Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NCES 2019-058
The Costs of Child Care:Results From the 2016
Early Childhood Program Participation Survey
(ECPP-NHES:2016)JUNE 2019
These Web Tables were prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics under Contract No. GS-00F-115CA with Synergy Enterprises, Incorporated (SEI). Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This Web Tables Report was prepared by Christina Yanez, Melissa Seldin, and Rebecca Mann of SEI and Huade Huo and Jeremy Redford of American Institutes for Research.
This document reports data from the
Early Childhood Program Participation
(ECPP) survey, administered as part
of the 2016 National Household
Education Surveys Program (ECPP-
NHES:2016). The Web Tables show
data on the types of child care chosen
by parents; the importance of cost to
parents when choosing child care; the
types of assistance received for child
care; and the mean out-of-pocket
expenses for relative, nonrelative, and
center-based child care arrangements.
Estimates include responses by child,
family, and parent characteristics
(i.e., child’s age, sex, and race/
ethnicity; family type, region of
residence, household income,
and poverty status; and whether
parents speak English at home,
parent’s highest level of education,
and parent’s labor force and school
enrollment status.)
The ECPP data tables also show the
reported assistance in child care by
mean out-of-pocket expense.
The tables are grouped into four
sections.
Section 1 displays overview tables,
showing the percentage of children
for three different age ranges by the
arrangement(s) chosen by the parents
and the factors influencing decisions
around child care (tables 1.1–1.4).
Section 2 displays the percentage
of children whose parents were
charged fees or received assistance
for child care for at least one weekly
nonparental care arrangement by
child age ranges, arrangement type,
and assistance type (tables 2.1–2.2).
Section 3 displays the percentage
and weighted mean1 for per child
hourly out-of-pocket expense of
families who have at least one weekly
nonparental care arrangement, by
arrangement type and reported child
and family characteristics (table 3.1).
Section 4 displays the percentage
and weighted mean1 for per child
hourly out-of-pocket expense of
families who have weekly nonparental
care arrangements and receive
assistance by arrangement type
and reported child and family
characteristics (table 4.1).
DATAThe ECPP collects information
about participation in relative care,
nonrelative care, and center-based
care arrangements for children from
birth through age 6 who are not yet
enrolled in kindergarten. The ECPP
was conducted in 1991, 1995, 1999,
2001, 2005, 2012, and 2016 as part of
the National Household Education
Surveys Program (NHES). Sampled
households are selected for the NHES
using a two-stage, stratified sample.
A screener survey is used to select an
eligible sample member for the ECPP,
a child from birth to age 6 and not yet
in kindergarten. A parent or guardian
is asked to complete a survey about
the sampled child.
The NHES:2016 data collection used
an address-based sample to select
households. Sampled households
2
were contacted through mail with a
request to complete the survey by
mail. A subsample of 35,000 addresses
was selected for a web experiment;
web experiment addresses were
mailed a request to complete
the survey online. Survey contact
materials were available in English and
Spanish. Data collection took place
between January and September
of 2016.
In 2016, approximately 206,000
sampled households were selected to
participate in the NHES, and 115,342
completed the screener survey. Of
the households who completed the
screener survey, 7,937 were sampled
for the ECPP. The total number of
completed ECPP surveys was 5,844.
To be included in this report,
additional criteria were applied.
Because too few children who are age
6 and not enrolled in kindergarten
were reported in the ECPP, children
included in these tables are 5 years
or younger, resulting in 5,837 ECPP
cases or 21.4 million children when
weighted to reflect national totals.
The ECPP questionnaire and the
survey data file used to produce the
ECPP estimates are available at
https://nces.ed.gov/nhes/
dataproducts.asp. The final data file is
available as an ASCII file, as well as in
multiple software formats.
Nationally representative estimates
were computed using the weight
variable FEWT, used in the ECPP
data file to estimate characteristics
of children age 5 and younger not
enrolled in kindergarten. The specific
procedure used for computing
sampling errors was a jackknife
replication method using 80 replicate
weights, FEWT1 to FEWT80 also
available in the ECPP data file,
modified by a jackknife coefficient
(JKCOEFS=0.9875).
RESPONSE RATESBecause the NHES interview is
completed after the household
has responded to the screener
questionnaire, the overall response
rate for the ECPP is the product of the
household screener unit response
rate (66.4 percent) and the ECPP unit
response rate (73.4 percent). The
overall weighted ECPP unit response
rate (calculated by multiplying the
household screener response rate
by the ECPP response rate) was
48.7 percent.
Furthermore, as in most surveys, some
individuals did not give a response to
every item. However, individual item
response rates for the 2016 ECPP were
high—the unweighted item response
rates for all respondents on almost all
items included in this report exceeded
85 percent.2 On the majority of items,
the response rate was 90 percent
or higher.
The National Center for Education
Statistics (NCES) requires that any
stage of data collection within a
survey that has a base-weighted unit
response rate of less than 85 percent
be evaluated for nonresponse bias
before the data or any analyses
are released. For the 2016 NHES,
additional analysis was conducted
to look for evidence of bias. The
nonresponse bias analysis takes
into account nonresponse on both
the screener survey and the ECPP.
Results of all analyses suggest
that there are a small number of
demographic characteristics that
are underrepresented in the NHES
ECPP survey but are ameliorated with
nonresponse weighting adjustments.
Chapter 10 of the National Household
Education Surveys Program of 2016:
Data File User’s Manual (McPhee et al.
2018) contains a detailed description
of the nonresponse bias analysis.
3
VARIABLES USED
All variables used in this publication appear in the table below. The ECPP-NHES:2016 data file contains the variables used here. The survey data file used to produce the ECPP estimates, as well as the ECPP questionnaire, is available for download at https://nces.ed.gov/nhes/dataproducts.asp.
The ECPP-NHES:2016 data file includes records for 5,844 children ages birth to 6 and not yet enrolled in kindergarten. For children to be included in this report, additional criteria were applied. Because too few children who are age 6 and not enrolled in kindergarten were reported in the ECPP, 6-year-olds were not included in the analysis. The final unweighted sample size for the report is 5,837.
The names of variables that are included in the data file and were used to produce estimates for this report appear in capital letters. In some cases, the variables have been used in the exact format in which they appear on the data file. In other cases, new measures have been created specifically for this report by combining information from two or more variables in the data file and can be found in appendix A. NHES data files include imputed values for missing data due to item nonresponse. Unless otherwise noted, all data are based on either direct parent reports or imputed data.
Label Name
Center-based care CPARRNEWX
Charged a fee RCFEE, NCFEE, CPFEE
Child’s age AGE2015
Child’s race/ethnicity RACEETH2
Child’s sex CSEX
Difficulty finding care: reasonsPPDIFCLT: DCLOA, DCOST, DRELY, DLERN,
DCHIL, DHROP, DNBRP, DRTWEB, DRECFAM, DRELOR
English spoken at home by parents/guardians LANGUAGEX
Family type PAR1TYPE, PAR2TYPE
Highest education level of parents/guardians PARGRADEX
Household income TTLHHINC
Labor force status of parents/guardians P1EMPL, P2EMPL
Mean per child hourly out-of-pocket costs* RCFEE, NCFEE, CPFEE
Nonrelative care NCARRNEWX
Participation in one weekly nonparental care arrangement ANYCARE2X
Poverty status* TTLHHINC, HHTOTALXX
Primary reason for difficulty finding care WHYDIFCLT
Receives assistance, types of assistance*
RCREL, NCREL, CPREL, RCTANF, NCTANF, CPTANF, RCSSAC, NCSSAC, CPSSAC, RCEMPL, NCEMPL, CPEMPL,
RCOTHER, NCOTHER, CPOTHER
Region CENREG
Relative care RCARRNEWX
School enrollment status of parents/guardians P1ENRL, P2ENRL
Types of care* RCARRNEWX, NCARRNEWX, CPARRNEWX
Types of nonrelative care NCPLACE
Types of relative care RCTYPE
*New measures created by combining information from two or more variables in the data file can be found in appendix A.
4
For more information, contactSarah Grady Project OfficerNational Center for Education Statistics550 12th Street SWRoom 4010Washington, DC 20202(202) [email protected]
REFERENCESMcPhee, C., Jackson, M., Bielick, S.,
Masterton, M., Battle, D.,
McQuiggan, M., Payri, M., Cox, C.,
and Medway, R. (2018). National
Household Education Surveys
Program of 2016: Data File User’s
Manual (NCES 2018-100). U.S.
Department of Education,
Washington, DC: National Center
for Education Statistics, Institute
of Education Sciences.
ENDNOTES¹ To create a more representative
mean cost for children in multiple
arrangements, the hourly per child
cost for each arrangement type is
weighted by the percentage of time
spent in that arrangement. Children
for whom no fee was charged are
excluded from the estimates.
2 One variable, NCTLHR (total hours
per week with nonrelative), had
an unweighted response rate of
81.1 percent. Please see the National
Household Education Surveys Program
of 2016: Data File User’s Manual
(McPhee et al. 2018) located at https://
nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018100.pdf
for more information.
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
1.1.
Pe
rcen
tage
of c
hild
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n pa
rtici
patin
g in
var
ious
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ents
, by
type
of a
rran
gem
ent a
nd c
hild
’s a
ge: 2
016
W
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t1
R
elat
ive
care
onl
y
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y2
Cen
ter c
are
only
Chi
ld’s
age
No
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t
At le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t
Any
type
of
rela
tive
ca
re
G
rand
- pa
rent
Aunt
or
uncl
e
All o
ther
re
lativ
es3
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
4
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
m
ents
5 Al
l age
s 40
60
25
20
3
2
12
3
9
42
20
Less
than
one
yea
r 53
47
47
38
6
3
19
6
12
21
12
1–2
year
s 46
54
33
26
4
3
18
5
13
35
14
3–5
year
s 27
73
10
8
2 !
1
5
1
4
56
28
1 Am
ong
child
ren
with
at l
east
one
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t. 2 C
hild
ren
parti
cipa
ting
in n
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
and
rece
ivin
g ca
re in
bot
h th
eir o
wn
hom
e an
d an
othe
r hom
e (0
.45
perc
ent o
f all
child
ren
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t) ar
e in
clud
ed in
this
tabl
e bu
t not
dis
play
ed d
ue to
insu
ffici
ent s
ampl
e si
ze.
3 This
cat
egor
y in
clud
es th
e re
spon
ses
“bro
ther
/sis
ter”
and
“ano
ther
rela
tive.
” 4 C
ente
r-bas
ed a
rran
gem
ents
incl
ude
day
care
cen
ters
, Hea
d St
art p
rogr
ams,
pre
scho
ols,
pre
kind
erga
rtens
, and
oth
er e
arly
chi
ldho
od p
rogr
ams.
5 “M
ultip
le ty
pes
of a
rran
gem
ents
” inc
lude
s ch
ildre
n w
ho a
re in
mor
e th
an o
ne ty
pe o
f wee
kly
care
arr
ange
men
t (e.
g., o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t with
a re
lativ
e, a
nd o
ne
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent a
t a c
ente
r).
