The Crisis of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Chapter 16 Slide 2
Results of the Civil War: 1.Over 620,000 men died 2.The Souths
economy was destroyed 3.What about status of 3.5 million former
slaves? Slide 3 Reconstruction: The process of putting the nation
back together after the Civil War (1865-1877) The re-building of
the Union (and the South in particular) Slide 4 13 th Amendment
(1865) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction. Prohibited slavery. Slide 5
Reconstruction (1865-1877) ReconstructionWhen the North won the
Civil War in 1865, the era of Reconstruction began How should the
North bring the South back into the Union? How should the North
rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? How should
the North integrate and protect newly-emancipated black freedmen?
What branch of government is in charge of Reconstruction? Quickly,
to show Americans that they are willing to forgive? Slowly, to make
sure the South doesnt try to secede again? Old South based on
cotton farming with blacks as workers? New South with textile
factories & railroads with paid labor? Should freed blacks be
given the right to vote? How do you protect blacks against racists
whites in the South? Should the president, as commander-in-chief,
be in charge? Should Congress be in charge because the Constitution
gives it power to let territories in as states? Slide 6 Lincolns
Plan (1863) VERY lenient 1.10% of Confederate voters in southern
states must: a)Accept emancipation b)Swear loyalty to the Union
2.High ranking Confederate officials could not vote or hold office
unless pardoned by the President Once these conditions were met, a
state could return to the Union Congress rejected Lincolns plan:
Radical Republicans wanted black male suffrage added & feared
that Confederate leaders would take charge in the South Slide 7
Opposition to Lincolns Plan Wade-Davis Bill: In 1864, Congress
wrote its own plan: 50% of state populations had to swear an oath
of loyalty Confederate leaders were not eligible to vote or
participate in state governments Did not require black suffrage but
did enforce emancipation Lincoln killed the bill using a pocket
veto (it passed in the last 10 days of the legislative session) By
the end of the Civil War, the U.S. government had no plan for
Reconstruction in place This problem was compounded in 1865 when
Lincoln was assassinated Slide 8 Lincolns Assassination April 14,
1865 by John Wilkes Booth Watching the play, Our American Cousin,
at Fords Theater in Washington, DC Slide 9 After Lincolns Death, 3
Men: Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Andrew Johnson Radical
Republicans Stevens Sumner Slide 10 Radical Republicans: 1.Members
of the Republican Party who wanted to: Punish the south for causing
the Civil War Fought to protect the rights of former slaves Slide
11 Thaddeus Stevens (Radical Republican) Member of the House of
Reps Goal: economic opportunity for former slaves Slide 12 Charles
Sumner (Radical Republican) Member of US Senate Goal:
citizenship/political rights for former slaves Slide 13 Charles
Sumner vs. Preston Brooks (1857) Slide 14 Andrew Johnson Former
Senator from TN, became Lincolns VP A Democrat; Reconstruction plan
similar to Lincolns Issued 13,000 pardons Unconcerned with rights
of former slaves Impeached in 1868 Slide 15 Reconstruction Plan
Johnsons Reconstruction PlanReconstruction Plan Johnsons
Reconstruction Plan: 1.Appointed provisional state governors to
lead state constitutional conventions 2.States must declare
secession illegal & ratify the 13th Amendt Black CodesSouthern
conventions reluctantly obeyed Johnsons Reconstruction policy but
passed Black Codes Slide 16 The Freedmans Bureau Freedmans
BureauThe Freedmans Bureau was established in 1865 to offer
assistance to former slaves & protect their new citizenship:
Provided emergency food, housing, medical supplies Promised 40
acres & a mule Supervised labor contracts Created new schools
Slide 17 Plenty to eat & nothing to do Freedmens Bureau Seen
Through Southern Eyes Slide 18 Freedmens Bureau School Many former
abolitionists moved South to help freedmen, called carpetbaggers by
Southern Democrats Slide 19 Congressional Reconstruction Following
Johnsons impeachment, Congress controlled reconstruction. Congress
passed the Reconstruction Acts (1867-68): 1.The former Confederate
States were militarily occupied by US troops 2.States could
re-enter the Union once they ratified the 14 th Amendment Slide 20
Map 16.1 : The Reconstruction of the South Slide 21 The 14 th
Amendment In 1866, Congress voted to extend the Freedmens Bureau
& passed a Civil Rights Bill to protect against Black Codes
Johnson vetoed both bills, arguing that they violated states rights
Congress overrode both vetoes (for the 1 st time in U.S. history!)
