Things to know, symbol, atomic Things to know, symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, stairstep, number, atomic weight, stairstep, s,p,d,fs,p,d,fareas. Period, group, column areas. Period, group, column familyfamily

The creators of the tableThe creators of the table

Dobereiner arranged by property into Dobereiner arranged by property into triads, relying heavily on atomic masstriads, relying heavily on atomic mass

Newland noticed that properties tend to Newland noticed that properties tend to repeat every 8, called them octets ( we repeat every 8, called them octets ( we still use the octet rule today, which says still use the octet rule today, which says properties repeat in a recognizable properties repeat in a recognizable pattern, see the table we havepattern, see the table we have

The first actual tableThe first actual table

Mendeleev is our main guy!Mendeleev is our main guy! He put atoms together by characteristics, He put atoms together by characteristics,

arranged them all in a way they are easier to arranged them all in a way they are easier to learn. He focused learn. He focused 11stst on characteristic, on characteristic, 22ndnd on atomic mass on atomic mass Left places for atoms not yet foundLeft places for atoms not yet found Predicted element characteristicPredicted element characteristic He was right in Many cases!!He was right in Many cases!!

It wasn’t until after all this It wasn’t until after all this that atomic number was that atomic number was discovered, and there wasdiscovered, and there wasvery little rearranging very little rearranging neededneeded

Go Mendeleev!!!Go Mendeleev!!!

Periodic Law- know it, Periodic Law- know it, don’t break itdon’t break it

States that properties of elements States that properties of elements reoccur in a given pattern. reoccur in a given pattern.

When elements are arranged in their When elements are arranged in their atomic number order, those patterns can atomic number order, those patterns can be seen.be seen.

Group 1- alkali metalsGroup 1- alkali metals

11stst row of the periodic table, these are row of the periodic table, these are very reactive metalsvery reactive metals, they are not found , they are not found in nature alone.in nature alone.

Soft, silvery, not denseSoft, silvery, not dense Used in human chemistry,Used in human chemistry, Li is a medicineLi is a medicine More reactive farther down the listMore reactive farther down the list

Group 2 alkaline earth Group 2 alkaline earth metalsmetals

Still soft, silvery metals, but harder, Still soft, silvery metals, but harder, denser and stronger than group 1denser and stronger than group 1

Too reactive to find alone in nature, but Too reactive to find alone in nature, but less explosive than group 1less explosive than group 1

Called earth metals because found in the Called earth metals because found in the soil, in jewels (Be), in the ocean ( Mg ), in soil, in jewels (Be), in the ocean ( Mg ), in rocks (Ca) rocks (Ca)

Great for fireworks and flares ( Sr, Ba)Great for fireworks and flares ( Sr, Ba)

Hydrogen and HeliumHydrogen and Helium

Group 1 and group 2, but not included in Group 1 and group 2, but not included in alkali and alkaline metals!alkali and alkaline metals!

Why? Because they are gases! Why? Because they are gases! Colorless, odorless gases, H is very Colorless, odorless gases, H is very

reactive, He is totally nonreactive ( full reactive, He is totally nonreactive ( full valance shell)valance shell)

Hydrogen in the air, Helium, in the Hydrogen in the air, Helium, in the ground in Texasground in Texas

Transition metalsTransition metals Also called D block metals, Also called D block metals,

all have s2 in commonall have s2 in common These are the classic metalsThese are the classic metals DenseDense Solids ( not mercury)Solids ( not mercury) LustrousLustrous Found as elements in natureFound as elements in nature Malleable ( bendable)Malleable ( bendable) Ductile ( turn into wires)Ductile ( turn into wires) Conduct and heat and Conduct and heat and

electricityelectricity

What do we do with What do we do with metals?metals?