NO
TE: E
stim
ates
incl
ude
child
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n. S
ince
a c
hild
may
hav
e m
ultip
le w
eekl
y ar
rang
emen
ts w
ithin
a s
ingl
e ty
pe o
f car
e (e
.g.,
diffe
rent
ar
rang
emen
ts w
ith tw
o or
mor
e re
lativ
es),
pare
nts
wer
e as
ked
to o
nly
repo
rt de
taile
d in
form
atio
n on
the
prim
ary
arra
ngem
ent f
or th
at c
are
type
. The
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t is
defin
ed a
s w
here
th
e ch
ild s
pend
s th
e m
ost t
ime
with
in a
par
ticul
ar ty
pe o
f car
e as
det
erm
ined
by
the
pare
nt. D
etai
l may
not
sum
to to
tal b
ecau
se o
f rou
ndin
g.
SOU
RC
E: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arly
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
am P
artic
ipat
ion
Surv
ey o
f the
201
6 N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Edu
catio
n S
urve
ys P
rogr
am
(EC
PP-N
HE
S:20
16).
T-5
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S1.1
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 1
.1: P
erce
ntag
e of
chi
ldre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
parti
cipa
ting
in v
ario
us w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
ts, b
y ty
pe o
f arr
ange
men
t and
chi
ld’s
age
: 201
6
Chi
ld’s
age
No
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t At
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
ngem
ent
Wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
N
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
ca
re
G
rand
- pa
rent
Aunt
or
unc
le
Al
l oth
er
rela
tives
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
car
e
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
m
ents
Al
l age
s 0.
9
0.9
0.
9
0.9
0.
5
0.4
0.
6
0.3
0.
6
1.0
0.
8
Less
than
one
yea
r 2.
1
2.1
2.
8
3.0
1.
5
0.9
1.
9
1.1
1.
6
1.8
1.
6 1–
2 ye
ars
1.3
1.
3
1.5
1.
6
0.7
0.
8
1.2
0.
7
1.1
1.
7
1.0
3–5
year
s 1.
5
1.5
1.
0
0.8
0.
5
0.3
0.
6
0.2
0.
5
1.5
1.
1 SO
UR
CE:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics,
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
Par
ticip
atio
n Su
rvey
of t
he 2
016
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld E
duca
tion
Sur
veys
Pro
gram
(E
CPP
-NH
ES:
2016
).
T-6
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
1.2.
Pe
rcen
tage
of c
hild
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent w
hose
pa
rent
s ra
ted
vario
us fa
ctor
s us
ed to
sel
ect w
eekl
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent f
or c
hild
ren
as “
very
impo
rtant
,” b
y ty
pe o
f arr
ange
men
t: 20
16
Type
of a
rran
gem
ent
Rat
ed
at l
east
one
fa
ctor
as
“ver
y im
porta
nt”
whe
n s
elec
ting
care
ar
rang
emen
t Fa
ctor
rate
d as
“ver
y im
porta
nt” w
hen
sele
ctin
g ca
re a
rran
gem
ent
Lo
catio
n
Cos
t
Rel
iabi
lity
Le
arni
ng
activ
ities
Tim
e w
ith
othe
r c
hild
ren
Ava
ilabi
lity
of
car
e
prov
ider
N
umbe
r of
child
ren
in
care
gro
up
Rat
ings
on
a
web
site
R
ecom
men
-da
tions
fro
m fa
mily
an
d/or
fri
ends
Prog
ram
’s
relig
ious
or
ient
atio
n
All a
rran
gem
ent t
ypes
1 99
61
51
86
77
67
72
39
27
50
16
R
elat
ive
care
onl
y 98
65
63
85
73
58
78
45
31
53
26
Gra
ndpa
rent
98
64
62
84
70
58
78
44
33
51
28
Aunt
or u
ncle
10
02
69
74
81
75
52
78
45
24
!
45
‡
Al
l oth
er re
lativ
es3
1002
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y4 99
65
58
89
58
38
80
33
19
53
12
Ow
n ho
me
100
73
56
91
51
20
84
34
20
39
10 !
Oth
er h
ome
99
62
59
89
61
45
79
32
18
56
11
Cen
ter c
are
only
5 99
60
47
85
83
74
69
41
29
48
15
M
ultip
le ty
pes
of a
rran
gem
ents
6 99
58
50
86
76
73
71
37
26
52
16
! Int
erpr
et d
ata
with
cau
tion.
The
sta
ndar
d er
ror f
or th
is e
stim
ate
is b
etw
een
30 a
nd 5
0 pe
rcen
t of t
he e
stim
ate’
s va
lue.
‡
Rep
ortin
g st
anda
rds
not m
et. D
ata
may
be
supp
ress
ed b
ecau
se th
e re
spon
se ra
te is
und
er 5
0 pe
rcen
t, th
ere
are
too
few
cas
es fo
r a re
liabl
e es
timat
e, o
r the
coe
ffici
ent o
f var
iatio
n (C
V) is
50
perc
ent o
r gre
ater
.
1 Amon
g ch
ildre
n w
ith a
t lea
st o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent.
2 Rou
nds
to 1
00 p
erce
nt.
3 This
cat
egor
y in
clud
es th
e re
spon
ses
“bro
ther
/sis
ter”
and
“ano
ther
rela
tive.
” 4 C
hild
ren
parti
cipa
ting
in n
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
and
rece
ivin
g ca
re in
bot
h th
eir o
wn
hom
e an
d an
othe
r hom
e (0
.45
perc
ent o
f all
child
ren
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t) ar
e in
clud
ed in
this
tabl
e bu
t not
dis
play
ed d
ue to
insu
ffici
ent s
ampl
e si
ze.
5 Cen
ter-b
ased
arr
ange
men
ts in
clud
e da
y ca
re c
ente
rs, H
ead
Star
t pro
gram
s, p
resc
hool
s, p
reki
nder
garte
ns, a
nd o
ther
ear
ly c
hild
hood
pro
gram
s.
6 “Mul
tiple
type
s of
arr
ange
men
ts” i
nclu
des
child
ren
who
are
in m
ore
than
one
type
of w
eekl
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent (
e.g.
, one
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent w
ith a
rela
tive,
and
one
re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t at a
cen
ter)
. N
OTE
: Est
imat
es in
clud
e ch
ildre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
who
are
in a
t lea
st o
ne n
onpa
rent
al c
are
arra
ngem
ent a
nd w
hose
par
ents
trie
d to
find
car
e. P
aren
ts m
ay
have
cho
sen
care
arr
ange
men
ts fo
r chi
ldre
n th
at w
ere
diffe
rent
from
the
optio
ns th
ey c
onsi
dere
d be
fore
mak
ing
a fin
al d
ecis
ion.
Sin
ce a
chi
ld m
ay h
ave
mul
tiple
wee
kly
arra
ngem
ents
with
in a
si
ngle
type
of c
are
(e.g
., di
ffere
nt a
rran
gem
ents
with
two
or m
ore
rela
tives
), pa
rent
s w
ere
aske
d to
onl
y re
port
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion
on th
e pr
imar
y ar
rang
emen
t for
that
car
e ty
pe. T
he p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent i
s de
fined
as
whe
re th
e ch
ild s
pend
s th
e m
ost t
ime
with
in a
par
ticul
ar ty
pe o
f car
e as
det
erm
ined
by
the
pare
nt. P
aren
ts w
ho a
nsw
ered
that
they
hav
e no
t trie
d to
find
car
e fo
r th
eir c
hild
hav
e be
en e
xclu
ded
from
this
tabl
e. D
etai
l may
not
sum
to to
tal b
ecau
se o
f rou
ndin
g.
SOU
RC
E: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arly
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
am P
artic
ipat
ion
Surv
ey o
f the
201
6 N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Edu
catio
n S
urve
ys P
rogr
am
(EC
PP-N
HE
S:20
16).
T-7
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S1.2
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 1
.2: P
erce
ntag
e of
chi
ldre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re a
rran
gem
ent w
hose
par
ents
rate
d va
rious
fact
ors
used
to s
elec
t wee
kly
care
arr
ange
men
t for
chi
ldre
n as
“ve
ry im
port
ant,”
by
type
of
arra
ngem
ent:
2016
Type
of a
rran
gem
ent
Rat
ed
at l
east
one
fa
ctor
as
“ver
y im
porta
nt”
whe
n s
elec
ting
care
ar
rang
emen
t Fa
ctor
rate
d as
“ver
y im
porta
nt” w
hen
sele
ctin
g ca
re a
rran
gem
ent
Lo
catio
n
Cos
t
Rel
iabi
lity
Le
arni
ng
activ
ities
Tim
e w
ith
othe
r ch
ildre
n A
vaila
bilit
y of
car
e pr
ovid
er
Num
ber o
f ch
ildre
n in
ca
re g
roup
R
atin
gs o
n a
web
site
R
ecom
men
-da
tions
fro
m fa
mily
an
d/or
fri
ends
Prog
ram
’s
relig
ious
or
ient
atio
n
All a
rran
gem
ent t
ypes
0.
2
1.2
1.
4
1.0
0.
9
1.0
1.
2
1.1
1.
1
1.1
0.
9
R
elat
ive
care
onl
y 1.
0
4.5
4.
4
3.5
3.
8
3.9
3.
2
4.1
4.
1
4.1
4.
2
Gra
ndpa
rent
1.
3
5.1
4.
5
4.5
4.
4
4.5
3.
9
4.9
5.
0
4.3
4.
7
Aunt
or u
ncle
†
8.
2
8.7
8.
6
8.8
10
.3
7.
7
10.7
9.4
11
.1
†
Al
l oth
er re
lativ
es
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y 0.
4
2.6
3.
1
1.8
2.
8
2.8
2.
3
3.0
2.
7
3.2
2.
3
Ow
n ho
me
0.3
5.
0
6.2
3.
9
6.3
4.
7
3.8
6.
0
5.3
6.
0
3.9
O
ther
hom
e 0.
6
3.5
3.
6
2.2
3.
3
3.8
3.
1
3.6
3.
2
3.8
2.
5
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
0.2
1.
8
1.9
1.
2
1.2
1.
6
1.6
1.
4
1.6
1.
6
1.2
M
ultip
le ty
pes
of a
rran
gem
ents
0.
4
2.1
2.
7
1.5
1.
5
1.7
2.
1
2.2
2.
1
2.1
1.
5
† N
ot a
pplic
able
. SO
UR
CE:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics,
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
Par
ticip
atio
n Su
rvey
of t
he 2
016
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld E
duca
tion
Sur
veys
Pro
gram
(E
CPP
-NH
ES:
2016
).
