The Colonies Become New Nations

1945-Present

Section 1The Colonies Become New Nations

• After WWII political changes occurred• Policy of Colonialism questioned• Colonized people wanted freedom

Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom

• India moves towards independence

• Congress Party – India’s national political party. Most members were Hindus at times had Muslim members

• Muslim League – organization founded in 1906 to protect Muslim interest

Freedom Brings Turmoil

• Problem: who should be in power - Hindus or Muslims?• Riots broke out between Hindus and Muslims • August 1946 riots in Calcutta, 5,000 dead 15,000 injured• Partition was proposed

Jawaharlal Nehru – leader of Indian National Congress

Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Leader of Muslim League

Louis Mountbatten – Last viceroy of India

India Granted Independence

August 15, 1947

- Becomes largest democracy - Jawaharlal Nehru becomes nation’s 1st prime

minister for 1st 17 years- Emphasized democracy, unity and economic

modernization - Dies in 1964, Congress party had no strong

leader

Indira Gandhi becomes new Prime Minister

- Faced many threats especially from Sikh extremists- Sikhs wanted their own independent state- Killed by own Sikh bodyguards - Her son Rajiv (rah-JEEV) takes over, accused of

corruption. Is killed by a bomb in 1991

Pakistan Copes with Freedom

• East & West. Different culture, language, history, geography, economics & ethnic background.

• Only Islamic religion united them

• Civil War- East had bigger population & home of central govt.

• March 26, 1971 East Pakistan declares itself independent. Known as Bangladesh.

Bangladesh & Sri Lanka

Bangladesh• Economic problems because of war• Election fraud• Natural disasters, cyclones & tidal waves• Per capita income a year $360

Sri Lanka• Ethnically/religiously diverse• Militant group called Tamil, want their own nation• Conflict continues today

21st Century ChallengesIndia• Growing population (1.2 Billion), expected to exceed China

by 2035• Social inequality & threats of religious strife• Tense relations with Pakistan • Nuclear tests started in 1998• Battle for Kashmir, ruler was Hindu, population majority

MuslimU.N. initiates cease fire in 1949, conflict continues

Section 1 Questions

1. Why did British officials partition India into India and Pakistan?2. In what ways did Pakistan also undergo a partition?3. What is the main cause today of civil strife in Sri Lanka?4. In what ways are the political tensions between Pakistan & India

similar to the U.S. & USSR’s political relations during the Cold War?5. Why might India’s political and economic success be so crucial to

the future of democracy in Asia?6. How did religious and cultural differences create problems for

newly emerging nations?7. Why has the conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir

become such a huge concern to the world today?

Southeast Asian NationsGain Independence

Section 2

The Philippines Achieves Independence

U.S. & Philippines

• Bell Act: est. free trade between the Philippines & U.S. for 8 years

• Despite some resistance it was approved• U.S. wanted to keep military presence, 99 year

lease. Was shortened & ended in 1992• Still dependent on U.S.

From Marcos to Ramos

• Ferdinand Marcos elected in 1965. Imposed authoritarian regime from 1966-1986

• Martial law 1972-81• Corazon Aquino would become new

President in 1986• Forced into exile in Hawaii• Recovered $475 million of stolen money in

Swiss Banks

From Marcos to Ramos

• New Constitution • Fidel Ramos is President after Aquino• Limited Presidential term to one 6-year

term

• Formation of Rebel Groups• Moro National Liberation Front

British Colonies Gain Independence

Burma/Myanmar – 1948- Repressive governments. Pro-democracy &

militaryAung San Suu Kyi – National League for Democracy. Placed on house arrest in 1990-95 & 2000-2002Detained again in 2003

Gov’t currently being reformed

Malaysia & Singapore

Malaysia-Resisted British efforts to unite Malaya People in one state- Federation of Malaya 1957

Singapore- Once part of the Fed. of Malaya would leave in 1965 became a city state.- Strong economy

Section 2 Part 1 Questions

1. Why did the retention of the military bases in the Philippines anger so many Filipinos?2. What was the outcome of the 1990 Myanmar election? How did the government respond? 3. Why did the U.S. demand a 99 Year lease on military bases in the Philippines? 4. What was similar & different about elections that brought defeat to the ruling governments in the Philippines and Burma?5. How has Myanmar/Burma’s government progressed politically & economically?

