The Computer Comes Homeww2.justanswer.de/uploads/bjohubbard/2008-02-15_1314… · Web viewSo schools started teaching these skills as well – word processing, presentations, spreadsheets,

The Computer Comes Home page 1

The Computer Comes Home

Brandi Hubbard

Composition II


Abstract

The computer used to be a high-technology instrument used by government and higher education

for research and defense. It has since become an integral part of the American home, keeping

family connected with family, and exposing users to people and ideas around the world, accurate

or fantastic. It is a force that all individuals now have to reckon with.


Since World War II, “computer” has entered the English language. The first computer

was designed to calculate the trajectory arc of missiles, a tedious and time-consuming calculation

when done by hand. This allowed artillery to reach a target quickly and accurately. This

computer could not be re-programmed; it could only do its assigned calculation. From that

standpoint, the computer was of less value and versatility than an abacus, which some people

consider a computer.

The first general-purpose computer was ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numerical

Integrator And Computer. It was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the

University of Pennsylvania, and turned on October 2, 1955. (Wikipedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniac). It was programmed by manipulating its switches and cables;

this was the daunting job of six women: Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn

Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman. (Wikipedia, 2008). ENIAC was also designed to

calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S.

Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, but the

capability was expanded by this feature of

reprogramming. The computer itself was as

large as a large room and one needed specific

training to run it.

Computers stayed room-sized, running on huge tape reels, for the purpose of military and

defense work as well as research papers in colleges and universities.

The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead. ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer


together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution. … the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. … (Wikipedia, 2008)

In what now seems like dizzying speed, the computer became world-wide. It linked

Universities to enable trade and publishing of research information. By this time, if a person

wanted to get a Doctorate in research science, one of the languages required was FORTRAN.

(Bonnie-Jean Rohner, interview) The computers involved were largely mainframes, but the

“microcomputer” had arisen by 1985 as a viable connection. Information was traded by

rudimentary e-mail or bulletin boards.

Enter the World Wide Web. Based on the Macintosh program Hypercard, the HTTP

protocol was created, using a language called HTML (hypertext markup language). This took a

turn because instead of direct commands, the HTML would instruct the target computer only in

how to display items, and supply those items (text or pictures.) Thus any computer could link

into the Internet and view just about anything.

On August 6, 1991, CERN, which straddles the border between France and Switzerland, publicized the new World Wide Web project. The Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. (Wikipedia, 2008)

Schools started purchasing microcomputers – Apple, Macintosh and PS2 (IBM’s

personal computer) for school work, and started connecting into the Internet, so students got an

idea of what was “out there”. Personal computers were very expensive, but companies other than

Apple and IBM quickly saw the market and started creating “clones”, thus reducing the price to

where a student could possibly afford one. Businesses quickly discovered that computers were

worth the price since they not only allowed quick and professional documents and presentations,

but the Internet was a great source for data mining, keeping an eye on the competition, decision

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN


support and reaching their consumers. So schools started teaching these skills as well – word

processing, presentations, spreadsheets, and databases. By the 1990s, some universities required

their students to have a computer of their own when they arrived on campus. (Bonnie-Jean

Rohner)

Starting in 1989, the computer moved into the home, as a Commodore, Atari, IBM,

Apple, Macintosh or Dell. People still depended on brand names because of the reliability,

support, and relative ignorance of the user. Students were not just teenagers – older students

were exposed as well. Of course, once one sees what a computer can do, one starts to wonder

what else it can do.

Software developers, seeing the growth of the home-PC market, started developing

applications which were useful to the entire family and easy to use. With the advent of color for

the Macintosh and Windows for the Intel-based computers, users no longer had to write

commands; they could simply point and click, without any real knowledge of the workings

behind it.

Number-crunching software was first, since this was a natural application for a computer.

Quicken allowed management of one’s personal finances and budget, as did Money. Peachtree

and Quick Books allowed accounting for home and small businesses. These and other accounting

programs quickly expanded to include employee wages and withholding. Print Shop allowed

people to make their own greeting cards, and flyers for their charities or fund-raisers. ACT!

allowed them to track schedules and business contacts. Applications like Photoshop and Home

Interior Design allowed people to express their creative urges.