T-8
National Center for Education Statistics Table 1.3. Percentage of children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten in at least one
weekly nonparental care arrangement, whose parents reported difficulty finding care, by primary reason for difficulty, type of arrangement, and child’s age: 2016
Type of arrangement and child’s age
Did not try to find care/No
difficulty finding care
Difficulty finding care
Among those reporting difficulty finding care, primary reason for difficulty
Cost Location Quality
Lack of open
slots for new
children All other reasons1
All arrangement types and ages2 61 39 29 9 24 29 10
Relative care only 77 23 45 7 11 24 13 Grandparent 78 22 46 7 ! 11 ! 23 12 ! Aunt or uncle 74 26 50 ‡ ‡ 27 ! ‡ All other relatives3 73 27 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Less than one year 83 17 35 ! ‡ ‡ 34 ! 12 ! 1–2 years 75 25 47 9 ! 8 ! 19 ! 17 ! 3–5 years 72 28 51 10 ! 12 ! 23 ! ‡
Nonrelative care only4 47 53 33 8 27 23 10
Own home 40 60 24 ‡ 36 20 ! 16 ! Other home 49 51 36 10 22 25 7 Less than one year 48 52 44 ‡ 18 24 ‡ 1–2 years 46 54 25 7 ! 33 26 10 ! 3–5 years 46 54 39 14 ! 23 13 ! 11 !
Center care only5 58 42 23 9 25 35 8
Less than one year 39 61 19 6 ! 19 54 ‡ 1–2 years 54 46 26 6 31 30 8 3–5 years 63 37 22 12 23 34 9
Multiple types of arrangements6 56 44 27 9 26 24 13
Less than one year 45 55 30 ‡ 25 24 15 ! 1–2 years 51 49 21 6 ! 32 27 13 ! 3–5 years 59 41 28 12 24 23 13
! Interpret data with caution. The standard error for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent of the estimate’s value. ‡ Reporting standards not met. Data may be suppressed because the response rate is under 50 percent, there are too few cases for a reliable estimate, or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.
1This category includes the responses “need a program for children with special needs” and “other reason—specify.”
2Among children with at least one regularly scheduled weekly nonparental care arrangement. 3This category includes the responses “brother/sister” and “another relative.” 4Children participating in nonrelative care only and receiving care in both their own home and another home (0.45 percent of all children in at least one weekly nonparental care arrangement) are included in this table but not displayed due to insufficient sample size.
5Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs. 6“Multiple types of arrangements” includes children who are in more than one type of weekly care arrangement (e.g., one regularly scheduled primary care arrangement with a relative, and one regularly scheduled primary care arrangement at a center). NOTE: Estimates include children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten, are in at least one nonparental care arrangement, and whose parents reported at least a little difficulty finding care. Since a child may have multiple weekly arrangements within a single type of care (e.g., different arrangements with two or more relatives), parents were asked to only report detailed information on the primary arrangement for that care type. The primary care arrangement is defined as where the child spends the most time within a particular type of care as determined by the parent. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2016 National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2016).
T-9
National Center for Education Statistics Table S1.3. Standard errors for Table 1.3: Percentage of children from birth through age 5 and not yet in
kindergarten in at least one weekly nonparental care arrangement, whose parents reported difficulty finding care, by primary reason for difficulty, type of arrangement, and child’s age: 2016
Type of arrangement and child’s age
Did not try to find care/No
difficulty finding care
Difficulty finding care
Among those reporting difficulty finding care, primary reason for difficulty
Cost Location Quality
Lack of open
slots for new
children All other reasons
All arrangement types and ages 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.3 1.5 0.9
Relative care only 2.0 2.0 5.8 2.1 3.2 5.5 3.6 Grandparent 2.3 2.3 6.6 2.7 4.2 6.5 4.2 Aunt or uncle 5.9 5.9 12.9 † † 12.5 † All other relatives 6.7 6.7 † † † † † Less than one year 3.2 3.2 11.3 † † 13.6 5.8 1–2 years 3.1 3.1 8.0 3.6 2.5 7.6 6.2 3–5 years 4.3 4.3 8.3 3.8 4.7 6.8 †
Nonrelative care only 3.1 3.1 3.7 1.7 3.6 2.9 2.1 Own home 5.8 5.8 6.1 † 7.9 6.8 5.8 Other home 3.9 3.9 4.7 2.4 3.9 3.4 2.1 Less than one year 5.4 5.4 7.8 † 5.0 5.7 † 1–2 years 3.9 3.9 5.3 2.2 5.5 3.9 3.0 3–5 years 6.3 6.3 7.7 5.0 5.7 4.8 4.5
Center care only 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.7 2.4 1.1 Less than one year 5.3 5.3 5.2 2.6 5.0 6.1 † 1–2 years 3.3 3.3 3.8 1.6 3.6 3.6 1.7 3–5 years 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 3.2 1.7
Multiple types of arrangements 2.1 2.1 2.8 1.9 2.9 2.7 2.3 Less than one year 7.5 7.5 8.8 † 6.7 6.7 7.0 1–2 years 4.1 4.1 4.6 2.8 7.3 5.7 5.3
3–5 years 2.6 2.6 3.5 3.1 3.5 3.4 2.7 † Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2016 National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2016).
T-10
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
1.4.
Pe
rcen
tage
of c
hild
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n, fo
r whi
ch c
ost w
as th
e pr
imar
y re
ason
for d
iffic
ulty
find
ing
care
, par
ticip
atin
g in
var
ious
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ents
, by
type
of a
rran
gem
ent a
nd c
hild
’s a
ge: 2
016
Chi
ld’s
age
No
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t
At
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
ngem
ent
Wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent1
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
N
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly2
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
Gra
nd-
pare
nt
Aunt
or
uncl
e
All o
ther
re
lativ
e3 An
y ty
pe o
f no
nrel
ativ
e ca
re
O
wn
ho
me
O
ther
ho
me
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
4
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
m
ents
5 Al
l age
s 30
70
23
18
4
! ‡
19
4
14
36
21
Le
ss th
an o
ne y
ear
25
75
24
19
! ‡
‡
37
9 !
26
21
18
! 1–
2 ye
ars
32
68
33
26
6 !
‡
20
3
! 16
35
12
3–
5 ye
ars
29
71
14
11
‡
‡
11
‡
7
! 43
32
! I
nter
pret
dat
a w
ith c
autio
n. T
he s
tand
ard
erro
r for
this
est
imat
e is
bet
wee
n 30
and
50
perc
ent o
f the
est
imat
e’s
valu
e.
‡ R
epor
ting
stan
dard
s no
t met
. Dat
a m
ay b
e su
ppre
ssed
bec
ause
the
resp
onse
rate
is u
nder
50
perc
ent,
ther
e ar
e to
o fe
w c
ases
for a
relia
ble
estim
ate,
or t
he c
oeffi
cien
t of v
aria
tion
(CV)
is
50
perc
ent o
r gre
ater
.
1 Amon
g ch
ildre
n w
ith a
t lea
st o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent.
2 Chi
ldre
n pa
rtici
patin
g in
non
rela
tive
care
onl
y an
d re
ceiv
ing
care
in b
oth
thei
r ow
n ho
me
and
anot
her h
ome
(1.1
2 pe
rcen
t of a
ll ch
ildre
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent f
or w
hich
cos
t was
the
prim
ary
reas
on fo
r diff
icul
ty fi
ndin
g ca
re) a
re in
clud
ed in
this
tabl
e bu
t not
dis
play
ed d
ue to
insu
ffici
ent s
ampl
e si
ze.
3 This
cat
egor
y in
clud
es th
e re
spon
ses
“bro
ther
/sis
ter”
and
“ano
ther
rela
tive.
” 4 C
ente
r-bas
ed a
rran
gem
ents
incl
ude
day
care
cen
ters
, Hea
d St
art p
rogr
ams,
pre
scho
ols,
pre
kind
erga
rtens
, and
oth
er e
arly
chi
ldho
od p
rogr
ams.
5 “M
ultip
le ty
pes
of a
rran
gem
ents
” inc
lude
s ch
ildre
n w
ho a
re in
mor
e th
an o
ne ty
pe o
f wee
kly
care
arr
ange
men
t (e.
g., o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t with
a re
lativ
e, a
nd
one
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent a
t a c
ente
r).
NO
TE: E
stim
ates
incl
ude
child
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n an
d w
hose
par
ents
repo
rted
cost
as
the
prim
ary
reas
on fo
r diff
icul
ty fi
ndin
g ca
re. S
ince
a c
hild
may
ha
ve m
ultip
le w
eekl
y ar
rang
emen
ts w
ithin
a s
ingl
e ty
pe o
f car
e (e
.g.,
diffe
rent
arr
ange
men
ts w
ith tw
o or
mor
e re
lativ
es),
pare
nts
wer
e as
ked
to o
nly
repo
rt de
taile
d in
form
atio
n on
the
prim
ary
arra
ngem
ent f
or th
at c
are
type
. The
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t is
defin
ed a
s w
here
the
child
spe
nds
the
mos
t tim
e w
ithin
a p
artic
ular
type
of c
are
as d
eter
min
ed b
y th
e pa
rent
. D
etai
l may
not
sum
to to
tal b
ecau
se o
f rou
ndin
g.
SOU
RC
E: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arly
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
am P
artic
ipat
ion
Surv
ey o
f the
201
6 N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Edu
catio
n S
urve
ys
Prog
ram
(EC
PP-N
HE
S:20
16).
T-11
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S1.4
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 1
.4: P
erce
ntag
e of
chi
ldre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten,
for w
hich
cos
t was
the
prim
ary
reas
on fo
r diff
icul
ty fi
ndin
g ca
re, p
artic
ipat
ing
in v
ario
us w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
ts, b
y ty
pe o
f arr
ange
men
t and
chi
ld’s
age
: 201
6
W
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t
R
elat
ive
care
onl
y
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y
Cen
ter c
are
on
ly
Chi
ld’s
age
No
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t
At le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t An
y ty
pe
of re
lativ
e ca
re
G
rand
-pa
rent
Aunt
or
uncl
e
All o
ther
re
lativ
e
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts
All a
ges
3.2
3.
2
3.4
3.
0
1.2
†
2.
4
2.4
3.
1
3.1
2.
7
Less
than
one
yea
r 4.
9
4.9
6.
9
6.5
†
†
8.
1
7.6
5.
9
5.9
6.
3
1–2
year
s 4.
1
4.1
5.
8
5.8
2.
4
†
4.4
4.
3
5.4
5.
4
2.5
3–
5 ye
ars
6.3
6.
3
3.5
3.
1
†
†
2.6
†
4.
3
4.3
4.
3
† N
ot a
pplic
able
. SO
UR
CE:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics,
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
Par
ticip
atio
n Su
rvey
of t
he 2
016
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld E
duca
tion
Sur
veys
Pro
gram
(E
CPP
-NH
ES:
2016
).
T-12
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
2.1.