Slide 22 The 14 th Amendment 14 th AmendmentCongress feared Johnson
would allow violations of civil rights so it passed the 14 th
Amendment: Federal govt must protect the civil rights of all
Americans Defined the meaning of citizenship for Americans Clearly
defined punishments for Southern states who violated the civil
rights of African-Americans Slide 23 14 th Amendment (1868) 1.All
persons born the US are citizens of the US 2.All citizens are
guaranteed equal treatment under the law 3.Punished states that
denied adult males the right to vote Slide 24 Johnsons Swing Around
the Circle In the 1866 mid-term elections, Johnson toured the South
trying to convince voters to elect Congressmen who would reject the
14 th Amendment The plan back-fired & Republicans won a 3-1
majority in both houses of Congress & gained control of every
northern state Slide 25 Radical Reconstruction Radical
Reconstruction planCongress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, trumped
Johnson by passing it its own Radical Reconstruction plan in 1867:
Congress could confiscate & redistribute Southern plantations
Allowed quick re-entry for states that supported black suffrage
Ex-Confederates couldnt vote Thaddeus Stevens the most influential
of the radical Republicans; He opposed the Crittenden Compromise,
led the impeachment charges against Johnson, & drafted the
Radical Reconstruction plan used from 1867 to 1877 Slide 26 Created
5 military districts to enforce acts But, Radical Reconstruction
was so dependent on massive & sustained federal aid that it was
not adequate to enforce equality in the South and Johnson
obstructed Republicans plans by removing sympathetic cabinet
members & generals Slide 27 The Impeachment Crisis In Feb 1868,
the House voted 126-47 to impeach Johnson, but the Senate fell 1
vote short of conviction & removal from office Johnson argued
that removal could only occur due to high crimes & misdemeanors
but no crime had been committed Some Republicans refused to
establish the precedent of removing a president ButJohnson did
promise to enforce Reconstruction for the remainder of his
term& he did! For violating the Tenure of Office Act when he
tried to fire Sec of War Edwin Stanton Slide 28 Impeachment and
Removal of a President 1.Impeachment: to bring formal charges
against the President (Majority vote in the House of Reps)
2.Trial/Removal: The President stands trial (the Senate acts as
jury; 2/3 majority vote is needed for removal) Slide 29 Johnson and
Impeachment Johnson was impeached, but not removed from office; he
was ineffective following impeachment Slide 30 The Johnson
Impeachment & Senate Trial Slide 31 Reconstructing Southern
Society How did Reconstruction impact the South? Southern whites
wanted to keep newly-freed blacks inferior Freed blacks sought
equality, property, education, & the vote Many Northerners
moved South to make money or to "civilize" the region after the
Civil War Slide 32 Sharecropping: A New Slavery? The Civil War
destroyed Southern land, economy, & transportation Recovering
meant finding a new labor system to replace slavery: The South
tried a contract-labor system but it was ineffective Sharecropping
Sharecropping solved the problem; black farmers worked on white
planters land, but had to pay or of their crops Slide 33
Sharecropping Problem: families accumulated debt to the landowner
before their crop was sold; This cyclical process led to mortgages
on future crops (crop lien system) By the end of 1865, most
freedmen had returned to work on the same plantations on which they
were previously enslaved Slide 34 Slide 35 Black Codes: A New
Slavery? Violence & discrimination against freedmen by whites
was common: Southerners used black codes to keep former slaves from
voting, getting jobs, buying land 1,000s of blacks were murdered
U.S. army did not have enough troops to keep order in the South
Slide 36 Slide 37 Republican Rule in the South In 1867, a Southern
Republican Party was formed by: carpetbaggers Northern
carpetbaggers scalawags Southern scalawags interested in making
money in the South Small, white farmers who wanted protection from
creditors Blacks who wanted civil rights Many Southern blacks were
elected to state & national govt Southern Republicans were only
in power for 1-9 years but improved public education, welfare,
& transportation Slide 38 Slide 39 Black & White Political
Participation Black House & Senate Delegates Colored Rule in a
Reconstructed South Black Republicans were accused of corruption
& lack of civility Slide 40 Civil War & Reconstruction
Review Examine the major political & military events listed on
the Key Events of the Civil War timeline; Complete the missing