E-mail began within companies, usually using Eudora. It quickly became popular, with

use of the Internet allowing correspondence between companies as well. As people at home


decided to connect to the World Wide Web, they needed an ISP (Internet Service Provider) to

dial into for the connection. These ISPs always offered e-mail for the users, so this quickly

became the method used to contact one’s friends and relatives. With the advent of Web-based e-

mail portals, a user could read and send e-mail from anywhere there was an Internet connection

(unfortunately, this includes the work place).

"SPAM KING" GETS CANNEDNo, we're not talking about any sort of wannabe meat product. We're talking about the man a Microsoft lawyer called one of the "top 10 spammers in the world." In late May, Robert Alan Soloway 27, accused of using botnets to send out millions of unwanted e-mails, was arrested and charged with 35 counts including mail fraud and identity theft. Soloway pleaded not guilty to all charges. Even though there may be one less spammer on the streets (and the Web), few expect the spamming to cease. Scam and fraud e-mails accounted for 13% of all spam in May, says Symantec. Last year, Baseline chronicled the case of Jeanson James Ancheta, who pleaded guilty to running bots that helped him garner almost $60,000. But the story also told of the difficulty in identifying and catching botmasters. If there's a lesson there, it's that someone else—if not a few—will find a place among the spamming elite.(2007, Baseline)

In the twenty-first century, most homes have a connection to the World Wide Web,

opening up more and more avenues for usage. Web sites proliferate daily, adding more and more

information and usage. Students still use the Web for research. Designers and engineers use the

Web to check out what has already been done (David Sackett, interview). People working on

home projects from fixing the cuckoo clock to building a boat in the basement can find tips, help,

and “spec sheets” on the Web.

Not only can you now manage your finances on your computer, even small local banks

now have Web access to your bank accounts, allowing you to pay bills, transfer money from one

account to another, and balance your check register. Most employers prefer direct deposit, and

banks will not put a hold on these deposits, as they sometimes do if you deposit at an ATM. You

can log onto the Web and check when your paycheck came in or when the IRS deposited your


refund without waiting for the monthly statement. If you pay bills through your bank’s Web site,

even if the vendor doesn’t accept electronic payments, the bank writes out the check and mails it

for you, so you never have to purchase another postage stamp. (Bonnie-Jean Rohner). Most

stores and institutions (such as for a car loan or mortgage or credit card) will let you pay online

as well, using your checking account. Since these are all electronically tracked using the Internet,

the transactions occur “instantly”, there are no more floating checks.

Stock portfolios, mutual funds and IRAs usually have a Web page where you can track

your investments, rather than waiting for quarterly reports. Since security has been inproved, you

can even buy and sell shares over the Internet. Stock brokers have been using the Internet to

watch and bid since the early 1990s. The portfolio managers of Shawmut Bank were running

their business over the Internet in 1994 (Bonnie-Jean Rohner).

The United States and state governments have jumped on the bandwagon as well. You

can download just about any government-related form off the Web, to fill out and mail. Income

tax calculation and submission via the Web is available in most states now, and once accepted by

the state, these result in faster refunds, since the calculations are trusted. The refund can even be

deposited directly into your checking or savings account. Federal forms are available and W-2s

can even be retrieved over the Internet if your employer posts them. Taxes can be self-prepared

using a program such as Turbo Tax or Tax Act; which can be downloaded directly from the Web

rather than waiting for the mail.

Many states no longer have an “unemployment office” – applications and weekly reports

are done over the Web. Job listings are available on the Web as well. In Connecticut, the

“unemployment office” is now the Job Services office, offering computers for job searches,

printers for printing out resumes, even faxing of job applications. (Bonnie-Jean Rohner,


interview) Job-listing sites offer general and topical listings; resume and qualifications can be

posted for prospective employers to review.

What if you need legal help? Legal advice is available online now, at prices much more

reasonable than you would need for a face-to-face meeting. Templates are available for leases,

promissory notes, living wills, wills, and just about any legal paper you may need. Microsoft is

one of the sites that offer these. At Microsoft, you can also get templates for everything from

thank-you cards to football pool charts (Microsoft. 2008).

If you need to relocate, or just want to move somewhere new in town, most real estate is

on the Web now. You can find MLS listings for homes (or commercial property) for whatever

town you are interested in, and can even take virtual tours of the properties available.

If you are planning a vacation, you can make plane, car rental and hotel reservations over

the Web, and pay for them, so all you have to do is show up at the airport.