Pe
rcen
tage
of c
hild
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent,
by ty
pe o
f w
eekl
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent,
whe
ther
chi
ld c
are
fees
wer
e pa
id, w
heth
er fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e w
as re
ceiv
ed, a
nd s
ourc
e of
ass
ista
nce:
201
6
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
for
at le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t W
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t1
Chi
ld c
are
fees
and
ass
ista
nce
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y2 C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts5
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
G
rand
-pa
rent
Au
nt o
r un
cle
Al
l oth
er
rela
tives
3
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
4
All c
hild
ren
100
25
20
3
2
12
3
9
42
20
Chi
ld c
are
fees
Not
cha
rged
any
fees
32
58
50
4
4
3
1 !
2 !
29
9
C
harg
ed fe
es
68
10
5
3
1
16
4
12
48
25
Assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
Doe
s no
t rec
eive
ass
ista
nce
with
fees
81
9
6
2
1
18
4
13
49
24
Rec
eive
s as
sist
ance
with
fees
19
13
4
! 6 !
2 !
11
2 !
9
44
32
Ty
pes
of fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e
Te
mpo
rary
Ass
ista
nce
for N
eedy
Fa
mili
es (T
ANF)
or a
noth
er
soci
al s
ervi
ce w
elfa
re o
r chi
ld
care
age
ncy
56
10
! 4
! ‡
‡
11
‡
10 !
45
34
A
rela
tive
outs
ide
the
hous
ehol
d,
empl
oyer
, or s
omeo
ne e
lse
53
15
4 !
7 !
4 !
11
‡
7 !
40
34
! I
nter
pret
dat
a w
ith c
autio
n. T
he s
tand
ard
erro
r for
this
est
imat
e is
bet
wee
n 30
and
50
perc
ent o
f the
est
imat
e’s
valu
e.
‡ R
epor
ting
stan
dard
s no
t met
. Dat
a m
ay b
e su
ppre
ssed
bec
ause
the
resp
onse
rate
is u
nder
50
perc
ent,
ther
e ar
e to
o fe
w c
ases
for a
relia
ble
estim
ate,
or t
he c
oeffi
cien
t of v
aria
tion
(CV)
is
50 p
erce
nt o
r gre
ater
. 1 Am
ong
child
ren
with
at l
east
one
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t.
2 Chi
ldre
n pa
rtici
patin
g in
non
rela
tive
care
onl
y an
d re
ceiv
ing
care
in b
oth
thei
r ow
n ho
me
and
anot
her h
ome
(0.4
5 pe
rcen
t of a
ll ch
ildre
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent)
are
incl
uded
in th
is ta
ble
but n
ot d
ispl
ayed
due
to in
suffi
cien
t sam
ple
size
. 3 Th
is c
ateg
ory
incl
udes
the
resp
onse
s “b
roth
er/s
iste
r” an
d “a
noth
er re
lativ
e.”
4 Cen
ter-b
ased
arr
ange
men
ts in
clud
e da
y ca
re c
ente
rs, H
ead
Star
t pro
gram
s, p
resc
hool
s, p
reki
nder
garte
ns, a
nd o
ther
ear
ly c
hild
hood
pro
gram
s.
5 “Mul
tiple
type
s of
arr
ange
men
ts” i
nclu
des
child
ren
who
are
in m
ore
than
one
type
of w
eekl
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent (
e.g.
, one
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent w
ith a
rela
tive,
and
on
e re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t at a
cen
ter)
. N
OTE
: Est
imat
es in
clud
e ch
ildre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten.
Sin
ce a
chi
ld m
ay h
ave
mul
tiple
wee
kly
arra
ngem
ents
with
in a
sin
gle
type
of c
are
(e.g
., di
ffere
nt
arra
ngem
ents
with
two
or m
ore
rela
tives
), pa
rent
s w
ere
aske
d to
onl
y re
port
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion
on th
e pr
imar
y ar
rang
emen
t for
that
car
e ty
pe. T
he p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent i
s de
fined
as
whe
re th
e ch
ild s
pend
s th
e m
ost t
ime
with
in a
par
ticul
ar ty
pe o
f car
e as
det
erm
ined
by
the
pare
nt.
SOU
RC
E: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arly
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
am P
artic
ipat
ion
Surv
ey o
f the
201
6 N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Edu
catio
n S
urve
ys P
rogr
am
(EC
PP-N
HE
S:20
16).
T-13
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S2.1
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 2
.1: P
erce
ntag
e of
chi
ldre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re a
rran
gem
ent,
by ty
pe o
f wee
kly
care
arr
ange
men
t, w
heth
er c
hild
car
e fe
es w
ere
paid
, whe
ther
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
was
rece
ived
, and
so
urce
of a
ssis
tanc
e: 2
016
Chi
ld c
are
fees
and
ass
ista
nce
Stan
dard
er
ror f
or a
t le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t W
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
N
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
ca
re
G
rand
-pa
rent
Aunt
or
uncl
e
All o
ther
re
lativ
es
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts
Al
l chi
ldre
n †
0.
9
0.9
0.
5
0.4
0.
6
0.3
0.
6
1.0
0.
8
Chi
ld c
are
fees
N
ot c
harg
ed a
ny fe
es
0.9
2.
0
2.2
0.
8
0.9
0.
6
0.4
0.
6
1.9
1.
1
Cha
rged
fees
0.
9
0.9
0.
7
0.5
0.
3
0.8
0.
5
0.8
1.
2
1.0
As
sist
ance
with
fees
D
oes
not r
ecei
ve a
ssis
tanc
e w
ith fe
es
1.1
0.
8
0.7
0.
4
0.3
1.
0
0.5
1.
0
1.1
1.
0
Rec
eive
s as
sist
ance
with
fees
1.
1
2.6
1.
4
2.2
1.
0
2.2
0.
9
2.0
3.
8
3.3
Ty
pes
of fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e
Te
mpo
rary
Ass
ista
nce
for N
eedy
Fa
mili
es (T
ANF)
or a
noth
er
soci
al s
ervi
ce w
elfa
re o
r chi
ld
care
age
ncy
3.6
3.
8
1.7
†
†
3.
1
†
3.1
6.
1
4.7
A
rela
tive
outs
ide
the
hous
ehol
der
empl
oyer
, or s
omeo
ne e
lse
3.8
3.
4
1.8
3.
1
1.7
2.
8
†
2.4
3.
9
4.1
†
Not
app
licab
le.
SOU
RC
E: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arly
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
am P
artic
ipat
ion
Surv
ey o
f the
201
6 N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Edu
catio
n S
urve
ys P
rogr
am
(EC
PP-N
HE
S:20
16).
T-14
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
2.2.
Pe
rcen
tage
of c
hild
ren
from
birt
h to
age
5 a
nd n
ot y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent,
by ty
pe o
f wee
kly
care
arr
ange
men
t, ch
ild’s
age
, whe
ther
chi
ld c
are
fees
wer
e pa
id, w
heth
er fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e w
as re
ceiv
ed, a
nd s
ourc
e of
ass
ista
nce:
201
6
Chi
ld’s
age
/chi
ld c
are
fees
and
ass
ista
nce
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
fo
r wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t W
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t1
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y2 C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
G
rand
-pa
rent
Au
nt o
r un
cle
Al
l oth
er
rela
tives
3
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
O
wn
ho
me
O
ther
ho
me
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
4
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts5
Chi
ldre
n le
ss th
an o
ne y
ear o
ld
100
47
38
6
3
19
6
12
21
12
Chi
ld c
are
fees
Not
cha
rged
any
fees
41
85
77
5
! 3
! 6
! ‡
‡
5
! 4
! C
harg
ed fe
es
59
21
10
7
4
28
8
19
33
18
As
sist
ance
with
fees
Doe
s no
t rec
eive
ass
ista
nce
with
fees
83
20
11
5
! 4
! 30
9
19
34
16
R
ecei
ves
assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
17
27
! ‡
‡
‡
23
! ‡
‡
24
26 !
Chi
ldre
n ag
es 1
–2
100
33
26
4
3
18
5
13
35
14
Chi
ld c
are
fees
Not
cha
rged
any
fees
31
82
69
6
! 8
! 3
! ‡
‡
11
4
Cha
rged
fees
69
11
7
3
1 !
24
6
18
46
18
Assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
D
oes
not r
ecei
ve a
ssis
tanc
e w
ith fe
es
81
10
7
2
1
! 26
6
19
46
18
R
ecei
ves
assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
19
15
‡
‡
‡
17
‡
‡
50
18
Chi
ldre
n ag
es 3
–5
100
10
8
2
! 1
5
1
4
56
28
C
hild
car
e fe
es
N
ot c
harg
ed a
ny fe
es
29
23
20
1 !
2 !
2 !
‡
‡
58
17
Cha
rged
fees
71
5
3
2 !
1 !
7
1 !
5
55
33
Assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
D
oes
not r
ecei
ve a
ssis
tanc
e w
ith fe
es
80
5
3
1
! 1
! 7
1
! 6
57
31
R
ecei
ves
assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
20
7
! ‡
‡
‡
4
! ‡
‡
46
44
! I
nter
pret
dat
a w
ith c
autio
n. T
he s
tand
ard
erro
r for
this
est
imat
e is
bet
wee
n 30
and
50
perc
ent o
f the
est
imat
e’s
valu
e.
‡ R
epor
ting
stan
dard
s no
t met
. Dat
a m
ay b
e su
ppre
ssed
bec
ause
the
resp
onse
rate
is u
nder
50
perc
ent,
ther
e ar
e to
o fe
w c
ases
for a
relia
ble
estim
ate,
or t
he c
oeffi
cien
t of v
aria
tion
(CV)
is 5
0 pe
rcen
t or g
reat
er.
1 Amon
g ch
ildre
n w
ith a
t lea
st o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent.
2 Chi
ldre
n pa
rtici
patin
g in
non
rela
tive
care
onl
y an
d re
ceiv
ing
care
in b
oth
thei
r ow
n ho
me
and
anot
her h
ome
(0.4
5 pe
rcen
t of a
ll ch
ildre
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent)
are
incl
uded
in th
is ta
ble
but n
ot d
ispl
ayed
due
to in
suffi
cien
t sam
ple
size
.
3 This
cat
egor
y in
clud
es th
e re
spon
ses
“bro
ther
/sis
ter”
and
“ano
ther
rela
tive.
” 4 C
ente
r-bas
ed a
rran
gem
ents
incl
ude
day
care
cen
ters
, Hea
d St
art p
rogr
ams,
pre
scho
ols,
pre
kind
erga
rtens
, and
oth
er e
arly
chi
ldho
od p
rogr
ams.
5 “M
ultip
le ty
pes
of a
rran
gem
ents
” inc
lude
s ch
ildre
n w
ho a
re in
mor
e th
an o
ne ty
pe o
f wee
kly
care
arr
ange
men
t (e.
g., o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t with
a re
lativ
e, a
nd o
ne
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent a
t a c
ente
r).