sections Examine Reconstruction Plans & identify the major
components of each section of the chart; Be prepared to discuss
your answers to the discussion questions. Slide 41 Gaining Rights
for Blacks 15 th AmendmentIn 1870, the 15 th Amendment gave all men
the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude Freedmen fought for civil rights: Legalized marriage
Used courts to assert claims against whites & other blacks Saw
education as their 1 st opportunity to become literate Womens
rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
Slide 42 Reconstruction in the Grant Administration (1869-1877)
Slide 43 The Election of 1868 New SouthIn 1867, Thaddeus Stevens
Radical Reconstruction plan was in place & a southern
Republican party hoped to build a New South By 1868, 8 of the 11
former Confederate states were accepted back into the Union after
creating state constitutions & ratifying the 14 th Amendment
Tennessee Alabama Arkansas Louisiana South Carolina North
CarolinaFlorida Georgia Slide 44 Re-Admission of the South Slide 45
The Election of 1868 But, the U.S. had lots of problems: greenbacks
Excessive printing of greenbacks during the Civil War led to high
inflation which hurt both the Northern & Southern economies
Redeemers Southern Redeemers & secret societies tried to
undermine Congressional attempts to reconstruct the South Slide 46
The 1868 Presidential Election who voted for the 1 st time
Republicans nominated Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant who had the
support of Republicans in the North & South as well as Southern
freedmen who voted for the 1 st time Democrats refused to
re-nominate Johnson & chose NY governor Horatio Seymour Slide
47 In the election of 1868, both parties waved the bloody shirt to
remind voters why the Civil War was fought Southern Republican
Strategy Southern Democratic Strategy Keeping freed blacks inferior
was the most important goal of Southern Democrats Republican goal:
Keep ex-Confederate leaders from restoring the Old South Slide 48
Grants National Reconstruction Plan When Grant was elected, he
supported: Shifting back to gold (sound or hard money) to deflate
American currency Using a limited number of U.S. soldiers in the
South to enforce Reconstruction efforts Civil rights for freed
blacks Deflations hurt indebted farmers the most In 1876, the
Greenback Party was formed to support keeping soft money Enough
troops should be sent to work with state militias to protect blacks
rights, reduce violence, & support Republican leaders in
Southern state governments but not enough to encourage widespread
resentment among the Southern population Slide 49 Grants National
Reconstruction Plan 15th AmendmentRepublicans sought equal
protection for blacks; ratified the 15th Amendment in 1870:
Prohibited any state from denying men the right to vote due to race
Butthe amendment said nothing about literacy tests, poll taxes,
& property qualifications Slide 50 A Reign of Terror Against
Blacks From 1868 to 1872, southern Republicans were threatened by
secret societies like Ku Klux Klan Hoped to restore the Old South
Sought to restrict black voting Oppose Republican state govts The
KKK was successful in its terror campaigns, helping turn GA, NC,
& TN to the Democratic Party Slide 51 The Invisible Empire of
the South Of course he wants to vote for the Democratic ticket
Slide 52 The Failure of Federal Enforcement Slide 53 A Reign of
Terror Against Blacks Force ActsIn 1870, Congress passed the Force
Acts (the KKK Acts): Made interference in elections a federal crime
Gave the president the military power to protect polling places
Allowed for high black turnout & Republicans victories in 1872
Redeemer Democrats openly appealed to white supremacy &
laissez-faire government Slide 54 A Reign of Terror Against Blacks
The KKK responded by becoming more open with its terror tactics:
Northerners grew impatient with federal Reconstruction efforts
& corrupt Southern state govts Grant began to refuse to use
military force against KKK terrorist attacks By 1876, only SC, FL,
& LA were controlled by Republicans Slide 55 The 1875 Civil
Rights Act Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to protect
freedmen: Outlawed racial discrimination in public places & in
jury selection But the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional
& weakened the 14 th & 15 th Amendments, leaving southern
blacks defenseless against discrimination In the Slaughterhouse
Cases (1873), the court ruled that the 14 th Amendment protects
only national citizenship rights & does not protect citizens
from discrimination by the states In U.S. v Reese (1876) & U.S.