Q:My family and I like to get a head start on planning our summer vacations and even though it's only April, we were wondering if you have any tips on how to look up information quickly and easily on the Internet. We need destinations, flights, hotels, etc. Please help!A: … the Internet is one of the best sources, so let's go over some Web sites you can use to plan your trip! Doing it this way just may give you the best deals, less headaches and you and your family might just have more fun than you've ever had before. I'm so happy to help!Let's start with destinations. There are obviously tons of places you can go on vacation. You can stay in your local area, you can drive across the state, go cross country or even fly out of your country. Wherever you want to go, one of the best Web sites to look at for ideas and help is TravelInformation.com. This site offers up free travel guides and it even gives you several destination options. If you didn't have any place in mind before you started your planning, you might get some good ideas here. If you find a place you want to learn more about, you can click on the thumbnail picture. You can also have free brochures sent to your home so you can learn even more about certain places. The brochures include vacation areas, attractions, lodging and phone numbers you can call with any questions you may have. This


site is especially nice, because it just lets you browse through different destinations and it doesn't overwhelm you with airline and hotel prices right away. Once you've figured out the place you would like to visit, there are several Web sites you can visit to book flights, hotels, etc. Keep in mind that there are so many of these sites available today, so if I don't mention a certain one, I am sorry. Let's see, there's travelocity.com, expedia.com, orbitz.com, priceline.com, cheaptickets.com, hotwire.com, etc. My family and I used Travelocity last year for our trip to Florida, so I'm going to use that as an example for this tip. (But don't worry, most of the other sites I mentioned are very similar). If you go to their Web site, you will instantly see where you can put in your vacation dates to search for the best flight prices and times. You can also search for flights and hotels together to maybe save yourself a little money in the long run. This site also has some destination ideas for you, with the main choices being California Deals, Caribbean Deals, Florida Deals and Hawaii Deals. So, if any of those sound like the vacation you want to take, check them out! You can also use the links at the top of the page for different vacation packages, rental cars and activities. Now, if you are planning a more scenic route and want to drive to your destination, you can find maps on different sites as well. Google Maps is a good one or you can even try MapQuest. You can plan out your routes and print out directions before you even leave your house. These Web sites will also give you total distance estimation and an approximate travel time. (This is good for those times when your kids keep asking, "Are we there yet"? You can then say, "No, we still have two hours and seven minutes left"). Cool, huh?! Also, one more thing: If you are a member of a travel agency, you can always look on their Web sites to find additional information about vacation spots, flights, maps, prices, etc. Those are always very helpful as well.

(Computer Tips newsletter, 4/27/07)

Now that the World Wide Web is well established, you can play games online, solo, or

with others. If you are interested in genealogy, you can do a great deal of your family tree

research online, as public records become published. You can check your local events calendar

and movie listings. Not only will you find out the movie theater showing near you, but a link to a

review of the movie. Check just about any shopping catalogue you receive in the mail and you

will see a Web address where you can order the merchandise – and take advantage of online-only

sales. Vendors encourage online ordering because it’s faster and more accurate – no more trying

to decipher someone’s handwriting.


Q:As we all know, Christmas is right around the corner and I'm one who likes to start my shopping early. I'm planning on doing quite a bit of it online this year though and I was wondering if you could give me some safety tips. I haven't done a lot of online shopping in the past, so I want to make sure I do it right. Thanks for any help you can give me! A:You're absolutely right, Christmas is only 45 days away! That hardly seems like any time at all and just like every other year, I'm sure it will be here before we know it. So, when I saw this question in my e-mail the other day, I thought today would be the perfect time to answer it. I mean, it is the weekend and I'm guessing a lot of you will be doing some shopping over the next couple of days. I know I am. My goal is to beat the rush this year! And if you're anything like the person who asked today's question, you'll be doing it from the comfort of your computer chair. Yes, online shopping is a quick and easy way to get what you need for the holidays, but in doing that, you're also taking a security risk. Don't get me wrong, most companies have top notch security for their Web sites, but there are still some things you need to look out for. Don't stress though! I'm here to help. Below, you will find the top five tips for safe online shopping. Read through them and then put them to practice. Here we go! 1.) Know Who You're Dealing With - The first thing you need to be aware of is the merchant you are buying from. There are a lot of companies out there today that run completely off of their Web site, which means you probably won't be as familiar with them as a store you could visit at the mall. In that case, you should take some time to learn about them and the reputation they hold. You can do that by searching them out on the Internet. Use a search engine to see if you can find any reviews about them from other consumers and try to find an information page on them. If previous shoppers really like or dislike a company, chances are, you'll be able to find some comments about them somewhere on the Web. If you take the time to do this before you order from a new business, you'll be much better off in the end. 2.) Protect Your Privacy - When you're shopping online, you have to think about yourself first and that means doing whatever it takes to protect your privacy. Before you do any ordering, you should be aware of what information the merchant is asking of you, how it will be used and if they have any intention of sharing it with others. The best way to do all of that is to check out the company's Web site. If they're a legit site, they should have a Privacy Policy posted there. You should take the time to read through that and make sure you're comfortable with everything they say. It's a good idea to look for seals from privacy enforcement organizations, such as TRUSTe and BBBOnLine, as well. If you're asked to enter in such things as your social security number or bank account information, do not do it! Those things are red flags and they are not needed to make an online purchase. If you pay close attention to what you're doing, you will be just fine.