NO
TE: E
stim
ates
incl
ude
child
ren
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n. S
ince
a c
hild
may
hav
e m
ultip
le w
eekl
y ar
rang
emen
ts w
ithin
a s
ingl
e ty
pe o
f car
e (e
.g.,
diffe
rent
ar
rang
emen
ts w
ith tw
o or
mor
e re
lativ
es),
pare
nts
wer
e as
ked
to o
nly
repo
rt de
taile
d in
form
atio
n on
the
prim
ary
arra
ngem
ent f
or th
at c
are
type
. The
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t is
defin
ed a
s w
here
the
child
spe
nds
the
mos
t tim
e w
ithin
a p
artic
ular
type
of c
are
as d
eter
min
ed b
y th
e pa
rent
. SO
UR
CE:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics,
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
Par
ticip
atio
n Su
rvey
of t
he 2
016
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld E
duca
tion
Sur
veys
Pro
gram
(E
CPP
-NH
ES:
2016
).
T-15
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S2.2
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 2
.2: P
erce
ntag
e of
chi
ldre
n fro
m b
irth
to a
ge 5
and
not
yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t, by
type
of w
eekl
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent,
child
’s a
ge, w
heth
er c
hild
car
e fe
es w
ere
paid
, whe
ther
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
was
rece
ived
, an
d so
urce
of a
ssis
tanc
e: 2
016
Chi
ld’s
age
/chi
ld c
are
fees
and
ass
ista
nce
Stan
dard
er
ror f
or
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t W
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
Gra
nd-
pare
nt
Au
nt o
r un
cle
Al
l oth
er
rela
tives
An
y ty
pe o
f no
nrel
ativ
e ca
re
O
wn
ho
me
O
ther
ho
me
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts
C
hild
ren
less
than
one
yea
r old
†
2.
8
3.0
1.
5
0.9
1.
9
1.1
1.
6
1.8
1.
6
Chi
ld c
are
fees
N
ot c
harg
ed a
ny fe
es
2.9
3.
0
4.3
2.
2
1.3
1.
9
†
†
1.5
1.
6
Cha
rged
fees
2.
9
2.9
2.
1
2.1
1.
2
2.7
1.
6
2.3
2.
6
2.6
As
sist
ance
with
fees
D
oes
not r
ecei
ve a
ssis
tanc
e w
ith fe
es
3.0
3.
0
2.3
1.
4
1.4
2.
7
1.7
2.
4
2.8
2.
4
Rec
eive
s as
sist
ance
with
fees
3.
0
9.9
†
†
†
8.
7
†
†
6.7
9.
6
Chi
ldre
n ag
es 1
–2
†
1.5
1.
6
0.7
0.
8
1.2
0.
7
1.1
1.
7
1.0
C
hild
car
e fe
es
Not
cha
rged
any
fees
1.
6
2.5
3.
5
1.8
2.
4
1.3
†
†
2.
4
1.0
C
harg
ed fe
es
1.6
1.
5
1.4
0.
6
0.5
1.
6
0.9
1.
6
2.2
1.
4
Assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
Doe
s no
t rec
eive
ass
ista
nce
with
fees
2.
3
1.5
1.
4
0.6
0.
3
1.8
1.
0
1.9
2.
0
1.4
R
ecei
ves
assi
stan
ce w
ith fe
es
2.3
4.
5
†
†
†
5.1
†
†
8.
0
4.7
C
hild
ren
ages
3–5
†
1.
0
0.8
0.
5
0.3
0.
6
0.2
0.
5
1.5
1.
1
Chi
ld c
are
fees
N
ot c
harg
ed a
ny fe
es
1.4
2.
3
2.4
0.
4
0.7
0.
8
†
†
2.9
1.
9
Cha
rged
fees
1.
4
1.0
0.
6
0.7
0.
3
0.8
0.
3
0.7
1.
5
1.4
As
sist
ance
with
fees
D
oes
not r
ecei
ve a
ssis
tanc
e w
ith fe
es
1.3
0.
9
0.7
0.
6
0.3
0.
9
0.4
0.
8
1.5
1.
4
Rec
eive
s as
sist
ance
with
fees
1.
3
2.8
†
†
†
1.
8
†
†
4.2
4.
3
† N
ot a
pplic
able
. SO
UR
CE:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics,
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
Par
ticip
atio
n Su
rvey
of t
he 2
016
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld E
duca
tion
Sur
veys
Pro
gram
(E
CPP
-NH
ES:
2016
).
T-16
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
3.1.
Pe
rcen
tage
and
mea
n pe
r chi
ld h
ourly
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
pai
d fo
r fam
ilies
with
any
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
for c
hild
car
e fo
r chi
ldre
n fr
om
birth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t, by
type
of a
rran
gem
ent a
nd s
elec
ted
child
an
d fa
mily
cha
ract
eris
tics:
201
6
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Chi
ldre
n in
at
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
ngem
ent
with
any
out
-of
-poc
ket
expe
nse
At le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t
H
ourly
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
by
type
of w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly1
Non
rela
tive
care
onl
y2 C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
ca
re
Gra
nd-
pare
nt
Aunt
or
uncl
e
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
3
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
m
ents
4
Tota
l 67
$6.9
3
$4.8
6
$4.8
6
$4.6
0
$5.8
5
$8.2
9
$5.0
2
$7.3
7
$7.5
6
C
hild
’s a
ge
Le
ss th
an o
ne y
ear
58
6.
64
4.
59
4.
66
‡
6.
21
8.
59
4.
97
7.
93
7.
32
1–
2 ye
ars
68
7.
21
5.
19
5.
61
‡
6.
19
8.
84
5.
32
7.
44
9.
20
3–
5 ye
ars
70
6.
80
4.
65
‡
‡
4.
39
‡
4.
26
7.
22
6.
91
Chi
ld’s
sex
Mal
e 67
7.27
5.06
4.71
‡
5.80
7.86
5.04
8.00
7.86
Fem
ale
67
6.
57
4.
59
5.
09
‡
5.
90
8.
85
4.
99
6.
75
7.
25
Chi
ld’s
race
/eth
nici
ty
W
hite
, non
-His
pani
c 73
6.66
3.92
4.08
‡
5.53
7.68
4.78
7.12
7.06
Blac
k, n
on-H
ispa
nic
60
6.
48
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
5.
13
10
.83
! H
ispa
nic
59
7.
15
5.
49
5.
83
‡
7.
10
‡
5.
84
8.
66
6.
18
As
ian
or P
acifi
c Is
land
er, n
on-H
ispa
nic
65
11
.25
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
10
.91
12
.80
O
ther
race
, non
-His
pani
c5 64
6.54
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
7.68
5.89
Fa
mily
type
Two
pare
nts
or g
uard
ians
71
7.25
5.01
5.08
4.52
!
6.01
8.90
4.94
7.83
7.78
One
par
ent o
r gua
rdia
n 55
5.42
4.31
! ‡
‡
5.
04
‡
5.
37
4.
81
6.
80 !
Engl
ish
spok
en a
t hom
e by
par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns6
B
oth/
only
par
ent(s
)/gua
rdia
n(s)
spe
ak(s
) Eng
lish
69
6.
77
4.
42
4.
26
4.
41
5.
58
8.
38
4.
67
7.
31
7.
27
O
ne o
f tw
o pa
rent
s/gu
ardi
ans
spea
ks E
nglis
h 40
7.81
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
No
pare
nt/g
uard
ian
spea
ks E
nglis
h 58
8.52
6.75
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
8.71
10.5
1 !
H
ighe
st e
duca
tion
leve
l of p
aren
ts/g
uard
ians
Less
than
hig
h sc
hool
42
4.24
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Hig
h sc
hool
/GED
45
5.00
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
5.55
5.44
Voc
atio
nal/t
echn
ical
or s
ome
colle
ge
63
5.
16
3.
45
3.
60
‡
4.
26
‡
4.
28
5.
50
6.
07
B
ache
lor’s
deg
ree
76
7.
45
6.
42
‡
‡
5.
61
‡
4.
73
7.
37
9.
21
G
radu
ate
or p
rofe
ssio
nal d
egre
e 82
8.83
6.94
‡
‡
7.62
9.42
5.95
9.53
8.41
See
not
es a
t end
of t
able
.
T-17
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
3.1.
Pe
rcen
tage
and
mea
n pe
r chi
ld h
ourly
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
pai
d fo
r fam
ilies
with
any
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
for c
hild
car
e fo
r chi
ldre
n fr
om b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t, by
type
of a
rran
gem
ent a
nd
sele
cted
chi
ld a
nd fa
mily
cha
ract
eris
tics:
201
6—Co
ntin
ued
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Chi
ldre
n in
at
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
ngem
ent
with
any
out
-of
-poc
ket
expe
nse
At le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
emen
t H
ourly
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
by
type
of w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly1
N
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly2
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
m
ents
4
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
Gra
nd-
pare
nt
Aunt
or
uncl
e
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
3
Labo
r for
ce s
tatu
s of
par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns7
Tw
o-pa
rent
/gua
rdia
n fa
mily
Bot
h fu
ll tim
e 79
6.87
4.39
4.79
‡
5.65
9.33
4.65
7.52
7.
76
O
ne fu
ll tim
e, o
ne p
art t
ime
65
7.
47
5.
50
‡
‡
6.
99
‡
‡
8.
44
7.07
One
full
time,
one
not
in la
bor f
orce
60
7.90
‡
‡
‡
7.20
‡
‡
8.30
6.
58
O
ther
49
9.12
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
7.32
‡
Si
ngle
-par
ent/g
uard
ian
fam
ily
Fu
ll tim
e
64
4.
53
‡
‡
‡
4.
34
‡
4.
26
4.
61
4.49
Par
t tim
e 49
5.62
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Not
in th
e la
bor f
orce
30
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Look
ing
for w
ork
38 !
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Scho
ol e
nrol
lmen
t sta
tus
of p
aren
ts/g
uard
ians
Bot
h/on
ly e
nrol
led
53
8.
76 !
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
6.63
‡
B
oth/
only
not
enr
olle
d 68
6.90
4.75
4.81
4.22
5.81
8.61
4.83
7.47
7.
30
O
ne e
nrol
led,
one
not
enr
olle
d 67
6.49
‡
‡
‡
6.02
‡
5.80
6.77
7.
11
R
egio
n
Nor
thea
st
67
8.
55
‡
‡
‡
8.
82
‡
8.
01
8.
69
8.82
Sou
th
65
6.
21
3.
53
3.
26
‡
5.
55
‡
5.
44
6.
79
6.46
Mid
wes
t 70
5.64
4.42
‡
‡
4.49
‡
3.45
6.65
5.
25
W
est
68
8.
17
6.
87
6.
73
‡
5.
80
7.
69
4.
92
8.
24
10.0
6
H
ouse
hold
inco
me
$2
0,00
0 or
less
45
5.92
! ‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
3.
54
8.97
! $2
0,00
1–$5
0,00
0 56
5.10
4.84
‡
‡
4.95
‡
4.31
4.54
6.
