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The Cold War:1947-1991
Part I:
“Reconstruction & Containment”
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.
3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].
Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)
The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!
The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-
1953)1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty
Part 2:
“Soviet Union and the Eastern
Bloc”
Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization
• 20th Party Congress, 1956 denounced Stalin’s crimes in a closed session
• Gosplan– Resources shifted from
industrialization /militarism to consumer goods and agriculture
• Leads to communist reformers and increased demand for liberty and independence
The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956
Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian
Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free
elections.elections.
} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the
technological edge!technological edge!
Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)(1959)
Cold War ---> Cold War --->
TensionsTensions
<--- Technology <--- Technology
& Affluence & Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was
shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.
Vienna, 1961Vienna, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev
thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)
CheckpoinCheckpointt
CharlieCharlie
Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!
(1963)(1963)
President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that
the West is the West is with them!with them!
YouTube
Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961
Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973
Part 3:
“Soviet Union and the Cold War under
Brezhnev, 1964-1982”
““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček
Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!
““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a
free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].
OstpolitikOstpolitik• Willy Brandt, W, German chancellor
(1969-1974) starts his “eastern initiative”
• Treaties with USSR, Poland,
and Czechoslovakia• Conducts direct negotiations with E.
Germany for improvement in relations– “two German states within one German
nation”
• Efforts result in reduction of tensions & a return of German to the world stage
DDèètente (easing of relations)tente (easing of relations)• Henry Kissinger & Richard
Nixon steer the US toward policies that are based on national interest instead of ideology (realpolitik)– Try to get Soviet support to
bring Vietnam war to a close– Visits China in 1972 to
improve relations– Visits Moscow in 1972
seeking to establish rules for the rivalry
DDèètentetente• S.A.L.T 1 (1972)– Brezhnev and Nixon
sign a treaty to stop nuclear missile production and reduce the number of antiballistic missiles
– Development of MIRVs makes SALT 1 obsolete
DDèètentetente• Helsinki
Conference, 1975– Officially ends WWII
by recognizing Soviet borders in Eastern Europe
– Soviets promise to liberalize and protect human rights (they don't)
End of End of DDèètentetente• Soviets invade
Afghanistan– US refuses to sign
SALT II– US stopped food aid
and technology exchanges with the Soviets
• US and Britain stand alone in their opposition to the Afghan conflict
““Solidarity” in PolandSolidarity” in Poland• Pope John Paul II elected
in 1979– Travelled Poland preaching
about God's love and the “inalienable rights of man”
– Inspired mass union organizing called “Solidarity” led by Lech Walesa
• 1981, Polish government imposed Martial law after Soviets warnings
Part 4:
“Cold War and Revolution”
Atlantic AllianceAtlantic Alliance• Ronald Reagan, Margaret
Thatcher, and Helmut Kohl– Provided indirect support to
Eastern Europe Liberals
• Thatcher and Reagan are military hardliners while Kohl followed suit.– Thatcher: Falklands War, 1982– Reagan: “Star Wars”, 1983
• Reagan called the USSR the Evil Empire
Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985-Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985-19911991
• Reforms– Perestroika: aimed to reconstruct
the Soviet economy by taking up free-market strategies. FAIL!
– Glasnot: Free speech, political liberty
– Demokratiztsiya: tried to deal with corruption in the Communist party, and tried to promote intellectuals into positions of power
– Free elections held in 1989.
GorbachevGorbachev• Reduction of East-West tensions– Soviets out of Afghanistan– Reform movement encouraged in
Poland and Hungary– Brezhev Doctrine rejected. Soviets will
now respect the political choices of the people
• Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty signed in 1987
• START I Signed in 1990
Revolutions of 1989Revolutions of 1989
• Poland: Solidarity legalized. Free election in June 1989. Sets off a chain reaction
• Hungary: October. Independent government declared
• Germany: November. Berlin wall comes down.– Unified in 1990 under W. Germany
(Kohl)
Revolutions of 1989Revolutions of 1989• Bulgaria: November. Politburo
demanded its leader's resignation• Czechoslovakia: December. “Velvet
Revolution” led by Vaclav Havel. General strike leads to the fall of the communist government.– 1993. Czech Republic and Slovakia
become independent countries.