3.) Know All the Details - When you're shopping online, you should always check out the complete details of your purchase. For example, make sure you know all about delivery dates, shipping and handling costs, warranties, return policies, etc. It's also a good idea to get a company's contact information before you finalize your order. They should have a telephone number or e-mail address on their Web site that you can keep on hand in case you have any questions or problems once you receive your items. 4.) Use a Credit Card - I know that may not sound like the safest thing to do, but it really is a good way to keep yourself safe. If you do business with a liable credit card company, they will protect you if anything happens while you're making online purchases. Most credit card companies provide liability agreements, so if your card information is stolen, they will be able to put a hold on your card and issue you a brand new number. That way, whoever has your number is stopped from being able to use it. So, if you suspect any suspicious activity after you make an online purchase, call your credit card company right away and they'll be able to handle everything for you. Also, when credit card companies see unusual activity on your card, they will inform you about it. When you're using your credit card online, make sure you look for the yellow padlock at the bottom of your Web browser or for the "https" in the URL. Those are two signs that a site is secure and that your credit card information will transmit safely. You should also always use strong passwords when you're logging in to certain Web sites and make sure you don't share them with anyone.5.) Keep It On Record - The last thing you should always do is keep good records of your purchases. Make sure you either print out the receipt for your transactions or save it somewhere on your computer. Most companies send confirmation e-mails, so it's a good idea to save that and print it out as well. In doing that, you will be able to keep better track of your total price, shipping and handling fees and shipping dates.

Computer Tips newsletter, 11/9/07

Grocery stores have joined the gang as well, displaying sales brochures, online specials,

and setting up shopping lists for you. There are even sites where you can order and have your

groceries waiting for you at the store – or delivered to your home. Pizza vendors are starting to

do this as well, delivering from online orders as well as phone orders.

The World Wide Web offers advice for the lovelorn and dieters. If you have any medical

problems, there are many sites offering explanations of your medical problem and advice on

what you should expect from different types of tests. Bonnie-Jean Rohner even used medical


texts online to find the answers to the medical school entrance exams (MedCATs). (Bonnie-Jean

Rohner, interview)

E-mail offers the opportunity to receive and send newsletters on any topic, from knitting

to recipes to news to specific careers. Of course, this opens the doors for spam (junk e-mail) and

unwanted newsletters as well. The introduction to newsletters also creates a “virtual community”

of people with the same interests, since you often have to register with the community to receive

the newsletters. There are also communities of people with the same interests, where they share

information and ask each other for support. These can be anything from dieters to doctors, as

evidenced by the Tech Republic, which is all computer-related careers.

The community concept is enhanced by the use of messenger software. Company

intranets often use AOL’s Instant Messenger to communicate between employees, since the

employees may be states or even countries apart. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer, both global

companies, use AIM for inter-departmental conversations and quick questions. (Bonnie-Jean

Rohner).

Online communities branched out from individual chat rooms to entire social networks.

