The Cold War 1946 - 1991 The Cold War. Yalta Conference (Feb 4-11, 1945) Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin 1. Agree to divide Germany into zones following

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold WarThe Cold War

Yalta Conference (Feb 4-11, 1945)Yalta Conference (Feb 4-11, 1945)

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

1.Agree to divide Germany into zones following unconditional surrender

2.Germany has to pay USSR reparations

3.Eastern European countries would have free elections



The United NationsThe United Nations

April 25, 1945• Representatives from 50 countries meet in San Francisco to work on charter for the U.N.

October 24, 1945– U.N. comes into official existence.

Official Charter of U.N. is created.


United NationsUnited Nations

Purposes:–Maintain peace

–Provide security

–Promote justice

–Provide general welfare

–Establish human rights


United Nations United Nations

The General Assembly– The “town meeting” of the world.

– All U.N. members are EQUALLY represented– JOB:• To make suggestions on peaceful settlements of

disputes• Elect all NON-permanent members of the Security

Council and members of other agencies.


Security CouncilSecurity Council

–Power to investigate and settle

–5 permanent members•Br., China, Fr., US, USSR–Veto power



The International Court of JusticeThe International Court of Justice

Modeled after the World Court– Purpose:• To decide legal questions referred to it by

disputing nations• It gives advisory opinions when asked to do

so, but does not enforce decisions.




Expanding Soviet InfluenceExpanding Soviet Influence

U.S.S.R.–Considered itself the leader of the

Communist Revolution


Two WorldsTwo Worlds

United States–Capitalism

Soviet Union–Communism


The Cold WarThe Cold War

Between Soviet Union and United States

COLD WAR–A state of tension and military

rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war.



Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Believed war against Communism and Capitalism was inevitable

Believed the U.S. would lead an attack on Communism



–No free speech

–Crushed opposition–Broadcast anti-American

propaganda.

–No freedom of the press.

–Government controls all industry.


The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

Policy of containment–Contain what?

•Soviet expansion.



The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Secretary of State George C. Marshall


The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Designed to solve Europe’s economic problems–European economies = Poor•Why were they poor?–They had just spent a lot of money

fighting World War II.



Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Help European:–Factories

–Farms

–Transportation systems•Get them operating effeciently


What did it do?What did it do?

Provided–Money–Machinery • To who?

– Any nation who would like to participate– INCLUDING the Soviet Union


Congressional DebateCongressional Debate

Block communism (contain it) by strengthening Europe’s economies

U.S. can’t afford to carry “Europe on its back”


Congress Approves the PlanCongress Approves the Plan


The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift

Tension in Germany– Joint occupation of Germany



Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

June 24, 1948– Soviets block all roads, canals,

railways, and means of transportation between their side and the Western side.

– Berlin under Soviet control



Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

British and American Planes2 Million tons of food and supplies– To Berlin– Crisis resolved in 1949 with help of U.N.• Example of U.N. doing what?


N.A.T.O.N.A.T.O.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization– 9 Western European Nations• U.S.• Canada• Iceland

• AN ALLIANCE– Against who?


N.A.T.O.N.A.T.O.

An attack against one or more of them would be considered an attack against all.

– Alliance between:• Western Europe and U.S. Alliance


The Division of KoreaThe Division of Korea

1910-1945– Korea ruled by Japan– Japanese pushed out of Korea in WWII• General Douglas MacArthur

– Named Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and placed in charge of occupation forces in Japan.

– Also in charge of South Korea.


3838thth Parallel Parallel

American Occupation– South Korea

Soviet Occupation– North Korea



Individual GovernmentsIndividual Governments

North Korea– Sets up its own government

South Korea– Sets up its own government

Both governments claim control of all of Korea– Problem?


ReviewReview

UN– General Assembly– Security Council– Cold War– Truman Doctrine–Marshall Plan– Berlin Airlift– NATO


The Korean ChallengeThe Korean Challenge

June 25, 1950– North Korea launches an invasion of

South Korea• South Korea – recognized internationally as

legitimate government of the People’s Republic of Korea

– United Nations• Take steps to deal with problem



Security Council– Votes unanimously for a cease fire

between the Koreas.• Why would Soviet Union vote for this?

– Or do they?

– Soviet Union boycotting U.N. because:• U.N. does not recognize Communist China.



Classify North Korea – An aggressor

–Meanwhile:• President Truman pledges American Aid to

South Korea


The Korean WarThe Korean War

United States• Truman orders U.S. air and

ground forced ordered to Korea.


