The context

It began in the 1960’s

• There was an upsurge of ‘Alternative Theatre’ and the formation of several socialist theatre groups

• The changing landscape of Europe after the war was one of economic growth and stability

• High Employment • Education Healthcare and Welfare• Development of new technologies in film, TV,

radio and recording music.

1968

• A year of social unrest

• Mark Kurlansky’s book, calls it

‘The Year That Rocked the World’

• Political activism of a sympathy with radical leftist (socialist) politics

• Development of ‘youth culture’ movement

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irVOymyNOfA

• Grosvenor square riots 1968

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APKVwEPw8IQ

• T.V show -Ready steady go

Youth sub cultures

• The Mods and Rockers were two conflicting British youth subcultures of the early-mid 1960s.

• Gangs of Mods and Rockers fighting in 1964 sparked a moral panic about British youths, and the two groups were seen as folk devils.

• Rockers were deliberately ‘scruffy’, preferring to spend their cash on powerful, stripped-down, British-made motorcycles known as 'cafe racers'. These machines were capable of 100mph, or a 'ton': the Rockers who rode them were also known as 'ton-up boys'.

• They tore from cafe to cafe along Britain's new trunk roads - serious injuries and even deaths in motorcycle accidents were all part of the macho culture.

Rockers

• The rockers adopted a macho biker gang image, wearing clothes such as black leather jackets.

• The Mods adopted a pose of scooter-driving sophistication, wearing suits and other clean-cut outfits.

• Mods were a mainly urban, southern phenomenon. Elsewhere, many youths still clung to 1950s rock and roll style. In their leather jackets and jeans,

Mods

Brighton invaded by up to 3,000 youths.

Two rival youth cultures that clashed several times at Brighton in the 1960s, the most infamous occasion being the so-called

'Battle of Brighton' at the Whitsun holiday,

17-18 May 1964.

Small seaside town invaded

Fighting and damage

The leather-jacketed 'Rockers' arrived on their motor-bikes versus the 'Mods' on their motor-scooters.

Leading to a big fight at the Palace Pier where hundreds of deckchairs were broken, pebbles were used as missilesCinema windows were smashed. It took a 150 police and police horses to stop the disturbance,

the violence was repeated the following morning with

Twenty-six youths appeared in the juvenile court the following week and were handed stiff sentences, but fortunately no-one was seriously injured.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zn5vYOwCTak

• You tube Mods and Rockers clash at the sea- side

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r61ks18Bd7I• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PNChvwTkA0

• Scene from quadrophenia • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWyll9CpoHc• Documentary on quadraphenia 15mins

• Article on – Rebel music through the decades

• http://htwigger.webs.com/1960s.htm

1966

• By late 1966, the two subcultures had faded from public view and the media.

• Had it become too commercialised, artificial and stylised?

• Psychedelic rock and the hippie subculture grew more popular in the United Kingdom, many people drifted away from the mod scene.

• Also the original mods/rockers of the early 1960s were getting into the age of marriage and children, so they no longer had the time or money for their youthful pastimes of club-going, record-shopping and scooter rallies.

The events of the Whitsun holiday of 1964 were never repeated again in such magnitude, but trouble amongst youths has flared on several Bank Holiday weekends since, notably in 1969, 1970, 1974, 1977, 1980 and 1981.

However, the worst violence seen in the town in recent years occurred after the English football team's World Cup semi-final defeat on 4 July 1990 when mobs of youths ran through the town centre smashing windows and looting shops.

• The 1979 film Quadrophenia, based on the 1973 album of the same name by The Who, commemorated the mod subculture and its clashes with rockers.

• The 1981 song "Rumble In Brighton" by rockabilly revival band Stray Cats was inspired by the mods/rockers conflict.

Skin head culture

• A skinhead is a member of a subculture that originated among working class youths in London, England in the 1960s and then soon spread to other parts of the

• United Kingdom, and later to other countries around the world. Named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, the first skinheads were greatly influenced by West Indian (specifically Jamaican) rude boys and British mods, in terms of fashion, music and lifestyle.[1]

• Originally, the skinhead subculture was primarily based on those elements, not politics or race.

STATUS QUO The who

Political protest music

Vietnam and CND

BOB DYLAN

Joan Biaz

Punk rock

Cynical and outrageous

SEX PISTOLS

Punk Rock

• 1970s rock, created fast, hard music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation and often political or nihilistic lyrics. The associated punk subculture expresses youthful rebellion and is characterized by distinctive clothing styles, a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies, and a DIY (do it yourself) attitude.

• Punk rock quickly, though briefly, became a major cultural phenomenon in the United Kingdom. For the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. By the beginning of the 1980s, even faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore had become the predominant mode of punk rock

• Stray cats rumble in Briton

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPshffbyYQM

• The Who – The Real Me – opening scene Quadrophenia)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzLky4U-xCg&feature=related

• Sex Pistols I am an anarchist

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrdOaLRyWNo

Music video and film

• Beatles – ‘Hard Days Night’ 1964• 1966 clip for Bob Dylan‘- "Subterranean

Homesick Blues • Rock Opera ‘Tommy’ 1975 • The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)• ‘We don’t need no education Pink Floyd 1979• In 1983, Michael Jackson's song "Thriller". • In December 1992, MTV began listing directors

with the artist and song credits,

British Hip Hop

• As in the US, British hip hop emerged as a scene into to DJ’s and rapping live at parties and club nights, with its supporters predominantly listening to and influenced by American hip hop.

• Unlike in the US, it should be noted that the British hip hop scene was cross-racial from the beginning.

• This is due to the fact that various ethnic groups in Britain tend to not live in such segregated areas, even in areas with a high percentage of non-white individuals. These places allow youth to share a cultural interchange with one another including musical genres such as hip hop