa9on? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilita)on, 93(1 Suppl), S70–6

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Page 1: The clinical application of CA in interventions for aphasia: Where … · 2013-06-30 · Currenttherapies:wherearewenow? ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’!!!

Current  therapies:  where  are  we  now?                              

     

 We  know  that:  •  PwA   find   it   difficult   to   generalise   strategies   taught   in   clinic   based   se6ngs   to  

everyday  conversa9on  (Kagan  1998,  Purdy  et  al  1994).  •  Conversa9on  training  for  CPs  is  effec9ve  (Simmons-­‐Mackie  2010).    •  It  can  also  improve  a  PwA's  conversa9on  skills  (Beckley  et  al  2013,  Fox  et  al  2009,  

Wilkinson  &  Wieleart  2012)  

It   seems   that   conversa7on   training   for   a   PwA   has   poten7al-­‐   so   how   do   we  strengthen  the  evidence  base?  •  Compare   tradi9onal   PwA   strategy   training   approaches   with   conversa9on   based  

approaches  e.g.  BCA,  SPPARC  based  approaches    •  Explore  the  factors  that  influence  outcomes  for  people  with  aphasia  e.g.  cogni9on,  

types  of  strategy  targeted,  profile  of  language  deficits  

   

The clinical application of CA in interventions for aphasia: Where are we now? Where should we be going? Firle Beckley1, 2, Suzanne Beeke 2 & Wendy Best 2 1Stroke Association Junior Research Training Fellow 2UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF Correspondence: [email protected] Website: http://firleb.wordpress.com) @firleb

     

   

Mul7-­‐Modal  Strategies  

Interac7on  (CA)  Strategies  

Natural    Conversa7on  

Ar7ficial  Clinic  Based  Tasks  

Promo9ng  Aphasics  Communica9ve  Effec9veness  (PACE)  (Davis  &  Wilcox  1985)  

Total  Communica9on  Training    (Fawcus  &  Fawcus  1990)   Supported  Conversa9on  

for  Adults  (SCA)  TM  

(Kagan  1998)  

Communica9on  Partner  Training  (McVicker  2009)  

Suppor9ng  Partners  of  People  with  Aphasia  in  Rela9onships    &  Conversa9on  (SPPARC)    (Lock  et  al  2001)  

Be^er  Conversa9ons  with  Aphasia  (BCA)  (Beeke  et  al  2011)  

Conversa9on  Coaching  (Hopper  et  al  1994)  

Communica9on    Partners    (Lyon  1997)  

Therapy  trains:  Person  with  Aphasia  (PwA)    Conversa9on  Partner  (CP)  Both  (PwA  &  CP)    

SPPARC  based  approaches  (Fox  et  2009,  Wilkinson  et  al  2010,  2011)  

Where  should  we  be  going?      Helping  people  with  aphasia  have  beJer  conversa7ons:  which  therapy  works  best  &  why?    My  PhD  Research  Ques7ons  1.  What  type  of  speech  and  language  therapy  (a)  Be^er  Conversa9ons  with  Aphasia  

Therapy  or  (b)  Communica9on  Strategy  Training  is  most  effec9ve  at  improving  a  PwA’s  strategy  use  in  everyday  conversa9on?      

2.  Does  a  PwA's  cogni9ve  abili9es   impact  on  the  ability   to  change  communica9on  strategy  use  in  conversa9on  acer  interven9on?  

Methodology  A  mul9ple  baseline  case  series  therapy  study  with  imbedded  cross  over  interven9on  (n=6)  comparing  6  weeks  Be^er  Conversa9ons  with  Aphasia  Therapy  (ThA)  to  6  weeks  Communica9on  Strategy  Training  (ThB).  

       

   Assessment    Will   include   a   full   cogni7ve   profile,   12   conversa7on   samples   and   measures   of  wellbeing.    Main  outcome  measures  •  The   Aphasia   Conversa7on   Measure   (Beeke   et   al   unpublished)   will   quan9fy  

changes   in   PwA   mul9-­‐modal   strategy   use   in   dyads   videoed   conversa9ons   pre,  post  and  between  both  interven9on  phases.  

