The Cockcroft Instituteand its Manchester activities

Roger BarlowSchool Research Lunch

Friday July 2nd 2010

What is Cockcroft?

An Institute for Accelerator Science and Engineering at Daresbury Laboratory, involving Manchester, Liverpool and Lancaster Universities, and the STFC ASTeC group

Who

• Academics: Roger Barlow, Rob Appleby, Roger Jones, Hywel Owen

• Postdocs: Cristian Bungau, Alessandro D’Elia, Ian Shinton, Adina Toader, Maryam Mostajeran, A.N.Other

• Ph.D. Students: Narong Chanlek, Hugo Day, Matthew Fraser, Jimmy Garland, Chris Glasman, James Jones, Nawin Juntong, Vasim Khan, James Molson, Mike Salt, Tony Scarfe, Luke Thomson, Sam Tygier, Pei Zhang

RF accelerationHIE-ISOLDE

HIE-LINAC Upgrade

RF power (from klystron etc) converted to EM field in resonant cavity.

Study field shape, resonant frequencies, Q value, and beam dynamics.

Superconducting: Niobium sputtered on Copper

RF accelerationILC (500 GeV)

RF power (from klystron etc) converted to EM field in resonant cavity.

Study field shape, resonant frequencies, Q value, and beam dynamics using ME solvers, models and measurements.

‘Ichiro’ Cavity fabricated at KEK Trapped mode ~2.4498GHzMulti-cavity mode ~2.6420GHz

RF accelerationCLIC (1.5 TeV)

By specific detuning of cavities one can get acceptably low wakefields with acceptably high Q values

Need to detune cavities to avoid wakefields

Also designing the Crab Cavity for CLIC

RF accelerationLight Source

Tests being done at the FLASH facility at DESY

3rd Harmonic cavity to flatten field shape

FP420/ATLASFP

Clean signal. Scattered protons go down beam pipe and are detected later

Higgs can be produced diffractively at the LHC

beam

p’

p’AFP Detector

LHC magnets

FP420/ATLASFP

Modifications to beam pipe and cryostat to accommodate detectors (3D Silicon)

Needed to reassure machine group that we can put this in the ring and not destroy the beams.

Case now proven

The LHC: Backgrounds

Rob Appleby at CERN for 2 years, making the LHC work. (Also working on CLIC and LHeC – not covered here)

Machine Induced Backgrounds (beam-gas, collimators, beam halo...) increasingly important as Luminosity (and energy) ramp up.

Losses shorten beam lifetime, can swamp experiments, can quench magnets.

Includes working with Dave Bailey on backgrounds in the LHCb experiment. Picture shows online Beam Loss Monitor display

The LHC: Backgrounds

What happens if a vacuum valve between ring sections is closed while the beam is stored?

Rob’s simulations show that the monitors trigger a controlled beam loss before the superconducting magnets quench

LHC Collimators• Collimators vital to ensure that particles

are lost where they will do no harm – not in the superconducting magnets!

• Present collimation system known to be inadequate for future beam currents and luminosities.

• Understanding and modelling need to handle tails of distributions. Codes generally ancient and impossible to update

• Adapting modern code (Merlin) for collimation: benchmark against existing codes. Manchester now centre for Merlin code support and development

EMMA: the first nsFFAGFFAG is a cross between a cyclotron and a synchrotron – able to provide

high currents at high energies.Conventional FFAG has slowly varying field and wide beam pipe. Non-

scaling FFAG has rapidly varying field and narrow beam pipe. Simpler and more compact.

World’s first nsFFAG under construction at Daresbury. Manchester-led CONFORM project

EMMA studies

Ring not quite complete – but beams get 4/7 of the way round.

First emittance* measurements on the injection line

* Emittance. Phase space area occupied by beam. Small is good.

Thorium PowerA smaller cheaper more reliable

proton accelerator makes a Thorium-powered ADSR reactor a more practical possibility.

Lots of interest – and it’s growing

Founded ThorEA – the Thorium Energy Amplifier Association. UK-wide workshops ~ 4-5 times a year.

Talking to colleagues in the Dalton Institute

Proton TherapyAnother possible application.Protons are a better tool for radiotherapy

than X rays – certainly in some cases, perhaps in many.

Other charged particles (He, C ions?) may be better yet.

Important part of CONFORM project Looking to 2nd generation machines that can paint tumour precisely

with voxelsNeed to know where the dose is going – detector group has ideasTalking to colleagues at the Christie Hospital, supporting their bid to

the NHS

The Technetium problem

Technetium: important and routinely used radiochemical for scanning heart attack victims

Traditionally made in Research Reactors – not many left.

Alternative: neutron capture on 98Mo target.Make neutrons through novel 16O(d,n)17F

reaction.Proposal shortlisted

99Mo decays with 67 hour half life to 99mTc, which is soluble and has a half life of 6 hours

Light SourcesInvolved in design of

Diamond, 4GLS, and NLS

Now working with MAXlab (LUND)

Impact• Links worldwide – CERN, DESY, Rostock, Lund, plus, of course,

Daresbury, Lancaster and Liverpool• Publications: 25 Manchester posters at last large conference. • Leading Workpackages in EUCard• Lectures at Summer Schools • Talks at conferences ( Thorium Energy conference 2010 ‘highlight’)• Conferences and meetings organised

X-Band 2008 (Cockcroft) – Roger JonesFFAG09(Manchester) – Roger BarlowADSR09(Manchester) – Roger BarlowIoP PAB Annual Meeting (Manchester, 9th July) – Hywel Owen and Adina

Toader – come and listen to Rolf Heuer XB2010 (Cockcroft, December) - Roger Jones

FinanceThe (marginal) cost to the school of an academicSalary(say) £45,000Employers NI+USS £11,250Head tax £2,259Space tax(25m2@£173) £4,325Central charge(‘faculty weighting’) £35,733

£98,567Less HEFCE QR £41,814

£56,753

Ph.D. Student(Fully funded)Fee+HEFCE QR £8,500Or International fee

£11,000Less Space tax(10m2@£173)

£1,730Student Tax £1,130

£5,640

FEC Research Grant – say 10% of your timeSalary(say) £4,500Employers NI+USS £1,125“Overheads” £3,680

£9,305 times 80%

£7,444

A PDRASalary(say) £35,000Employers NI+USS £8,750

43,750Cost:Missing 20% of above £8,750Head tax £2,259

£10,009

Overhead (36,802@80%) £29,442

Profit £19,431

The Bottom Line

Out3 new academics @£56,753 = £170,259

InTotal of 0.78 Academic FEC =£58,06311.5 students @£5,640 =£68,4605 postdocs @£19,431 =£97,155

Balance £53,419PROFIT

Conclusion

Lots of good science –Studying the Higgs

BosonTreating CancerSaving the planet

through sustainable Nuclear energy

And much more

Rests on sound financial footing.