Probably the best-known is MySpace, which is visited not only by ordinary citizens, but also by

celebrities and celebrity wannabes. Originally intended for teens, MySpace has become popular

with all types of people. FaceBook is intended more for adults. On these sites, one can post

photos of all sorts, send e-mail style messages, keep blogs, post bulletins to all designated

friends, and profile oneself. The creator of the personal page can specify who is allowed to see

one’s site and who can read one’s blog and so on, so there is a sense of power involved. “I finally

can keep up with my children, and nieces, and watch them grow even though they are many

states apart from me.” (Bonnie-Jean Rohner)


Net Gains?More than ever, candidates are relying on technology to broadcast their messages and attract voters. Baseline's sister publication CIO Insight recently took a look at the Internet's role in the 2008 presidential campaign and found that strategies for running on the Web differ—as do results. (See www.cioin-sight.com for more.) One of the easiest, cheapest ways is through social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace. A look at how Democratic candidates are faring on those sites shows us that Web indicators corre-spond well with the current mood of the voting public. But those leading the polls on the Republican side are lagging behind online.

MYSPACE FRIENDS(AS OF SEPT. 18)Democrats:Obama:..........176,111Clinton:...........136,059Edwards:........47,286Kucinich:.......31,295Richardson:....20,468Republicans:Paul:...............62,545McCain:.........39,562Romney:........30,652Thompson:.. . .8,912Giuliani:.........8,132

FACEBOOK FRIENDS(AS OF SEPT. 18)Democrats:Obama:..........136,738Clinton:...........38,728Edwards:........17,080Kucinich:........8,945Richardson:....5,691Republicans:Paul:...............25,413Romney:........17,78,6Thompson:.....15,256McCain:.........10,710Huckabee:.....5,245

(TECHPRESIDENTCOM, 2008)

As technology continues to grow, cable connections and DSL connections make it much

faster to surf the Net, download and upload. The advent of VOIP (voice over Internet phone)

opens up a new use of the phone, since all calls cost the same, and the quality of the call is


excellent. “I was on a teleconference with someone in Belgium; we called a local Connecticut

number and never realized he was on the other side of the Atlantic.” (Bonnie-Jean Rohner,

interview) The faster connections also allow people to stream music while they play their games,

and watch television episodes they missed.

Analyzing 10 future trends of the WebSemantic WebIt’s Tim Bernes Lee’s dream of a Web where a meta data layer exists for all data on the Web, which essentially enables machines to communicate. The possibilities are immense with many meaning-based search engines, such as Hakia.com and Powerset, waiting to cash in on the new Web. There are also companies like Applied Semantics (acquired by Google, which claims it isn’t into semantics), Ontoprise, and Inxight that are getting semantic products ready.Artificial IntelligenceThese two words have been the “in-and-out” buzz since the early days of computing. But here, the only trend that I see in the future is more “unintelligent” methods getting implemented to an extent that seem to mimic intelligence. Intelligence is a far call. My basic argument is that intelligence is the product of the human mind, and unless we unravel the human mind completely, we can only construct machines that mimic human activity.Virtual worldsThis is one real hot area in the future of the Web. With enhanced graphics and immersive worlds, social interactions in the virtual world will see lot of growth. The future may hold virtual worlds as an extension to the social networks as we know them today.MobileToday is the age of the mega-phones and the future is bound to have better and more powerful gadgets that could make the desktop obsolete. Mobiles top my list of trend centers to watch out for. Apart from mega-storage capacities and power processors, innovative UI features will be uber-cool. The iPhone is just a little indication of that trend.Attention economyThe attention economy has been thriving since the Web began., and it will gain more dominance as services get exclusively planned for people’s attention. Your attention will become a more marketable commodity with services coming as an incentive. This is the trend that has made Google what it is today, and definitely more companies are going to make the shift.Web sites as Web servicesBoth on the enterprise side and the consumer side, Web services are fast gaining momentum. This is another reason why I think the desktop is bound to fade out. More and more content will be accessible off the Net. Issues relating to data privacy are the only thorns in the way.Rich Internet applications


Adobe, Microsoft, Google, and Mozilla Foundation have all indicated towards incorporating features that merge the desktop and the Web to give users “Web-tops,” which are applications that seamlessly run off the Web with offline features that ensure a smooth experience rather than a disconnected reality.InternationalizationThe Web will be more global with sufficient innovations and contributions coming from across the world. Another trend in internationalization will be more links between governments and the Internet, as more services become accessible via the Web, and also in governments realizing the repercussions of the Web as a power tool.Online video / Internet TVOnline video is the most visible trend in this generation of the Internet. The future will see better quality content with more power compression being delivered at faster speeds. Content searching will become more pronounced (and it will be way more accurate than meta-tag searching).Personalization This is one area where there are two stark possibilities. One is what I call the “iGoogle-way,” with service providers hunting for more and more data on users for targeted services. The other trend is where a set of services will be available that do not rely on user-specific data. A few search engines are already touting themselves as highly relevant and at the same time user agnostic. Also, the dismal support in the Internet’s architecture for security will have a heavy effect on how user data is made available for personalized services.