 •  A  modified   version   of   Purdy  &   Koch’s   (2006)  Cogni7ve   Flexibility  Measure  will  

quan9fy  changes  in  how  a  PwA  switches  between  mul9-­‐modal  strategies  in  their  conversa9ons  pre,  post  and  between  both  interven9on  phases.  

Analysis  Changes   in   strategy   use   acer   therapy   will   be   analysed   quan9ta9vely.   Cogni9ve  profile  will  be  compared  to  a  PwA’s  conversa9on    and  wellbeing  outcomes.      

Factors  thought  to  influence  a  PwA’s    conversa7on  outcomes  

•   AStude  ”some)mes  it  was  the  partner’s  a1tude  that  influenced  the  use  of  strategies  e.g.  by  preferring  the  informant  to  prac)ce  talking  instead  of  using  strategies”  (Johansson  et  al  2012  p.150;  also  Turner  &  Whitworth  2006)  

• Cogni7ve  ability  (Saldert  et  al  2012)  

• Both  may  limit  a  PwA’s  opportunity  for  strategy  use  (Johansson  et  al  2012)  

• Research  has  suggested,  independent  of  language  deficit,  a  link  between:  

• Execu7ve  func7on  and  conversa9on  management  (Frankel  et  al  2007;  Wielaert  2011)  

• Cogni7ve  flexibility  and  flexible  use  of  strategies  in  func9onal  communica9on  tasks  (Purdy  &  Koch  2006)  

• Novel  vs.  expanded:  there  is  a  difference  between  “new  learning”  and  “expanding  upon”  spontaneous  strategies”  (Simmons-­‐Mackie  &  Damico  1997;  Kraat  1990;  Purdy  et  al  1994)  

• Automa7c  vs.  efforVul  (Simmons-­‐Mackie  &  Damico  1997):  there  is  a  difference  between  revealing  a  PwA’s  communica9ve  abili9es  indirectly  as  a  consequence  of  CP  conversa9on  changes    (Kagan  1998;  Wilkinson  et  al  2010)    and  “ac9ve  training”  of  mul9-­‐modal  strategy  use  in  conversa9on    (Beckley  et  al  2013)  