• Romania: December. Dictator Nicolai Ceausescu is overthrown and assassinated
Part 5:
“Fall of the Soviet Union”
Long Term CausesLong Term Causes• Costs of empire were too great• Middle class demanded reform• The oil crisis and economic crisis in
the 70s• Eastern European nations resent the
Soviet government• Continued economic lag and
shortages in the USSR
Coup in Moscow, Aug. 1991Coup in Moscow, Aug. 1991• Communist hard-
liners try and fail to overthrow Gorbachev– Military refused to
crush popular resistance
• Boris Yeltsin defied the tanks and became a hero
• Gorbachev never recovered
USSR Dissolved, Dec. 1991USSR Dissolved, Dec. 1991
• Yeltsin and his allies declared Russia independent and withdrew from the USSR others follow– Dec. 25, USSR dissolved into 15
separate republics– Russia takes the USSR's seat on the
UN Security Council
“Political Restructuring post-WWII”
44thth French Republic: 1945- French Republic: 1945-19581958
1.1. Democratic, but politically Democratic, but politically unstable unstable [27 governments!][27 governments!]
2.2. Universal suffrage.Universal suffrage.
3.3. Weak President; powerful Weak President; powerful legislaturelegislature
4.4. Many political parties [coalition Many political parties [coalition governments]governments]
5.5. Failure to gracefully leave Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.Indochina.
6.6. Botched the Suez War in 1956.Botched the Suez War in 1956.
7.7. Failed to settle the Algerian Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.Crisis.
55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)
1.1. Powerful President.Powerful President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle
2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.
3.3. Weakened Weakened legislature.legislature.
4.4. Separation of Separation of powers.powers.
DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian
Crisis.Crisis.
2.2. Made France a Made France a nuclear power.nuclear power.
3.3. Sustained general Sustained general prosperity.prosperity.
4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,
democratic democratic government.government.
5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.
BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in resigned & died of a heart attack in
1970.1970.
Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)
Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951
1.1. Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].
Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act
Natl. Health Service Natl. Health Service ActAct
2.2. Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.
3.3. Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” securityGrave” security..
4.4. Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national health free national health care.care.
Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951
1.1. Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!
2.2. The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.
India – 1947India – 1947
Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948
Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955
Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955
He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy
the “welfare the “welfare state” state”
established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s
government.government.
The Federated RepublicThe Federated Republicof Germanyof Germany
1.1. Created in 1949 withCreated in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.the capital at Bonn.
2.2. Its army limited toIts army limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].
3.3. Konrad Adenauer, aKonrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,Christian Democrat,was its 1was its 1stst President. President.
Coalition of moderates and Coalition of moderates and conservatives.conservatives.
Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.
German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”
4.4. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”
Italy After WW IIItaly After WW II
1.1. Alcide de Alcide de GasperiGasperi was was Italy’s P.M. Italy’s P.M. from 1948-from 1948-19531953
2.2. Coalition Coalition governments governments [short and [short and unstable!]unstable!]
“EuropeanUnity”
Three Streams of UnityThree Streams of Unity
Political: Council of Europe Military: Never really occurred Economic: Most successful of the
three.
Political IntegrationPolitical Integration
Council of Europe – Created in 1949 out of a desire for
community after WWII– Some hope that the organization would
become a true parliament with sovereign rights
– Britain block any advances toward sovereignty
Political IntegrationPolitical Integration European Coal and Steel Community – Created in 1950 by French statesman
Jean Monnet and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman
– Community would be based on the Schuman Plan
– Six nations join: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
– By 1958, Coal and steel move freely without tariffs or quotas
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1.1. 1947 1947 GGeneral eneral AAgreement on greement on TTariffsariffs and and TTrade [GATT]rade [GATT]
23 nations.23 nations.
Became the foundation of Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.postwar global commerce.
It set up procedures to handle It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints.commercial complaints.
It provided a framework for It provided a framework for continuing negotiations continuing negotiations [“rounds”].[“rounds”].
By 1990, 99 nations were By 1990, 99 nations were participating.participating.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1.1. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]
HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.