(Radhakrishnan, 2007)

Quality education is also available online now. The University of Phoenix went online in

1989 and was alone over the Web for quite a few years, meshing online teaching with ground

classes. Now DeVrys has opened an online school, and Penn-Foster offers GED as well as high

school and college-level courses. Many others offer at least a few online courses. The offering of

these courses opens up employment online for the instructors. Qualified instructors are available

because they do not have to move or live in a particular town.

One way to make money over the Internet is to sell one’s wares either on a company Web

site or an auction site such as eBay. While there is a lot of spam and offers to make money on the

Internet, in reality the money made is very small compared to the hours spent, and most sites are

unreliable.


Digital cameras have also become commonplace. They may be built into cell phones,

where one has to e-mail the photos to a computer, or as stand-alone cameras, the photos would

be downloaded to a computer. From there they can be edited, captioned, and uploaded to Web

sites, to share with friends, family and strangers. Kodak engineers call the standard 35mm

camera an “antique”. (David Sackett, interview)

Print your pictures?You've got your choice: home printer, online service, retail kiosk, or photo lab. Our tests show it's a close call that depends on what you value most.Quality Labs won even against an eight-ink home printer that does better than most ink-jet models.Convenience Uploading photos to a web service that mails prints is a breeze. Kiosks that spit out pics are all over. Speed Because transit time counts, there's no place like home. Online services take days by mail (though Shutterfly.com lets you pick up at Target stores).Price Competition is fierce. Kodakgallery.com makes 4x6 prints for 15 cents apiece; Shutterfly.com's are as low as 12 cents in a prepaid plan. Lab prints can run from 12 to 20 cents each. Home printing costs at least $90 for photo-lab-quality equipment; the more you print, the better the deal gets. -M.S.

(M.S., 2007)

Whether a person uses the home computer for all of these purposes, or just a couple, the

computer has become part of the furniture, sitting within its own alcove or on the kitchen table.

Sometimes it is owned, sometimes rented, or sometimes a loaner from the office. Few homes are

without one any more, and communication between people has become so easy that people need

to learn etiquette (often called Netiquette) and self-control, to avoid impulsive words and the

rashness that comes from the anonymity of the World Wide Web. Every television commercial

now displays a Web site. Every newspaper is online as well as in print.


References

(2007, November). Getting Help. AARP, November&December2007, 76.

(2007, July). "Spam King" gets Canned. Baseline, issue 074, 72.

(2008, January). Microsoft. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Templates Web site:

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/default.aspx

(2008, January). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 23, 2008, from Internet Web site: (Wikipedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet)

(2008, January). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from Eniac Web site: Wikipedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniac

AARP November&December 2007

AARP September&October 2007

A Pleasure to Use. (2008, January 25). Reminder News,

Baseline magazine, July 2007 issue 074

Bonnie-Jean Rohner, Computing Consultant since 1989; owner and manager of bytestream, a

consortium of consultants serving businesses, Norwich, Connecticut. Interviewed January

20, 2008.

Computer Tips Newsletter. (2007). Computers 101 (4/27/07 ed.)Erin.



David H. Sackett, Design Manager for Mixed Signal ASIC Design of highly integrated optical

transducer arrays, Rochester, New York. Interviewed January 26, 2008

IT News at TechRepublic.com newsletter, Friday, September 07, 2007

Lipperi, Barbara (2007, November). YouTube for Grownups. AARP, November&December, 12.


Radhakrishnan, Arun (2007, September 7 ). Analyzing 10 future trends of the Web. IT News at

TechRepublic.com newsletter, Friday, September 07, 2007,

S. M. (2007, September). print your pictures?. AARP, September&October2007, 34.

TECHPRESIDENTCOM, (2007, October). Net Gains?. Baseline, issue 077, 72.

Documents

The Computer Comes Homeww2.justanswer.de/uploads/bjohubbard/2008-02-15_1314… · Web viewSo schools started teaching these skills as well – word processing, presentations, spreadsheets,