Conversa9on  Partner  

Execu9ve  Func9on   Strategy  

References  Beckley,   F.,   Best,  W.,   Edwards,   S.,   Johnson,   F.,   Maxim,   J.,   &   Beeke,   S.   (2013)   Exploring   mechanisms   of   therapeu9c   change   during  conversa9on   therapy   for   agramma9sm:   a   single   case   study.   Interna9onal   Journal   of   Language  &   Communica9on  Disorders,   48   (2),  220-­‐239.  Beeke,  S.,  Maxim,  J.,  Best,  W.  &  Cooper,  F.,  2011,  Re-­‐  designing  therapy  for  agramma9sm:   ini9al  findings  from  a  conversa9on-­‐based  approach.  Journal  of  Neurolinguis9cs,  2,  222–236.  Davis,  G.  A.,  &  Wilcox,  M.J.  (1985).  Adult  aphasia  rehabilita9on.  Applied  pragma9cs.  San  Diego,  CA:  College-­‐Hill  Press  Fawcus,  M.,  &  Fawcus,  R.  (1990).  Informa9on  transfer  in  four  cases  of  severe  ar9culatory  dyspraxia.  Aphasiology,  4(2),  207-­‐212    Hopper,  T.,  Holland,  A.,  &  Rewega,  M.   (2002).  Conversa9onal  coaching:  Treatment  outcomes  and  future  direc9ons.  Aphasiology,  16,  745–761.  Lock,  S,  Wilkinson,  R.  and  Bryan,  K.,  2001,  Suppor9ng  Partners  of  People  With  Aphasia  in  Rela9onships  and  Conversa9on  (SPPARC):  A  Resource  Pack  (Bicester:  Speechmark).  Fox  ,S.,  Armstrong,E.and  Boles,  L.,  2009,  Conversa9onal  treatment  in  mild  aphasia:  a  case  study.  Aphasiology,  23(7–8),  951–964.  Frankel,T.,  Penn,C.and  Ormond-­‐Brown,  D.,  2007,  Execu9ve  dysfunc9on  as  an  explanatory  basis  for  conversa9on  symptoms  of  aphasia:  a  pilot  study.  Aphasiology,  21(6–8),  814–  828.  Johansson,  M.  B.,  Carlsson,  M.,  &  Sonnander,  K.  (2012).  Communica9on  difficul9es  and  the  use  of  communica9on  strategies:  from  the  perspec9ve   of   individuals   with   aphasia.   Interna9onal   journal   of   language   &   communica9on   disorders   /   Royal   College   of   Speech   &  Language  Therapists,  47(2),  144–55.    Kagan,   A.   (1998).   Supported   conversa9on   for   adults   with   aphasia:   methods   and   resources   for   training   conversa9on   partners.  Aphasiology,   12(9),   816–830.Kraat,   A.   (1990).   Augmenta9ve   and   alterna9ve   communica9on:   Does   it   have   a   future   in   aphasia  rehabilita9on?  Aphasiology,  4,  321–338.  Lyon,  J.  G.,  Cariski,  D.,  Keisler,  L.,  Rosenbek,  J.,  Levine,  R.,  Kumpula,  J.,  et  al.  (1997).  Communica9on  partners:  Enhancing  par9cipa9on  in  life  and  communica9on  for  adults  with  aphasia  in  natural  se6ngs.  Aphasiology,  7,  693–708.  McVicker,S.,Parr,S.,Pound,C.  &  Duchan,  J.,  2009,  The  communica9on  partner  scheme:  a  project  to  develop  long-­‐  term  low-­‐cost  access  to  conversa9on  for  people  living  with  aphasia.  Aphasiology,  23(1),  52–71  Purdy,  M.,  Duffy,  R.,  &  Coelho,  C.   (1994).  An   inves9ga9on  of   the   communica9ve  use  of   trained   symbols   in   aphasic   adults   following  mul9modality  training.  In.  P.Lemme,  (Ed.),  Clinical  Aphasiology,  Vol.  22,  345-­‐356.  Purdy,  M.  &  Koch,  A.  (2006).  Predic9on  of  strategy  usage  by  adults  with  aphasia.  Aphasiology,  20  (2/3/4),  337-­‐348.  Simmons-­‐Mackie,  N.,   Raymer,  A.,  Armstrong,   E.,  Holland,  A.,  &  Cherney,   L.   R.   (2010).   Communica9on  partner   training   in   aphasia:   a  systema9c  review.  Archives  of  physical  medicine  and  rehabilita)on,  91(12),  1814–37    Simmons-­‐Mackie,  N.  N.,  &  Damico,  J.  S.  (1997).  Reformula9ng  the  defini9on  of  compensatory  strategies  in  aphasia.  Aphasiology,  11(8),  761–781.  Turner,  S.,  &  Whitworth,  A.  (2006).  Clinicians’  percep9ons  of  candidacy  for  conversa9on  partner  training  in  aphasia:  How  do  we  select  candidates  for  therapy  and  do  we  get  it  right?  Aphasiology,  20,  616–643.  Wielaert,  S.  M.  (2011).  Unravelling  conversa)on  in  aphasia :  what  is  the  role  of  execu)ve  func)ons?  University  of  Manchester  MPhil.  Wilkinson,  R.,  Bryan,  K.,  Lock,  S.  and  Sage,  K.,  2010,  Implemen9ng  and  evalua9ng  aphasia  therapy  targeted  at  couples’  conversa9ons:  a  single  case  study.  Aphasiology,  6,  869–886.  Wilkinson,  R.,  Lock,S.,Bryan,K.  and  Sage,  K.,  2011,  Interac9on-­‐focused  interven9on  for  acquired  language  disorders:  facilita9ng  mutual  adapta9on  in  couples  where  one  partner  has  aphasia.  Interna9onal  Journal  of  Speech–Language  Pathology,  13(1),  74–87.  Wilkinson,  R.,  &  Wielaert,  S.  (2012).  Rehabilita9on  targeted  at  everyday  communica9on:  can  we  change  the  talk  of  people  with  aphasia  and  their  significant  others  within  conversa9on?  Archives  of  Physical  Medicine  and  Rehabilita)on,  93(1  Suppl),  S70–6