Build stuff like houses, buildings, cars, cans, Build stuff like houses, buildings, cars, cans, Industry!!!( Iron and others) tools weaponsIndustry!!!( Iron and others) tools weapons

Wiring for EVERYTHING! ( copper)Wiring for EVERYTHING! ( copper) Need trace amounts to carry oxygen, make Need trace amounts to carry oxygen, make

your muscles and nerves workyour muscles and nerves work Jewelry gold and silver, platinum, titaniumJewelry gold and silver, platinum, titanium Money silver and gold, nickel, zinc and copperMoney silver and gold, nickel, zinc and copper Light bulbs ( tungsten)Light bulbs ( tungsten)

Metalloids/ semi metalsMetalloids/ semi metals

Groups 1-12, and parts of 13 are metalsGroups 1-12, and parts of 13 are metals Groups 18,17, and parts of 15,14,are Groups 18,17, and parts of 15,14,are

nonmetalsnonmetals in between, along the stair step, are 7 in between, along the stair step, are 7

metalloids, so named because they have metalloids, so named because they have characteristics of metals and nonmetals.characteristics of metals and nonmetals.

They include, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, PoThey include, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po Solids, but they are brittle, not all shiny, but Solids, but they are brittle, not all shiny, but

some are, and they are semi conductor some are, and they are semi conductor ( conduct, but slowly)( conduct, but slowly)

Uses for metalloidsUses for metalloids

Semi conductors in computers, cell Semi conductors in computers, cell phones, calculators, PDA’s etc.phones, calculators, PDA’s etc.

silicon- Implants, insulation, caulk, silicon- Implants, insulation, caulk, Arsenic- poison white crystal solid, looks Arsenic- poison white crystal solid, looks

like sugar, like sugar, Useful in rat poison, natural substanceUseful in rat poison, natural substance

P block nonmetalsP block nonmetals Elements in groups 13-16Elements in groups 13-16 Some solids,liquids and gasesSome solids,liquids and gases Most are reactive, many are found in organic Most are reactive, many are found in organic

compounds ( of living things)compounds ( of living things) Carbon is the backbone of living things, oxygen Carbon is the backbone of living things, oxygen

is not only in compounds but elemental in all is not only in compounds but elemental in all living things, N and P and S are found living things, N and P and S are found throughout living organisms.throughout living organisms.

They vary in color from black (C) They vary in color from black (C) S is yellow, P can be red or yellow , N and O S is yellow, P can be red or yellow , N and O

are colorless odorless gases.are colorless odorless gases.

Halogens- group 17Halogens- group 17 Most reactive nonmetals, they are not in nature as Most reactive nonmetals, they are not in nature as elements. elements.

All are poisonous as elements, but very useful in All are poisonous as elements, but very useful in compoundscompounds

F- keeps your mouth clean, found in waterF- keeps your mouth clean, found in water Cl- cleaner for pools, concrete, industry, is a heavy Cl- cleaner for pools, concrete, industry, is a heavy

green gasgreen gas Bromine is a red liquid, also very heavy, iodine is a Bromine is a red liquid, also very heavy, iodine is a

purple crystalline solid, both useful for killing bacteria purple crystalline solid, both useful for killing bacteria and fungi in compounds, poisonous to humans in and fungi in compounds, poisonous to humans in elemental form elemental form

Useful in photography, insecticides and lights Useful in photography, insecticides and lights

Nobel gasesNobel gases

Group 18( see red Group 18( see red column)column)

All gasesAll gases Full valance shell, so do Full valance shell, so do

not reactnot react Useful to pack reactive Useful to pack reactive

substances for shippingsubstances for shipping Very high burn point so Very high burn point so

used in weldingused in welding Also useful for lights Also useful for lights

(Neon lights !)(Neon lights !)