Indonesia Gains Independence

• Indonesia ruled by Dutch then Japan• August 1945 Sukarno (only has one name)

proclaimed himself President.• Dutch tried to control again, was no longer

supported by U.N. • Wanted “Guided Democracy”

• No foreign investments, unmanageable economy, 100% inflation

Instability and Turmoil • Jr. officers attempted coup, put down my Gen. Suharto

• Seized power for himself. President in 1967 steps down 1998

• 500,000 to 1 million Indonesians killed

• Police state & martial law

• Annexed East Timor

• Megawati Sukarnoputri (Sukarno’s Daughter) becomes President

Sukarno vs. Suharto

Sukarno Suharto

Political policies

• Became the first President of Indonesia• Led independence movement• tried to adopt some democratic political measures.

Eventual autocracy• Centralized gov’t & stronger military• ”Guided Democracy”

• Imprisoned communists & their leaders

• Centralized gov’t & stronger military

Economic policies

• followed a socialist path, nationalized domestic enterprises, confiscated foreign assets.

• Wanted self sufficient country

• Policies to attract foreign investments

• 5-year plans, developed infrastructure, industry and agriculture, and exported natural resources.

Social policies

• Rapid growth of communism in Indonesia • Anti-Chinese policy

East Timor• Wanted to be independence from

Indonesia

• Harsh treatment since 1970s

• U.N. Sponsored referendum in 1999

• Voted to be independent, Indonesia ignores it

• U.N. intervention, independence in 2002

Section 2 Part 2 Questions

1. How did Suharto come to power in Indonesia? How did Sukarno rise to power in Indonesia?

2. What are some political, economic and social differences and similarities between Suharto & Sukarno?

3. How was East Timor able to become an independent country? Do you think Indonesia’s annexation of the country justified?

4. How did World War II play a role in the eventual decolonization of southeast Asia?

5. From what you’ve learned about decolonization in Asia, what similarities and differences do these countries have, in terms of economy, social structure and political systems.

New Nations in AfricaSection 3

Negritude Movement

• A movement for African independence that started before World War II

• Celebrate African culture, heritage & values

How did they achieve independence

• African nations achieve independence in different ways

• Directly ruled nations – fought wars to liberate themselves

• Indirectly ruled nations – easier transitions, local officials knew how to govern. Was already established.

Ghana Leads the wayOrig. name was Gold Coast

Kwame Nkrumah – leader of nonviolent movement

• Organized protests and boycotts, most of the time imprisoned

• Gold Coast becomes Ghana in 1957 after independence

• Country has shifted back & forth between civilian & military rule. Economic instablity.

Kenya Claims Independence

Kenyan Nationalist – Jomo Kenyatta

Mau mau (mow mow) group – secret society made up mostly of native Kenyan farmers forced out of highland areas by British• Wanted to push white farmers into leaving the

highlands

Before You Read

1. Why would the Africans want the Europeans to leave Africa?

2. What do you think would be the best way to get the Europeans out of Africa?

3. What do you think would be the worst way to get the Europeans out of Africa?

After you Read

1. Overall, were the methods used to obtain independence in Africa peaceful or violent? Why do you think Africans chose this method?

2. Based on what you read, which country do you think had the easiest time changing from being under colonial rule to being independent? Support your answer.

3. Based on what you read, which country do you think had the hardest time changing from being under colonial rule to being independent? Support your answer.