20
$5
0,00
1–$7
5,00
0 63
5.33
6.26
‡
‡
4.29
‡
4.31
6.02
4.
76
$7
5,00
1–$1
00,0
00
69
6.
27
‡
‡
‡
5.
25
‡
4.
80
7.
42
6.35
$100
,001
or m
ore
82
8.
69
6.
21
6.
41
‡
7.
53
9.
38
6.
14
8.
93
9.33
Pov
erty
sta
tus8
At
or a
bove
pov
erty
thre
shol
d 71
7.10
5.26
5.09
4.94
5.99
8.93
5.04
7.63
7.
43
B
elow
pov
erty
thre
shol
d 44
5.20
3.28
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
3.28
8.
35 !
See
not
es a
t end
of t
able
.
T-18
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
3.1.
Pe
rcen
tage
and
mea
n pe
r chi
ld h
ourly
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
pai
d fo
r fam
ilies
with
any
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
for c
hild
car
e fo
r chi
ldre
n
from
birt
h th
roug
h ag
e 5
and
not y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent,
by ty
pe o
f arr
ange
men
t and
se
lect
ed c
hild
and
fam
ily c
hara
cter
istic
s: 2
016—
Cont
inue
d ! I
nter
pret
dat
a w
ith c
autio
n. T
he s
tand
ard
erro
r for
this
est
imat
e is
bet
wee
n 30
and
50
perc
ent o
f the
est
imat
e’s
valu
e.
‡ R
epor
ting
stan
dard
s no
t met
. Dat
a m
ay b
e su
ppre
ssed
bec
ause
the
resp
onse
rate
is u
nder
50
perc
ent,
ther
e ar
e to
o fe
w c
ases
for a
relia
ble
estim
ate,
or t
he c
oeffi
cien
t of v
aria
tion
(CV)
is 5
0 pe
rcen
t or g
reat
er.
1 Chi
ldre
n pa
rtici
patin
g in
rela
tive
care
onl
y an
d re
ceiv
ing
care
from
“bro
ther
/sis
ter”
and
“ano
ther
rela
tive”
(2.3
3 pe
rcen
t of a
ll ch
ildre
n in
at l
east
one
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent)
are
incl
uded
in th
is ta
ble
but n
ot d
ispl
ayed
sep
arat
ely
due
to in
suffi
cien
t sam
ple
size
. 2 C
hild
ren
parti
cipa
ting
in n
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
and
rece
ivin
g ca
re in
bot
h th
eir o
wn
hom
e an
d an
othe
r hom
e (0
.45
perc
ent o
f all
child
ren
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t) ar
e in
clud
ed in
this
tabl
e bu
t not
dis
play
ed s
epar
atel
y du
e to
insu
ffici
ent s
ampl
e si
ze.
3 Cen
ter-b
ased
arr
ange
men
ts in
clud
e da
y ca
re c
ente
rs, H
ead
Star
t pro
gram
s, p
resc
hool
s, p
reki
nder
garte
ns, a
nd o
ther
ear
ly c
hild
hood
pro
gram
s.
4 “Mul
tiple
type
s of
arr
ange
men
ts” i
nclu
des
child
ren
who
are
in m
ore
than
one
type
of w
eekl
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent (
e.g.
, one
regu
larly
sch
edul
ed p
rimar
y ca
re a
rran
gem
ent w
ith a
rela
tive,
and
one
re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t at a
cen
ter)
. 5 “O
ther
race
, non
-His
pani
c” in
clud
es A
mer
ican
Indi
an a
nd A
lask
a N
ativ
e ch
ildre
n w
ho a
re n
ot H
ispa
nic,
chi
ldre
n w
ho a
re n
ot H
ispa
nic
and
repo
rted
bein
g of
Tw
o or
mor
e ra
ces,
and
chi
ldre
n w
ith
a ra
ce/e
thni
city
not
list
ed in
the
hom
e.
6 Com
plet
e de
scrip
tions
of t
he c
ateg
orie
s fo
r Eng
lish
spok
en a
t hom
e by
par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns a
re a
s fo
llow
s: (1
) bot
h pa
rent
s/gu
ardi
ans
or th
e on
ly p
aren
t/gua
rdia
n le
arne
d En
glis
h fir
st o
r cur
rent
ly
spea
k(s)
Eng
lish
in th
e ho
me,
(2) o
ne o
f tw
o pa
rent
s/gu
ardi
ans
in a
two-
pare
nt/g
uard
ian
hous
ehol
d le
arne
d E
nglis
h fir
st o
r cur
rent
ly s
peak
s En
glis
h in
the
hom
e, a
nd (3
) no
pare
nt/g
uard
ian
lear
ned
Engl
ish
first
and
bot
h pa
rent
s/gu
ardi
ans
or th
e on
ly p
aren
t/gua
rdia
n cu
rren
tly s
peak
(s) a
non
-Eng
lish
lang
uage
in th
e ho
me.
7 Fu
ll-tim
e em
ploy
men
t is
defin
ed a
s w
orki
ng 3
5 ho
urs
or m
ore
per w
eek.
Par
t-tim
e em
ploy
men
t is
defin
ed a
s w
orki
ng le
ss th
an 3
5 ho
urs
per w
eek.
8 C
hild
ren
are
cons
ider
ed p
oor i
f liv
ing
in h
ouse
hold
s w
ith in
com
es b
elow
the
pove
rty th
resh
old,
whi
ch is
a d
olla
r am
ount
det
erm
ined
by
the
fede
ral g
over
nmen
t to
mee
t the
hou
seho
ld’s
nee
ds,
give
n its
siz
e an
d co
mpo
sitio
n. In
com
e is
col
lect
ed in
cat
egor
ies
in th
e su
rvey
, rat
her t
han
as a
n ex
act a
mou
nt, a
nd th
eref
ore
the
pove
rty m
easu
res
used
in th
is re
port
are
appr
oxim
atio
ns o
f po
verty
. Det
aile
d in
form
atio
n on
the
pove
rty s
tatu
s ca
lcul
atio
n us
ed in
this
repo
rt is
ava
ilabl
e in
app
endi
x A
. N
OTE
: Est
imat
es in
clud
e ch
ildre
n fro
m b
irth
thro
ugh
5 ye
ars
of a
ge a
nd n
ot y
et in
kin
derg
arte
n, w
ho h
ave
at le
ast o
ne re
gula
rly s
ched
uled
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent a
nd w
hose
ho
useh
olds
had
an
out-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se. C
hild
ren
for w
hom
no
fee
was
cha
rged
or f
or w
hom
the
perio
d of
tim
e co
vere
d by
the
amou
nt in
dica
ted
(e.g
., pe
r hou
r, pe
r wee
k) c
ould
not
be
dete
rmin
ed a
re e
xclu
ded
from
the
estim
ates
. Am
ong
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ents
, an
estim
ated
31.
8 pe
rcen
t of c
hild
ren
wer
e no
t cha
rged
any
fee
for c
hild
car
e. A
mon
g th
ose
bein
g ch
arge
d a
fee,
5.1
per
cent
of c
hild
ren
wer
e ch
arge
d fe
es th
at w
ere
paid
by
a so
urce
out
side
the
hous
ehol
d, re
sulti
ng in
no
out-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se fo
r chi
ld c
are.
Had
that
5.1
per
cent
bee
n in
clud
ed in
tabl
e 3.
1, th
e m
ean
per c
hild
hou
rly o
ut-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se fo
r fam
ilies
wou
ld d
ecre
ase
to $
6.57
. Add
ition
ally
, 0.7
per
cent
of c
hild
ren
wer
e ex
clud
ed b
ecau
se th
e pe
riod
cove
red
by
the
amou
nt p
aid
coul
d no
t be
dete
rmin
ed. B
ecau
se c
hild
ren
may
spe
nd m
ore
time
at o
ne a
rran
gem
ent t
ype
over
ano
ther
, a w
eigh
ted
aver
age
was
cal
cula
ted
usin
g th
e nu
mbe
r of
hou
rs p
er
wee
k sp
ent a
t eac
h ar
rang
emen
t. S
ince
a c
hild
may
hav
e m
ultip
le w
eekl
y ar
rang
emen
ts w
ithin
a s
ingl
e ty
pe o
f car
e (e
.g.,
diffe
rent
arr
ange
men
ts w
ith tw
o or
mor
e re
lativ
es),
pare
nts
wer
e as
ked
to o
nly
repo
rt de
taile
d in
form
atio
n on
the
prim
ary
arra
ngem
ent f
or th
at c
are
type
. The
prim
ary
care
arr
ange
men
t is
defin
ed a
s w
here
the
child
spe
nds
the
mos
t tim
e w
ithin
a p
artic
ular
type
of
care
as
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e pa
rent
. Det
ail m
ay n
ot s
um to
tota
l bec
ause
of r
ound
ing.
SO
UR
CE:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics,
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
Pro
gram
Par
ticip
atio
n Su
rvey
of t
he 2
016
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld E
duca
tion
Sur
veys
Pro
gram
(E
CPP
-NH
ES:
2016
).
T-19
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S3.1
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 3
.1: P
erce
ntag
e an
d m
ean
per c
hild
hou
rly o
ut-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se p
aid
for f
amili
es w
ith a
ny o
ut-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se
for c
hild
car
e fo
r chi
ldre
n fr
om b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t, by
type
of
arra
ngem
ent a
nd s
elec
ted
child
and
fam
ily c
hara
cter
istic
s: 2
016
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Chi
ldre
n in
at
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
ngem
ent
with
any
out
-of
-poc
ket
expe
nse At
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
nge-
men
t H
ourly
out
-of-p
ocke
t exp
ense
by
type
of w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
N
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
Gra
nd-
pare
nt
Aunt
or
uncl
e An
y ty
pe o
f no
nrel
ativ
e ca
re
Ow
n
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
of
cen
ter
care
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts
To
tal
0.9
$0
.243
$0
.526
$0.5
87
$1.2
10
$0
.330
$0
.840
$0
.354
$0.3
53
$0
.633
Chi
ld’s
age
Less
than
one
yea
r 2.
9
0.44
9
0.71
4
0.86
7
†
0.45
9
1.18
1
0.54
7
1.21
6
1.03
3
1–2
year
s 1.
7
0.53
8
0.88
9
1.08
3
†
0.59
3
1.71
3
0.55
0
0.76
6
1.96
8
3–5
year
s 1.
5
0.27
0
1.12
1
†
†
0.39
4
†
0.40
0
0.35
3
0.61
2
Chi
ld’s
sex
Mal
e 1.
5
0.33
3
0.70
0
0.78
8
†
0.42
1
0.90
7
0.52
7
0.57
5
0.77
2
Fem
ale
1.5
0.
342
0.
817
1.
018
†
0.
538
1.
962
0.
453
0.
359
1.
027
C
hild
’s ra
ce/e
thni
city
Whi
te, n
on-H
ispa
nic
1.2
0.
212
0.
448
0.
755
†
0.
370
0.
661
0.