Treaty of RomeTreaty of Rome..
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1.1. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]
France, W. Germany, Italy, France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.Benelux.
Created a larger free trade Created a larger free trade area, or customs union.area, or customs union.
Eliminate all trade barriers.Eliminate all trade barriers.
One common tariff with the One common tariff with the outside world.outside world.
Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital & labor.labor.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1.1. 1967 1967 combined the ECSC & combined the ECSC & EEC to form the EEC to form the EEuropean uropean CCommunity ommunity [EC].[EC].
HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.
European Parliament.European Parliament.
““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”
518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe].voters in Europe].
Only limited legislative Only limited legislative power.power.
Court of Justice.Court of Justice.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1.1. 1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements
EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU] created from nion [EU] created from the EC.the EC.
One currency, one culture, one One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment!social area, and one environment!
Create a “frontier-free” Europe Create a “frontier-free” Europe a a common EU passport.common EU passport.
One large “common market.”One large “common market.”
Goods coming into the EU would Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them. have high tariffs placed on them.
2002 2002 a common currency [ a common currency [EuroEuro]]
2003 2003 60,000 men EU rapid defense 60,000 men EU rapid defense force was created. force was created.
“Economic Crisis of the
1970s”
Nixon took the US off the Nixon took the US off the Gold Standard (1971)Gold Standard (1971)
Ended “Bretton Woods System” of currency stabilization
Fixed exchange rates were abandoned
Increase in uncertainty in international trade and finance
Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis Economic boom had
been fueled by cheap oil 1973, OPEC dramatically
increased oil prices in Europe and the US (and again in 1979)
“Stagflation” increased prices and unemployment (unusual)
Debts and deficits pile up
Social EffectsSocial Effects Created the conditions for the collapse
of communism Increased pessimism “welfare state” prevented Great
Depression #2 Government spending rose Conservatives gained power in the
70s and 80s France tried and failed to increase the
government's role in the economy
“European Society After
WWII”
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology Theoretical and applied science joined together
after the war Britain = Radar, German = Jet Aircraft Development of electronic computers Manhattan Project
“Big Science” became the new model for science
Substantial government funding US took the lead Space Race
“Brain Drain” European scientists moved to the US
Class Structure and Social ReformClass Structure and Social Reform Rise of the middle class was the result
of access to higher education New middle-class was more open,
democratic, and less secure than in the past
Main causes of the rise Rapid industrial and technological
expansion Passed on opportunity to children
Class Structure and Social ReformClass Structure and Social Reform Structure of lower class changed
Rural workers continued to more to the cities
Industrial working class stopped expanding
Welfare state expanded Benefits included healthcare, family
allowances, maternity grants, and public housing
Class Structure and Social ReformClass Structure and Social Reform Mass consumerism worked
to level Western society Increased standard of living Automobile industry
expanded “Gadget revolution” Social welfare programs
led to increased disposable income
Leisure and recreation became major industries as workers worked less
Youth Movement & Counter-cultureYouth Movement & Counter-culture Counter-Culture: rebellion against
parents, authority figures and status quo
Youth influenced by revival of leftist thought
Sex, drugs, and
Rock n'Roll Main causes of the rise
Mass communication, travel, Baby Boom, economic prosperity, greater equality, and job security
WomenWomen Marriage and motherhood
A woman's place was still in the home
Increased use of birth control Average of only 2 children per
household Women in the workplace
Opportunities to earn money at home evaporated
Sharp increase in women working outside the home esp. amongst married women
WomenWomen Women's Rights Movement
Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex (1949)
Argued that women must be courageous and self-assertive if they want to become free and escape their role as inferior “other”
WomenWomen Women's Rights Movement
Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Argued that women were expected to conform to false and infantile patterns of femininity and live for their husband and their children.
Founded the National Organization for Women (NOW)
WomenWomen Goals of the women's rights
movements Workplace: Laws against
discrimination, “Equal pay for equal work,” maternity leave, affordable day care
Family: Right to divorce, legalized abortion, focus on the needs of single mothers, legal protection against rape and physical violence
