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Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool(2013) 37: 38-49© TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/zoo-1111-9

The determination of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) fauna in Adıyaman, Kilis, and Şanlıurfa provinces with a new record for Turkish fauna*

Murat KÜTÜK1,*, Mehmet YARAN1, Rüstem HAYAT2, Mürşit Ömür KOYUNCU1, Vedat GÖRMEZ1, Halil Uğur AYTEKİN1

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey

* Correspondence: mkutuk@gantep.edu.tr

1. IntroductionFruit flies are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketers, exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international levels, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products (McPheron and Steck, 1996). Some species of Tephritidae infest the flower heads of Asteraceae host plants, collectively belonging to several tribes, with or without the induction of galls (Freidberg, 1984).

Faunistic studies on the tephritid fly fauna in Turkey began with Giray (1966). Kütük (1998) reported 21 species from Malatya province in his MSc thesis. Kütük (2003a) reported 62 species from the southwestern Anatolian region. Kütük (2003b) reported 17 species of Urophora Rob-Des (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Kütük (2006b) determined 22 species of Tephritis Latreille (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Turkey. Kütük (2008) reported 39 species of fruit flies from Kayseri and Sivas provinces. Kütük and Yaran (2011) reported 15 species of Terellia Rob-Des (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Turkey. Görmez (2011) reported 115 species of fruit flies from Turkey. Kütük et al. (2011, 2012) described Terellia askaleensis Kütük and Tephritis ozaslani Kütük. Thus, 117 species of fruit flies are known to date from Turkey.

2. Materials and methodsAdult specimens were collected from host plants using an insect net in various locations of Adıyaman, Kilis, and Şanlıurfa provinces during 2009 and 2010. Species were identified using the keys of Freidberg and Kugler (1989), Merz (1994) Korneyev and White (1999), and Kütük (2003a). The terminology primarily follows that of White et al. (2000). Specimens are deposited at the insect museum of Gaziantep University.

3. ResultsIn this study, 42 species belonging to 13 genera in 3 subfamilies were determined from Adıyaman, Kilis, and Şanlıurfa provinces: Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi), Campiglossa producta (Loew), Capitetes ramulosa (Loew), Chaetorellia jaceae (Rob-Des), Chaetorellia succinea (Costa), Chaetostomella cylindrica (Rob-Des), Goniurellia longicauda Freidberg, Sphenella marginata (Fallen), Tephritis acanthiophilopsis Hering, T. divisa Rondani, T. hurvitzi Freidberg, T. merzi Freidberg-Kütük, T. nigricauda (Loew), T. postica (Loew), T. praecox (Loew), T. simplex (Loew), Tephritomyia lauta (Loew), Terellia colon (Meigen), T. gynaecochroma (Hering), T. longicauda (Meigen), T. nigripalpis (Hendel), T. serratulae (Linnaeus), T. virens (Loew), Trupanea amoena (Frauenfeld), T. stellata (Fuesslin), Urophora affinis (Frauenfeld), U. aprica (Fallen), U. congrua Loew, U. cuspidata (Meigen), U. doganlari Kütük, U. jaceana (Hering), U. mauritanica Macquart, U. notata Belanovskij, U. phaeocera (Hering), U. phalolepidis

Abstract: This study is based on the fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) materials collected from Adıyaman, Kilis, and Şanlıurfa provinces during 2009 and 2010. Specimens were collected from host plants using an insect net. During this study, 42 species belonging to 13 genera from 3 subfamilies were determined in this region. Urophora tenuis Becker, 1908 is recorded for the first time from Turkey. In addition, zoogeographic distribution and wing figures of all species are given.

Key words: Tephritidae, fauna, Adıyaman, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Turkey

Received: 11.11.2011 Accepted: 09.09.2012 Published Online: 24.12.2012 Printed: 21.01.2013

Research Article

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Merz-White, U. quadrifasciata (Meigen), U. solstitialis (Linnaeus), U. stylata (Fabricius), U. tenuior (Hendel), U. tenuis Becker, U. terebrans (Loew), and Xyphosia miliaria (Schrank).