Lanthanides and Lanthanides and actinidesactinides The 4F’s are Lanthanides – a group of very The 4F’s are Lanthanides – a group of very

similar very dense metals. Not used for too similar very dense metals. Not used for too much, they are so similar they are hard to much, they are so similar they are hard to separateseparate

The 5f’s are actinides, only the first four are The 5f’s are actinides, only the first four are natural, the rest are man made, all are natural, the rest are man made, all are radioactive. Useful for treating cancers and radioactive. Useful for treating cancers and diseases, tracing elements through natural diseases, tracing elements through natural systems ( water ways and rivers) Used for systems ( water ways and rivers) Used for nuclear energy and bombs.nuclear energy and bombs.

Trends of the periodic tableTrends of the periodic table These are certain characteristics that These are certain characteristics that

show a definite pattern across the show a definite pattern across the periodic table. It is useful to help figure periodic table. It is useful to help figure which atoms do what, which atoms are which atoms do what, which atoms are useful in certain situationsuseful in certain situations

11stst atomic radius! Size of the atom. atomic radius! Size of the atom. As you go down the PT, the atoms get largerAs you go down the PT, the atoms get larger

( should make sense, they have more shells)( should make sense, they have more shells)

As you go across, they get smaller As you go across, they get smaller I know that is weird, but more protons in the I know that is weird, but more protons in the

same shell pull them in closersame shell pull them in closer

Trend 2 Ionic radiusTrend 2 Ionic radius An ion is an atom that has gained or lost an An ion is an atom that has gained or lost an

electronelectron If an atom has 4 or less valance electrons, it If an atom has 4 or less valance electrons, it

loses them ( groups 1-14)loses them ( groups 1-14) Makes the atom smaller – called a cationMakes the atom smaller – called a cation

Left of metalloids get smallerLeft of metalloids get smaller When they lose electrons, they become positively When they lose electrons, they become positively

charged. ( have more protons than electrons)charged. ( have more protons than electrons)

Atoms with more than 4 valance electrons Atoms with more than 4 valance electrons gain electronsgain electrons Makes the atoms larger, call them anionsMakes the atoms larger, call them anions Have a negative chargeHave a negative charge

Some examplesSome examples

sodium metal Na wants to lose one electron.sodium metal Na wants to lose one electron. Mrs. Holtmeyer leaves it out. There is oxygen Mrs. Holtmeyer leaves it out. There is oxygen

in the air. O wants to… gain 2 because it in the air. O wants to… gain 2 because it already has 6!already has 6!

2 Na and O get close, and Na gives electrons 2 Na and O get close, and Na gives electrons to the O!!! Na+ and O-, and opposites to the O!!! Na+ and O-, and opposites attract, so they are now stuck together in a attract, so they are now stuck together in a compound called Nacompound called Na22O. CaOO. CaO

Trend 3 Ionization energyTrend 3 Ionization energy

Energy to lose electrons Energy to lose electrons The easier it is, the less energy it takesThe easier it is, the less energy it takes Less energy on left, more on the rightLess energy on left, more on the right More energy on the top, less on the More energy on the top, less on the

bottombottom

trend 4! Electron affinitytrend 4! Electron affinity

The opposite of ionization energy, this is The opposite of ionization energy, this is energy to gain electronsenergy to gain electrons

More energy on the left, less on the rightMore energy on the left, less on the right Less energy on the top, more on bottomLess energy on the top, more on bottom If electrons are VERY easy to add, the # If electrons are VERY easy to add, the #

is negative! is negative! For instance if you had an electron affinity For instance if you had an electron affinity

of –567 kJ. This means energy leaves the of –567 kJ. This means energy leaves the reactionreaction

Trend 5 ElectronegativityTrend 5 Electronegativity

Much like e. affinity, this is the ability of Much like e. affinity, this is the ability of atoms to hold onto BONDED e-.atoms to hold onto BONDED e-.

Very useful, numbers 0-4 have been Very useful, numbers 0-4 have been assigned to represent, with 4 being the assigned to represent, with 4 being the most electronegative. F is a 4. Trend most electronegative. F is a 4. Trend follows just like ionization, Flourine is follows just like ionization, Flourine is highest and Francinium is lowesthighest and Francinium is lowest