Algeria Struggles with Independence

• Before WWII Algeria population: 1 million French colonists, 9 million Arab and Berber Muslims

• French did not want to share power• Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) • FLN fought against French • Independent in July 1962

Algeria Struggles with Independence

• Ahmed Ben Bella becomes 1st President

• Wanted socialist state, overthrown in 1965

• Rise of religious fundamentalists who

wanted an Islamic stateIslamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections in 1990

• War between Islamic militants & government,

continues today

Freedom & Turmoil for Congo

• Belgian Congo – exploited for rubber & copper

• Congo not prepared for independence

• Mobutu Sese Seko seized power in 1965• Harsh ruler, one party rule, gifts to supporters

• Ruled for 32 overthrown in 1997

• Next to rule Laurent Kabila (autocratic ruler)

• Democratic Republic of Congo

War Tears Angola• Portuguese withdraw from Angola in

1975• Popular Movement for the Liberation

of Angola (MPLA) communist leaning, took over Angola, USSR & Cuban support

• Civil war breaks out• National Union for the total

Independence of Angola (UNITA), U.S. backed

• Peace accord in 2002

Section 3 Questions

1. Who were the Mau Mau of Kenya, what was their goal?2. What sparked the present day civil struggle in Algeria? 3. What prompted Portugal to eventually grant Angola its freedom?4. How did the way in which European colonists carved up Africa in

the 1800s lead to civil strife in many new African nations? 5. Why would the United States and the USSR participate in the civil

war in Angola?6. Why do you think revolution swept so many African nations

following their independence from European rule?

Conflicts in the Middle EastSection 4

Main IdeaDivision in Palestine after World War IImade the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements

Why it MattersThe conflict in the Middle East threatens the stability of the world today.

Israel Becomes a State• Land now called Palestine consists of Israel,

the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

• Jews & Palestinians claim land is theirs

• Jews forced out in 2nd century, those who wanted a Jewish state were known as Zionists

• League of Nations appointed Britain to oversee the Palestine after WWI

• Balfour Declaration- letter to British Jewish leader – creation of Jewish state.

Israel Becomes a State

• In 1947 U.N. decides to partition Palestine into a Palestinian & Jewish state

• 55% of area went to Jews who only made up 34% of population

• Palestinians outraged at U.N. • Announcement of independent Israel

on May 14, 1948

Israel & Arab States Conflict

• 1956 Suez Crisis• Invasion by Israel then France & Britain to

regain control of canal. Put down Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Israel & Europeans withdraw, control left to Egypt

• Nasser & Egypt backed by USSR• Six Day War

The Palestine Liberation Organization

• Even though they had their own homeland, Jews claimed most of it

• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) pushed for formation of a Palestinian state

• Made up lawyers, teachers, laborers, soon guerilla fighters who insisted in armed struggle

• Yasir Arafat chairman of PLO

• Carried out attacks towards Israel

• Some Arab neighbors supported PLO

Efforts at Peace

• July 2000 Pres. Clinton hosted 15 day Summit meeting between Ehud Barak & Yasir Arafat – no compromise made

• 2nd Intifada second Palestinian uprising against Israel

• No settlement made to this day, conflict still occurs

Israeli-Palestinian Tensions Increase

Intifada – “uprising”. Palestinian expressed frustrations in widespread campaign of civil disobedience

Put pressure of Israel to negotiate with Palestinians

Oslo Peace Accords - set of agreements between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Signed in 1993.

Oslo Accords

Terms:

Minister Yitzhak agreed to grant Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip & West Bank, beginning in town called Jericho

Section 4 Questions

1. What historic claims do both the Palestinians and Jews make to the land of Palestine?

2. What land did Israel gain from the wars against its Arab neighbors?3. What were the terms of the Oslo Accords?4. How was the creation of Israel similar to the establishment of an

independent India?5. Why do you think all the Israeli-Palestinian accords ultimately have

failed?

Central Asia Struggles Section 5

Freedom Brings New Challenges

Central Asian Republics: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, & Kyrgyzstan

Economic struggles- still have some of the poorest countries to this day

Ethnic & religious strife- fighting among different ethnic groups

Afghanistan & the World

• Long history of struggle. Russian fighting for access to Indian Ocean & Britain wanting the land

• 1973 military leader overthrown the government, rival group takes over, close with Soviets.

• Mujahideen (holy warriors): fought against Soviets

Rise of Taliban

• Mujahideen successful against Soviets

• Taliban – conservative Islamic group now in control, controlled 90% of country by 1998

• Viewed as positive force at first. Eventually accused of housing terrorist groups in Afghanistan

• Rise of Osama Bin Laden & Al-Qaeda, 9/11 attacks

• invasion of Afghanistan in October of 2001

Before & After Taliban Rule