v Cruikshank (1876), the court weakened the KKK Act by stating that
the 14 th Amendment does not protect against actions by individuals
Slide 56 Corruption in Grants Administration Slide 57 The
Republicans experienced rampant corruption during Grants 1 st term
as president: Grants Secretary of War was impeached & Attorney
General resigned due to corruption Crdit Mobilier Grants VP &
others were ruined by the Crdit Mobilier scandal involving railroad
stock in exchange for political favors These scandals distracted
Americans from Reconstruction efforts Slide 58 The Election of 1872
Corruption scandals & the failure of Reconstruction in the
South led to a split among Republicans: Liberal Republicans Liberal
Republicans were tired of the Grant scandals & believed in
reconciling with the South, not military intervention In 1872,
Liberal Republicans ran Horace Greeley against Grant Slide 59 1872
Presidential Election Republicans suppressed the KKK in time for
the election; Southern blacks enjoyed a voting freedom they would
not see again for a century Grant was the only consecutive, 2-term
president from Jackson to Teddy Roosevelt, but is commonly regarded
as a failure Slide 60 Grants Second Term Grant s 2 nd term was
plagued by economic depression & corruption Panic of 1873 Panic
of 1873 was the longest depression (until 1929); many blamed large
corporations & begged Grant to create jobs Whiskey Ring Whiskey
RingGrants personal secretary was caught embezzling whiskey taxes
the nations RRs defaultedOver 100 banks collapsed 18,000 businesses
closed Unemployment reached 15% The Grant administration did not
see job creation or relief for the poor as its duties Slide 61
Essential QuestionEssential Question: What events from 1868 to 1876
led to the abandonment of federal reconstruction attempts in the
South by 1877? Reading Quiz 17B (p 585-598)Reading Quiz 17B (p
585-598) Slide 62 The New South & the Rise of Jim Crow
Rutherford B. Hayes VideoRise of Jim Crow Slide 63 1876 Election
The winner is? Two candidates: Samuel Tilden: Democrat; political
reformer from NY Rutherford B. Hayes: Republican; former OH
Governor Slide 64 The Compromise of 1877 In 1876, Republicans ran
Rutherford B. Hayes against Democrat reformer Samuel Tilden
Election results were disputed in three Southern states A special
commission gave the disputed votes to Hayes, but Democrats in
Congress blocked this decision by filibuster A filibuster is an
attempt to extend debate upon a proposal in order to delay or
prevent a vote on its passage Slide 65 Slide 66 1876 Presidential
Election Slide 67 1876 Election A commission was established to
determine winner: Compromise of 1877: 1.Hayes became President
2.Military occupation of the South ended 1.The rights of former
slaves were not protected Slide 68 A Political Crisis: The
Compromise of 1877 A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877
President Rutherfraud B. Hayes The Second Corrupt Bargain Slide 69
The Rise of Jim Crow Jim Crow LawsFrom 1877 to 1910, Redeemer
Democrats imposed restrictions called Jim Crow Laws to limit the
civil rights of African Americans 187 blacks were lynched yearly A
convict-lease system & prison farms resembled slavery
Segregation laws led to separate railroads, streetcars, &
public facilities Jim Crow laws were passed after Reconstruction
ended to obstruct rights given to black Americans in the 14 th
& 15 th Amendments Black codes were laws passed from 1865 to
1877 to keep freed slaves from gaining rights & voting Slide 70
Slide 71 Conclusion: The Unfinished Revolution Slide 72 The
Unfinished Revolution Reconstruction lasted only 12 years from 1865
to 1877: Reconciliation between the North & South occurred only
after Reconstruction ended By the late 1880s, reunion was becoming
a reality but at the expense of the blacks rights Reconstruction
remained an unfinished revolution Slide 73 1.How did the federal
govt bring the South back into the Union? 2. Was the South
transformed into a New South? 3. How were newly- emancipated black
freedmen protected? 4. What branch of govt took control of
Reconstruction? How effective was the U.S. in addressing these
Reconstruction questions? Slide 74 How should the North bring the
South back into the Union? How should the North rebuild the South
after its destruction during the war? How should the North
integrate and protect newly-emancipated black freedmen? What branch