Urophora tenuis Becker, 1908 is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Thus, the number of Turkish fruit flies is increased to 118. Species are listed in alphabetical order. In addition, the zoogeographic distributions and wing figures of all species are given.3.1. Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi, 1794) (Figure 1)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, Tetirli, 37°32′N, 37°44′E, 740 m, 06.06.2009, 8 ♂♂; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 2 ♂♂; Kahta, Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N, 38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Kahta, 37°45′N, 38°33′E, 623 m, 05.06.2010, 2 ♀♀; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 698 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♂; Kilis, Musabeyli, Dorucak, 36°49′N, 36°52′E, 550 m, 17.05.2009, 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Center, 34°42′N, 37°08′E, 621 m, 10.05.2010, 2 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Center, Remzi, 37°18′N, 38°37′E, 746 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; Harran, 36°53′N, 38°54′E, 389 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Bozova, 37°15′N, 38°46′E, 660 m, 23.04.2010, 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Suruç, Bostancılar, 37°03′N, 38°21′E, 535 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Most of Europe (except north), Transcaucasia, Near East (from Turkey and Israel to Iran), Central Asia, East Palaearctic, North Africa, and Oriental region (Norrbom et al., 1999; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Merz and Dawah, 2005; Merz, 2008; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.2. Campiglossa producta (Loew, 1844) (Figure 2)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, Tetirli, 37°32′N, 37°44′E, 740 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Center, Sarıkaya, 37°31′N, 38°09′E, 428 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Arıkök, 37°23′N, 38°26′E, 566 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Near East (Afghanistan, China, Canary Islands, Israel), and Turkey (Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.3. Capitetes ramulosa (Loew, 1844) (Figure 3)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂; Gölbaşı, Yeniköy, 37°37′N, 37°49′E, 949 m, 04.06.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Albania, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Syria, Turkey, and Yugoslavia (Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Kütük, 1998).3.4. Chaetorellia jaceae (Rob-Des, 1830) (Figure 4)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 16.06.2010, 4 ♂♂; Kahta, Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N,

38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 3 ♂♂; Besni, 37°38′N, 37°52′E, 791 m, 29.06.2010, 1 ♂; Kilis, Elbeyli, 36°40′N, 37°27′E, 516 m, 11.06.2010, 2 ♂♂; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♀; Bozova, 37°19′N, 38°34′E, 715 m, 23.04.2010, 2 ♂♂; Bozova, Arıkök, 37°23′N, 38°26′E, 566 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Turkey, Ukraine, and Near East (Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq) (Kambur, 2003; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.5. Chaetorellia succinea (Costa, 1844) (Figure 5)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, Tetirli, 37°32′N, 37°44′E, 740 m, 06.06.2009, 6 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; Kilis, Musabeyli, Kocabey, 36°48′N, 36°56′E, 512 m, 17.06.2009, 1 ♀; Musabeyli, 36°49′N, 36°51′E, 547 m, 30.06.2009, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Center, Tektaş, 37°18′N, 38°37′E, 746 m, 07.06.2009, 6 ♂♂.

Distribution: Crete, Cyprus, East Palaearctic, Near East (Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq), North Africa, and Turkey (Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.6. Chaetostomella cylindrica (Rob-Des, 1830) (Figure 6)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, Tetirli, 37°32′N, 37°44′E, 740 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°31′N, 37°43′E, 796 m, 18.06.2009, 2 ♂♂; Kilis, Center, Bağarası, 36°47′N, 37°02′E, 480 m, 20.04.2010, 5 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; Center, Boğazkerim, 36°49′N, 36°51′E, 555 m, 20.04.2010, 2 ♂♂; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 10 ♂♂; Harran, 36°53′N, 38°54′E, 389 m, 07.06.2009, 3 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂.

Distribution: Most of Europe (except north), East Palaearctic, Near East Iran, and Turkey (Kütük and Özgür, 2003; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.7. Goniurellia longicauda Freidberg, 1980 (Figure 7)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Center, Sarıkaya, 37°31′N, 38°09′E, 428 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Bozova, Arıkök, 37°23′N, 38°26′E, 566 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Albania, Canary Islands, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco, North Africa, Near East Asia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates (Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Merz, 2008; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).