403
0.
301
0.
466
Bl
ack,
non
-His
pani
c 3.
4
1.20
8
†
†
†
†
†
†
0.80
2
4.52
0
His
pani
c 2.
5
0.66
4
0.78
6
1.04
6
†
1.32
7
†
1.01
3
1.45
6
0.68
9
Asia
n or
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
, non
-His
pani
c 5.
4
1.04
1
†
†
†
†
†
†
1.06
7
3.13
7
Oth
er ra
ce, n
on-H
ispa
nic
3.8
0.
977
†
†
†
†
†
†
1.
705
0.
926
Fa
mily
type
Two
pare
nts
or g
uard
ians
1.
1
0.24
1
0.56
4
0.65
9
1.40
6
0.35
4
1.07
4
0.34
2
0.38
5
0.54
2
One
par
ent o
r gua
rdia
n 3.
0
0.80
8
1.31
0
†
†
0.85
0
†
1.04
9
0.65
1
2.29
4
Engl
ish
spok
en a
t hom
e by
par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns
0.25
4
0.51
9
0.55
5
1.28
9
0.32
7
0.91
8
0.31
1
0.36
8
0.61
6
Bot
h/on
ly p
aren
t(s)/g
uard
ian(
s) s
peak
(s) E
nglis
h 0.
9
2.21
8
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
One
of t
wo
pare
nts/
guar
dian
s sp
eaks
Eng
lish
7.5
1.
042
1.
572
†
†
†
†
†
1.
220
4.
597
N
o pa
rent
/gua
rdia
n sp
eaks
Eng
lish
4.7
Hig
hest
edu
catio
n le
vel o
f par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns
Le
ss th
an h
igh
scho
ol
6.6
1.
148
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
H
igh
scho
ol/G
ED
3.5
0.
493
†
†
†
†
†
†
1.
181
1.
051
V
ocat
iona
l/tec
hnic
al o
r som
e co
llege
1.
9
0.36
0
0.47
8
0.61
8
†
0.52
7
†
0.58
5
0.35
5
1.16
6
Bac
helo
r’s d
egre
e 1.
6
0.49
5
1.55
9
†
†
0.42
7
†
0.43
8
0.41
3
1.65
7
Gra
duat
e or
pro
fess
iona
l deg
ree
1.5
0.
441
1.
591
†
†
0.
756
1.
602
0.
832
0.
713
0.
461
S
ee n
otes
at e
nd o
f tab
le.
T-20
Natio
nal C
ente
r for
Educ
atio
n Sta
tistic
s Ta
ble
S3.1
. St
anda
rd e
rror
s fo
r Tab
le 3
.1: P
erce
ntag
e an
d m
ean
per c
hild
hou
rly o
ut-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se p
aid
for f
amili
es w
ith a
ny o
ut-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se
for c
hild
car
e fo
r chi
ldre
n fr
om b
irth
thro
ugh
age
5 an
d no
t yet
in k
inde
rgar
ten
in a
t lea
st o
ne w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l car
e ar
rang
emen
t, by
type
of
arra
ngem
ent a
nd s
elec
ted
child
and
fam
ily c
hara
cter
istic
s: 2
016—
Cont
inue
d
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Chi
ldre
n in
at
leas
t one
w
eekl
y no
npar
enta
l ca
re
arra
ngem
ent
with
any
out
-of
-poc
ket
expe
nse
At le
ast o
ne
wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal
care
ar
rang
e-m
ent
Hou
rly o
ut-o
f-poc
ket e
xpen
se b
y ty
pe o
f wee
kly
nonp
aren
tal c
are
arra
ngem
ent
Rel
ativ
e ca
re o
nly
N
onre
lativ
e ca
re o
nly
C
ente
r car
e on
ly
Mul
tiple
ty
pes
of
arra
nge-
men
ts
Any
type
of
rela
tive
care
Gra
nd-
pare
nt
Aunt
or
uncl
e
Any
type
of
nonr
elat
ive
care
O
wn
hom
e
Oth
er
hom
e
Any
type
o
f cen
ter
care
Labo
r for
ce s
tatu
s of
par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns
Two-
pare
nt/g
uard
ian
fam
ily
Bot
h fu
ll tim
e
1.3
0.
250
0.
503
0.
648
†
0.
422
1.
610
0.
374
0.
403
0.
594
O
ne fu
ll tim
e, o
ne p
art t
ime
2.4
0.
463
1.
249
†
†
0.
758
†
†
0.
750
0.
848
O
ne fu
ll tim
e, o
ne n
ot in
labo
r for
ce
2.8
0.
789
†
†
†
1.
258
†
†
1.
013
0.
880
O
ther
4.
8
1.83
1
†
†
†
†
†
†
1.69
3
†
Sing
le-p
aren
t/gua
rdia
n fa
mily
Fu
ll tim
e
3.3
0.
435
†
†
†
0.
780
†
0.
879
0.
732
0.
623
P
art t
ime
5.7
0.
927
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
N
ot in
the
labo
r for
ce
5.9
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Lo
okin
g fo
r wor
k 11
.4
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Sc
hool
enr
ollm
ent s
tatu
s of
par
ents
/gua
rdia
ns
Bot
h/on
ly e
nrol
led
5.0
3.
271
†
†
†
†
†
†
1.
053
†
B
oth/
only
not
enr
olle
d 1.
0
0.24
2
0.53
1
0.63
2
1.05
6
0.36
6
0.98
9
0.39
3
0.37
6
0.49
6
One
enr
olle
d, o
ne n
ot e
nrol
led
3.0
0.
560
†
†
†
0.
658
†
0.
801
1.
031
0.
823
Reg
ion
Nor
thea
st
2.5
0.
486
†
†
†
0.
917
†
1.
326
0.
658
1.
154
S
outh
1.
9
0.26
8
0.60
2
0.67
4
†
0.53
5
†
0.66
3
0.39
5
0.60
0
Mid
wes
t 2.
1
0.52
1
0.92
0
†
†
0.62
6
†
0.26
5
1.06
7
0.38
4
Wes
t 2.
0
0.69
0
1.50
4
1.85
4
†
0.49
9
1.11
8
0.57
8
0.71
2
2.05
8
H
ouse
hold
inco
me
$20,
000
or le
ss
3.8
1.
851
†
†
†
†
†
†
0.
604
4.
451
$2
0,00
1–$5
0,00
0 2.
6
0.52
5
1.13
3
†
†
0.54
1
†
0.50
0
0.62
4
1.46
8
$50,
001–
$75,
000
2.6
0.
380
1.
645
†
†
0.
685
†
0.
758
0.
559
0.
507
$7
5,00
1–$1
00,0
00
3.0
0.
389
†
†
†
0.
663
†
0.
751
0.
500
0.
646
$1
00,0
01 o
r mor
e 1.
3
0.35
7
0.99
1
1.23
7
†
0.58
3
1.33
5
0.67
0
0.52
6
0.68
5
P
over
ty s
tatu
s
At
or a
bove
pov
erty
thre
shol
d 1.
0
0.23
5
0.53
9
0.64
6
1.38
0
0.35
8
1.02
5
0.36
6
0.36
8
0.50
4
Bel
ow p
over
ty th
resh
old
3.4
1.
440
0.
985
†
†
†
†
†
0.
616
3.
854
†
Not
app
licab
le.
SOU
RC
E: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arly
Chi
ldho
od P
rogr
am P
artic
ipat
ion
Surv
ey o
f the
201
6 N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Edu
catio
n S
urve
ys P
rogr
am (E
CP
P-N
HES
:201
6).
T-21
National Center for Education Statistics Table 4.1. Percentage and mean per child hourly out-of-pocket expenses paid by families with any
out-of-pocket expenses for child care for children from birth through age 5, by assistance with child care expenses received and family characteristics: 2016
Characteristic
Children in at least one weekly nonparental
care arrangement with any out-of-pocket expense
Does not receive assistance
with fees
Receives assistance
with fees Total 67 $7.15 $5.78
Arrangement type1
Relative only 25 4.77 ‡ Nonrelative only 91 6.03 4.38 Center care only2 77 7.83 4.61 Multiple types of arrangements3 85 7.44 7.96 !
Child’s age
Less than one year 58 6.96 4.89 1–2 years 68 7.38 6.30 ! 3–5 years 70 7.03 5.66
Child’s sex
Male 67 7.70 5.07 Female 67 6.58 6.51
Child’s race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 73 6.79 5.50 Black, non-Hispanic 60 6.68 ‡ Hispanic 59 7.38 6.32 Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic 65 11.49 ‡ Other race, non-Hispanic4 64 7.42 3.85
Family type
Two parents or guardians 71 7.34 6.48 One parent or guardian 55 5.75 4.99 !
English spoken at home by parents/guardians5
Both/only parent(s)/guardian(s) speak(s) English 69 6.97 5.74 One of two parents/guardians speaks English 40 7.55 ! ‡ No parent/guardian speaks English 58 9.02 ‡
Highest education level of parents/guardians
Less than high school 42 ‡ ‡ High school/GED 45 5.32 4.20 Vocational/technical or some college 63 5.49 4.15 Bachelor’s degree 76 7.22 9.62 ! Graduate or professional degree 82 8.81 9.09
Labor force status of parents/guardians6
Two-parent/guardian family Both full time 79 6.96 6.00 One full time, one part time 65 7.42 7.84 One full time, one not in labor force 60 8.11 6.12 Other 49 9.62 ‡
See notes at end of table.
T-22
National Center for Education Statistics Table 4.1. Percentage and mean per child hourly out-of-pocket expenses paid by families with any
out-of-pocket expenses for child care for children from birth through age 5, by assistance with child care expenses received and family characteristics: 2016—Continued
Characteristic
Children in at least one weekly nonparental
care arrangement with any out-of-pocket expense
Does not receive assistance
with fees
Receives assistance
with fees Single-parent/guardian family
Full time 64 5.24 3.50 Part time 49 7.01 ‡ Not in the labor force 30 ‡ ‡ Looking for work 38 ! ‡ ‡
School enrollment status of parents/guardians Both/only enrolled 53 7.41 ‡ Both/only not enrolled 68 7.23 5.15 One enrolled, one not enrolled 67 6.45 6.78
Region Northeast 67 9.11 5.50 South 65 6.39 5.40 Midwest 70 5.96 3.78 West 68 8.08 8.64 !
Household income $20,000 or less 45 5.15 6.34 ! $20,001–$50,000 56 5.59 3.97 $50,001–$75,000 63 5.36 5.13 $75,001–$100,000 69 6.33 5.64 $100,001 or more 82 8.62 10.14
Poverty status7 At or above poverty threshold 71 7.29 5.71 Below poverty threshold 44 4.27 5.92 !