ProblemsProblems

South Koreans– Outnumbered– Soviet tanks given to North Korean

Army– U.S. having trouble defending against

tanks– Forced to southeast corner of South

Korea


Korean WarKorean War

General MacArthur – In charge of U.S. forces in Korea– Decides to launch a sea borne attack

against the west coast of Korea and move eastward to take Seoul

Importance of Seoul?


SeuolSeuol

Capital of South Korea– Recaptured by MacArthur and the U.S.


MacArthur AdvancesMacArthur Advances

General MacArthur– North Korean troops retreat (that can)– Pushes North Koreans backward–Moves all the way to the Yalu River

• The Yalu River borders China• China is Communist

• What might be a problem for U.S. forces?


Tide Turns Against MacArthurTide Turns Against MacArthur

Chinese “Volunteers”– Thousands help North Koreans– U.N. and U.S. troops with lines extended

were outnumbered– U.N. and U.S. forces pushed back to 38th

Parallel.

• So what has been accomplished?


Threat of World War IIIThreat of World War III

War with China– Quick decisive action

would bring an end to the conflict – according the MacArthur

– OR• Start of WWIII

– USSR openly would support China and get involved.


Spread of TroopsSpread of Troops

Major war in Asia–Would mean what for the Soviet Union

in Europe?


Stalemate in KoreaStalemate in Korea

President Truman– Orders MacArthur to establish a strong

defense line on 38th Parallel.• Forbade blocking Chinese coast• Bombing China• Or helping Chinese Nationalists invade

China

• NO WAR with CHINA


MacArthur vs. TrumanMacArthur vs. Truman

MacArthur tries to appeal to Congress–MacArthur is removed

– Truman• “I could do nothing else and still be

President”

• Matthew B. Ridgeway replaces MacArthur.


The Point Four ProgramThe Point Four Program

Extend aid to all less fortunate countries.

– Underlying motive?– Think of it as a less intense Marshall Plan for the world.

– Scientific Aid– Industrial Aid

– Korean War demonstrates the serious threat of the spread of Communism.


Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

Elected President in 1952Promised to do everything in

his power to end the Korean War


Korea – Peace TalksKorea – Peace Talks

Panmunjom– July 27, 1952– Armistice• Recognized division of two countries at 38th

Parallel• U.S. promises, in a treaty, to defend South

Korea against any attack and to help S. Korea improve its economic conditions.


Korean War EndKorean War End

33,629 American Lives 1.5 Million Communist Casualties An unpopular war– Evidence of this?

Increased prestige of U.N.– How? Think in terms of aggression.

– Showed that the use of force COULD check Communist aggression.


U.S. Foreign Policy ChangeU.S. Foreign Policy Change

Secretary of State– John Foster Dulles


John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles

Brinkmanship– Communists only understood force– In order to maintain peace the United

States must be ready for war • To be on the “brink” of war

– No longer contain, but push back spread of Communism.


The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

Hydrogen Bomb– Vastly more powerful than atomic bomb– Soviet Union test first nuclear bomb –

1949– Stockpiling

• How is this dangerous?



Nikita Khrushchev– Publicly attacked his predecessor• Joseph Stalin

• “a cruel tyrant”


Space RaceSpace Race

Soviet Union launches Sputnik– Sputnik – orbited first artificial satellite• Showed that if the U.S.S.R. was capable of

launching a satellite into space, the U.S.S.R. could launch a rocket that could deliver a hydrogen bomb to the U.S.

• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)


Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Mutually Assured Destruction



Between U.S. and U.S.S.R.– President Kennedy–MAJOR conflict during Cold War


What was it?What was it?

October 15, 1962– U-2 Spy plane photographs reveal:• Construction of missile silos in Cuba• Soviet Union behind the construction• Cuban 90 miles from Florida• What does this mean for U.S.?

• Crisis lasts for two weeks


John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

“It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. “


Kennedy’s OptionsKennedy’s Options

an air attack on the missilesa full military invasionthe naval blockade of Cuba, which

was redefined as a more restrictive



Tension in the U.S.Option chosen:– Naval blockade of Cuba• Soviet Ships headed toward Cuba• Meet the blockage• Soviet Response

– Ships turn back

– A deal is struck


Cuban Missile Crises EndsCuban Missile Crises Ends

the Soviets dismantle the missiles in Cuba

Exchanged for a no invasion agreement

A secret removal of the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey.


U-2 Spy Plane IncidentU-2 Spy Plane Incident

Shot down over Soviet UnionOver Soviet Territory– Eisenhower “weather research”– Khrushchev furious

Viewed by the Soviets as an act of aggression

Documents

The Cold War 1946 - 1991 The Cold War. Yalta Conference (Feb 4-11, 1945) Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin 1. Agree to divide Germany into zones following