of government is in charge of Reconstruction? Quickly, to show
Americans that they are willing to forgive? Slowly, to make sure
the South doesnt try to secede again? Old South based on cotton
farming with blacks as workers? New South with textile factories
& railroads with paid labor? Should freed blacks be given the
right to vote? How do you protect blacks against racists whites in
the South? Should the president, as commander-in-chief, be in
charge? Should Congress be in charge because the Constitution gives
it power to let territories in as states? Slide 75 Limits to
Reconstruction The Civil War Amendments were a success H/e, there
was no redistribution of land and most African Americans lived as
sharecroppers and faced little economic opportunity Slide 76
Reconstruction: EVALUATION Some argue it was a success because
slavery was abolished and African Americans were guaranteed equal
treatment Others say it was a failure because after 1877 those
rights were only in place on paper; not in reality. Your opinion:
Was it a success or failure? Slide 77 Up From Slavery The
African-American Struggle for Equality in the Post-Civil War Era
Slide 78 The Hard Reality of Emancipation After the Civil War ended
and the 13 th Amendment abolished slavery (1865), freedmen found
themselves without significant resources to start a new life The
Freedmens Bureau (est. 1865) provided direct relief, education,
jobs, and medical care in an effort to give freed slaves an
opportunity to adjust to their new lives Despite such efforts, many
blacks ended up as tenant farmers who engaged in sharecropping
which involved pledging a share of their harvest as repayment to
landowners who leased the land; debt peonage often resulted as
black farmers went into debt as a result of not being able to cover
costs and debt owed to creditors Slide 79 The Failure of Radical
Reconstruction The Radical Republican attempt to re-engineer
Southern society and politics (1865-77) failed due to: 1.terrorism
- as practiced by the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist
groups; violence and intimidation kept reformers from carrying out
Radical policies 2.redemption Southern Democrats regained control
of their state governments as a result of the Compromise of 1877,
which (after the disputed election of 1876) gave Republican
candidate Hayes the White House in exchange for a Republican pledge
to withdraw the last federal troops from the South and end
Reconstruction 3.Jim Crow laws created institutionalized
segregation through such measures as poll taxes, literacy tests,
and grandfather clauses effectively disenfranchised blacks despite
rights provided in the 14 th and 15 th Amendments Slide 80 Thomas
Nasts View of the Post- War South Slide 81 The Supreme Court Limits
Rights Ex parte Milligan (1866) the Court ruled that military
courts could not try civilians where civil courts were functioning
limited ability of the federal government to prosecute Southern
whites who violated the law Slaughterhouse cases (1873) the Court
created the concept of dual citizenship the idea that the 14 th
Amendment only guaranteed national civil rights, not state civil
rights; effectively limited the scope of 14 th Amendment due
process protections Civil Rights cases (1883) the Court further
weakened the 14 th Amendment by declaring that it protected only
against government infringement of rights, not private infringement
(i.e., private businesses could still discriminate against blacks)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruled segregation legal as long as
facilities were separate but equal not overturned until Brown v.
Board of Education in 1954 Slide 82 Two Views of Progress Booker T.
Washington, a former slave and the founder of Tuskegee Institute,
argued that blacks would only gain acceptance by white society
through education and hard work; patterned after his own life
experienceBooker T. Washington, Equality must first come on
socio-economic terms and political equality would follow; a popular
approach with white Americans W.E.B. DuBois, a northern
intellectual, argued that blacks must achieve political equality
first before socio-economic equality would be fully achievedW.E.B.
DuBois, His approach was widely adopted by civil rights leaders in
the 1950s/1960s DuBois helped to lead the Niagara movement and
founded the NAACPNAACP
