The Common Findings

8/8/2019 The Common Findings

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Understandingthe

Common Findingsin our

Annual Physical Examination



Scoliosis



Scoliosis and symptoms Scoliosis is a curving of the spine.

Symptoms:

If one shoulder appears to be higher

than the other, or the pelvis appears to

be tilted.

Backache or low-back pain

Fatigue

S pine curves abnormally to the side

(laterally)

There may be fatigue in the spine after

prolonged sitting or standing.



Scoliosis diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests include:

Scoliometer screening (a devicemeasures the curvature of the

spine) S pine x-rays (taken from the front

and the side)

MRI (if there are any neurologicchanges noted on the exam or if

there is something unusual in thex-ray).



Scoliosis treatment Most cases of adolescent idiopathic

scoliosis (less than 20 degrees) requireno treatment, but should be checkedoften, about every 6 months.

As curves get worse (above 25 to 30degrees in a child who is still growing),bracing is usually recommended to helpslow the progression of the curve. Thereare many different kinds of braces used.

Boston Brace, Wilmington Brace,Milwaukee Brace, and Charleston

Brace A back brace does not reverse the

curve. Instead, it uses pressure to helpstraighten the spine. The brace can beadjusted with growth.



Scoliosis treatment The choice of when to have surgery will

vary. After the bones of the skeleton stopgrowing, the curve should not get muchworse.

Curves of 40 degrees or greater usuallyrequire surgery.

Surgery involves correcting the curve(although not all the way) and fusing the bones in the curve together. The bones areheld in place with one or two metal rodsheld down with hooks and screws until the

bone heals together. A brace may berequired to stabilize the spine after surgery.

Physical therapists and orthotists(orthopedic appliance specialists) can helpexplain the treatments and make sure the brace fits comfortably.



Tuberculosis



Tuberculosis and its symptoms Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused

by a germ called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they

can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with

TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes or talks.

Symptoms of TB in the lungs may include

A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer

Weight loss Coughing up blood or mucus

Weakness or fatigue

Fever and chills

Night sweats



Tuberculosis tests and diagnosis Skin test

Mantoux test

Blood test

Chest X-ray.

show white spots in your lungs where

your immune system has walled off TB

bacteria.

In others, it may reveal a nodule or

cavities in your lungs caused by activeTB.

CT Scan



Tuberculosis treatment Treating active TB disease

isoniazid,

rifampin (Rifadin),

ethambutol

(Myambutol) and

pyrazinamide.

Multivitamins



Difference from pneumonia and

bronchitis Bronchitis means that the tubes that carry air to the lungs are

inflamed and irritated.

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus. Often a person gets acute

bronchitis after having an upper respiratory tract infection such as a

cold or the flu.

Pneumonia is a lung infection that can make you very sick.

You may cough, run a fever, and have a hard time breathing.

It often clears up in 2 to 3 weeks. It usually starts when you breathe the germs into your lungs. You may

be more likely to get the disease after having a cold or the flu. These

illnesses make it hard for your lungs to fight infection, so it is easier to

get pneumonia.

Having a long-term, or chronic, disease like asthma, heart disease,

cancer, or diabetes also makes you more likely to get pneumonia.



Urinary Tract

Infection



Urinary Tract Infection

and its symptoms A urinary tract infection (UTI) is

a bacterial infection that affects

any part of the urinary tract. The main causitive agent is

Escherichia coli.

Symptoms include:

frequent feeling and/or need tourinate,

pain during urination,

and cloudy urine.





What is Fasting

Blood Sugar?



FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)FBS STATUS HEALTH IMPACT

Less than 100

milligrams per deciliter

(mg/dL)

Normal Healthy level

Between 100 and 125

mg/dL

Pre-diabetes or

borderline diabetes

Increased risk of

cardiovascular disease

and future diabetes

126 mg/dL or higher,measured on two

different days

Diabetes Risk of damage to theeyes, kidneys, blood

vessels, heart and nerves

as well as cognitive

decline and dementia



FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar) Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is most common in people withdiabetes

It¶s not as common in people who don't have diabetes, but it canhappen. It could be caused by:

Medicines such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (used to treatdepression), quinine sulfate (used to treat malaria), and aspirin.

Drinking too much alcohol.

Diseases that affect the pancreas, liver , kidneys, adrenal glands, or

other organs. Metabolism problems that run in families.

Problems caused by stomach surgery.



FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar) The symptoms of hypoglycemia can be different depending on

how low your blood sugar level drops.

Mild hypoglycemia can make you feel hungry or like you want tovomit. You could also feel jittery or nervous. Your heart may beat

fast. You may sweat. Or your skin might turn cold and clammy. Moderate hypoglycemia often makes people feel short-tempered,

nervous, afraid, or confused. Your vision may blur. You could alsofeel unsteady or have trouble walking.

Severe hypoglycemia can cause you to pass out. You could haveseizures. It could even cause a coma or death.

How is it treated? If you have symptoms of low blood sugar, you need to eat or drink

something with sugar in it. For example, you could eat raisins,graham crackers, or candy. You could also drink skim milk, regular (not diet) soda, or fruit juice.

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The Common Findings