! Interpret data with caution. The standard error for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent of the estimate’s value. ‡ Reporting standards not met. Data may be suppressed because the response rate is under 50 percent, there are too few cases for a reliable estimate, or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. 1Among children with at least one regularly scheduled weekly nonparental care arrangement. 2Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs. 3“Multiple types of arrangements” includes children who are in more than one type of weekly care arrangement (e.g., one regularly scheduled primary care arrangement with a relative, and one regularly scheduled primary care arrangement at a center). 4“Other race, non-Hispanic” includes American Indian and Alaska Native children who are not Hispanic, children who are not Hispanic and reported being of Two or more races, and children with a race/ethnicity not listed in the home. 5Complete descriptions of the categories for English spoken at home by parents/guardians are as follows: (1) both parents/guardians or the only parent/guardian learned English first or currently speak(s) English in the home, (2) one of two parents/guardians in a two-parent/guardian household learned English first or currently speaks English in the home, and (3) no parent/guardian learned English first and both parents/guardians or the only parent/guardian currently speak(s) a non-English language in the home. 6Full-time employment is defined as working 35 hours or more per week. Part-time employment is defined as working less than 35 hours per week. 7Children are considered poor if living in households with incomes below the poverty threshold, which is a dollar amount determined by the federal government to meet the household’s needs, given its size and composition. Income is collected in categories in the survey, rather than as an exact amount, and therefore the poverty measures used in this report are approximations of poverty. Detailed information on the poverty status calculation used in this report is available in appendix A. NOTE: Estimates include children from birth through 5 years of age and not yet in kindergarten, who have at least one regularly scheduled weekly nonparental care arrangement and whose households had an out-of-pocket expense. Children for whom no fee was charged or for whom the period of time covered by the amount indicated (e.g., per hour, per week) could not be determined are excluded from the estimates. Among weekly nonparental care arrangements, an estimated 31.8 percent of children were not charged any fee for child care. Among those being charged a fee, 5.1 percent of children were charged fees that were paid by a source outside the household, resulting in no out-of-pocket expense for child care. Had those 5.1 percent been included in table 4.1, the mean per child hourly out-of-pocket expense for families in which no assistance with fees is received would decrease to $7.05 and the mean per child out-of-pocket expense for families receiving assistance with fees would decrease to $4.51. Additionally, 0.7 percent of children were excluded because the period covered by the amount paid could not be determined. Because children may spend more time at one arrangement type over another, a weighted average was calculated using the number of hours per week spent at each arrangement. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2016 National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2016).
T-23
National Center for Education Statistics Table S4.1. Standard errors for Table 4.1: Percentage and mean per child hourly out-of-pocket expenses
paid by families with any out-of-pocket expenses for child care for children from birth through age 5, by assistance with child care expenses received and family characteristics: 2016
Characteristic
Children in at least one weekly nonparental
care arrangement with any out-of-pocket expense
Does not receive assistance
with fees
Receives assistance
with fees Total 0.9 $0.240 $0.910
Arrangement type Relative only 2.1 0.572 † Nonrelative only 1.7 0.332 1.246 Center care only 1.4 0.374 0.773 Multiple types of arrangements 1.8 0.507 2.460
Child’s age Less than one year 2.9 0.509 1.360 1–2 years 1.7 0.470 2.376 3–5 years 1.5 0.295 0.612
Child’s sex Male 1.5 0.389 0.624 Female 1.5 0.210 1.779
Child’s race/ethnicity White, non-Hispanic 1.2 0.236 0.657 Black, non-Hispanic 3.4 0.904 † Hispanic 2.5 0.820 1.117 Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic 5.4 1.082 † Other race, non-Hispanic 3.8 1.312 0.494
Family type Two parents or guardians 1.1 0.272 0.711 One parent or guardian 3.0 0.353 1.811
English spoken at home by parents/guardians Both/only parent(s)/guardian(s) speak(s) English 0.9 0.250 0.975 One of two parents/guardians speaks English 7.5 2.435 † No parent/guardian speaks English 4.7 1.206 †
Highest education level of parents/guardians Less than high school 6.6 † † High school/GED 3.5 0.621 1.088 Vocational/technical or some college 1.9 0.459 0.560 Bachelor’s degree 1.6 0.357 3.697 Graduate or professional degree 1.5 0.473 1.228
Labor force status of parents/guardians Two-parent/guardian family
Both full time 1.3 0.279 0.753 One full time, one part time 2.4 0.422 2.190 One full time, one not in labor force 2.8 0.877 1.133 Other 4.8 2.190 †
See notes at end of table.
T-24
National Center for Education Statistics Table S4.1. Standard errors for Table 4.1: Percentage and mean per child hourly out-of-pocket expenses
paid by families with any out-of-pocket expenses for child care for children from birth through age 5, by assistance with child care expenses received and family characteristics: 2016—Continued
Characteristic
Children in at least one weekly nonparental
care arrangement with any out-of-pocket expense
Does not receive assistance
with fees
Receives assistance
with fees Single-parent/guardian family
Full time 3.3 0.390 0.788 Part time 5.7 1.310 † Not in the labor force 5.9 † † Looking for work 11.4 † †
School enrollment status of parents/guardians Both/only enrolled 5.0 1.214 † Both/only not enrolled 1.0 0.260 0.597 One enrolled, one not enrolled 3.0 0.579 1.297
Region Northeast 2.5 0.541 1.175 South 1.9 0.309 0.773 Midwest 2.1 0.570 1.002 West 2.0 0.531 3.297
Household income $20,000 or less 3.8 0.764 2.875 $20,001–$50,000 2.6 0.612 0.840 $50,001–$75,000 2.6 0.380 1.363 $75,001–$100,000 3.0 0.402 1.016 $100,001 or more 1.3 0.384 1.716
Poverty status At or above poverty threshold 1.0 0.251 0.682 Below poverty threshold 3.4 0.524 2.566
† Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2016 National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2016).
T-25
26
APPENDIX AVariables Calculated From the ECPP-NHES:2016
POVERTY STATUSThis variable indicates whether a
sample child resided in a household
categorized as poor or nonpoor.
The income variable used to
establish whether a child resided in
a household categorized as poor or
nonpoor is TTLHHINC, which lists
possible income ranges in increments
of $10,000 or $9,999 (e.g., $0 to
$10,000, $10,001 to $20,000, $20,001
to $30,000, up to “over $150,001”).
If data for TTLHHINC are missing,
then they are imputed. This NHES
item provides only an approximate
measure of income, rather than a
specific dollar amount. Therefore, a
midpoint of each income variable
range is calculated to take into
account the variance of income, and
therefore poverty status, within a
given income range.
The midpoint is calculated as follows:
the minimum of a range (e.g., $10,001)
is subtracted from the maximum
of a range (e.g., $20,000), then
this difference is divided in half
(e.g., $5,000), and then that value is
added to the minimum of the range
(e.g., $15,001).
Using these midpoints of TTLHHINC
values and household size
(HHTOTALXX), poverty thresholds are
then used to establish whether a child
resided in a household categorized
as poor or nonpoor. Thresholds
to define poverty are based on
weighted averages from 2015 U.S.
Census Bureau poverty thresholds.
A household is considered poor if a
household of a particular size matches
the income categories shown in
exhibit A-1. Otherwise, the household
is considered to be nonpoor.
TYPES OF CARERCARRNEWX, NCARRNEWX, and
CPARRNEWX are used to create
variables for Relative Care Only,
Nonrelative Care Only, Center-
Based Care Only, and Multiple Care
Arrangements. For example, if a
sampled child participates in Relative
Care Only RCARRNEWX=1 or 2,
NCARRNEWX=0, and CPARRNEWX=0.
For multiple care arrangements,
a variable was created to count
the number of care arrangements
reported.
Exhibit A-1. Poverty definition for Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) analyses, by household size
Household size (HHTOTALXX)1 Income categories in variable (TTLHHINC)
2 Less than or equal to $20,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2)
3 Less than or equal to $20,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2)
4 Less than or equal to $20,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2)
5 Less than or equal to $30,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2, 3)
6 Less than or equal to $30,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2, 3)
7 Less than or equal to $40,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2, 3, 4)
8 Less than or equal to $40,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2, 3, 4)
9+ Less than or equal to $50,000 (TTLHHINC=1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1Household size indicates the total number of individuals living in the household, top-coded to 10 for the NHES:2016. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2016 National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2016); U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty Thresholds for 2015 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children.
TYPES OF ASSISTANCEDue to small sample sizes, the
categories for those receiving
assistance from Temporary Assistance
for Needy Families (TANF) and another
social service welfare or child care
agency are combined. The combined
variables include data from RCTANF,
NCTANF, CPTANF, RCSSAC, NCSSAC,
and CPSSAC.
Due to small sample sizes, the
categories for those receiving
assistance from a relative outside the
household, an employer, or someone
else are combined into one category.
The combined variables include data
from RCEMPL, NCEMPL, CPEMPL,
RCOTHER, NCOTHER, CPOTHER,
RCREL, NCREL, and CPREL.
27
MEAN PER CHILD HOURLY OUT-OF-POCKET COSTSParents indicated whether there was
a charge or a fee for their primary
relative care arrangement (RCFEE).
If parents reported a charge, then
they were asked their out-of-pocket
cost (RCCOST) and unit of cost (i.e.,
hour, day, week, month, year, every
2 weeks, and other) for the primary
relative care arrangement (RCUNIT).
Parents were also asked how many
days (RCDAYS) and hours each week
(RCHRS) the child was in the primary
relative arrangement. In addition,
parents were asked to indicate how
many children from the household
the cost amount included (RCCSTHNX)
to ensure that the reported cost of
care was solely for the sampled child.
Parents indicated whether there
was a charge or fee for their primary
nonrelative care arrangement (NCFEE).
If parents reported a charge, then
they were asked their out-of-pocket
cost (NCCOST) and unit of cost for the
primary nonrelative care arrangement
(NCUNIT). Parents were also asked
how many days (NCDAYS) and hours
each week (NCHRS) the child was in
the primary nonrelative arrangement.
In addition, parents were asked to
indicate how many children from the
household the cost amount included
(NCCSTHNX) to ensure that the
reported cost of care was solely for
the sampled child.
Parents indicated whether there
was a charge or fee for their primary
center-based care arrangement
(CPFEE). If parents reported a charge,
they were asked their out-of-pocket
cost (CPCOST) and unit of cost for
the primary center-based care
arrangement (CPUNIT). Parents were
also asked how many days (CPDAYS)
and hours each week (CPHRS) the
child was in the primary center-based
arrangement. In addition, parents
were asked to indicate how many
children from the household the cost
amount included (CPCSTHNX) to
ensure that the reported cost of care
was solely for the sampled child.
As noted above, parents could report
costs for primary care arrangements
in different units (e.g., hourly, weekly,
monthly, etc.). Information about
time spent in each primary care
arrangement, the out-of-pocket cost
for the arrangement, the unit of cost
for the arrangement, and the number
of children covered by that cost are
used to derive an hourly per child
cost for each primary arrangement
type. To create a more representative
mean cost for children in multiple
arrangements, the hourly per child
cost for each arrangement type is
weighted by the percentage of time
spent in that arrangement.