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Figure 1. Wing pattern of Acanthiophilus helianthi. Figure 2. Wing pattern of Campiglossa producta. Figure 3. Wing pattern of Capitetes ramulosa. Figure 4. Wing pattern of Chaetorellia jaceae. Figure 5. Wing pattern of C. succinea. Figure 6. Wing pattern of Chaetostomella cylindrica. Figure 7. Wing pattern of Goniurellia longicauda. Figure 8. Wing pattern of Sphenella marginata. Figure 9. Wing pattern of Tephritis acanthiophilopsis. Figure 10. Wing pattern of T. divisa. Figure 11. Wing pattern of T. hurvitzi. Figure 12. Wing pattern of T. merzi.

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3.8. Sphenella marginata (Fallen, 1814) (Figure 8)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂, 3 ♂♂; Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♂; Kilis, Musabeyli, Dorucak, 36°49′N, 36°52′E, 550 m, 17.05.2009, 2 ♀♀; Center, 34°42′N, 37°08′E, 621 m, 10.05.2010, 2 ♂♂; Şanlıurfa, Bozova, 37°19′N, 38°34′E, 715 m, 23.04.2010, 8 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Suruç, 37°03′N, 38°20′E, 534 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Near East (Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq), North and South Africa, and Turkey (Hendel, 1927; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Norrbom et al., 1999; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Merz and Dawah, 2005; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010a).3.9. Tephritis acanthiophilopsis Hering, 1938 (Figure 9)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°44′N, 37°46′E, 819 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Gölbaşı, Yarbaşı, 37°51′N, 37°44′E, 802 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Italy, Moldova, Switzerland, Romania, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine (Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Kütük, 2006b).3.10. Tephritis divisa Rondani, 1871 (Figure 10)Specimens examined: Şanlıurfa, Suruç, 37°03′N, 38°20′E, 534 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♀; Bozova, Akpınar, 37°27′N, 38°16′E, 417 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Croatia, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Near East Asia, Spain, Switzerland, and Turkey (Norrbom, 1999; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Kütük, 2005).3.11. Tephritis hurvitzi Freidberg, 1981 (Figure 11)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 698 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♂; Kahta, Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N, 38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♂; Gölbaşı, Yumaklıcerit, 37°34′N, 37°31′E, 987 m, 15.06.2010, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♂; Birecik, Arat, 37°03′N, 38°09′E, 720 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Cyprus, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Syria, Turkey, and Uzbekistan (Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Freidberg and Kütük, 2002; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.12. Tephritis merzi Freidberg-Kütük, 2002 (Figure 12)Specimens examined: Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 2 ♂♂; Bozova, Arıkök, 37°23′N, 38°26′E, 566 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Turkey (Freidberg and Kütük, 2002).3.13. Tephritis nigricauda (Loew, 1856) (Figure 13)Specimens examined: Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Crete, Czech Republic, Estonia, Far East, France, Germany, Lithuanian, Latvia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, Syria, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Kütük, 2006b).3.14. Tephritis postica (Loew, 1844) (Figure 14)Specimens examined: Şanlıurfa, Bozova, Bostancılar, 37°03′N, 38°21′E, 535 m, 23.04.2010, 8 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Bozova, 37°19′N, 38°34′E, 715 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♂; Birecik, Arat, 37°03′N, 38°09′E, 720 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂; Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Crete, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, North Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, and West Asia (Hendel, 1927; Giray, 1979; Norrbom et al., 1999; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.15. Tephritis praecox (Loew, 1844) (Figure 15)Specimens examined: Kilis, Center, Bağarası, 36°47′N, 37°02′E, 480 m, 20.04.2010, 1 ♂; Polateli, Besenli, 36°47′N, 37°03′E, 533 m, 10.05.2010, 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Birecik, Arat, 37°03′N, 38°09′E, 720 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂; Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, England, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, North Africa, Syria, and Turkey (Hendel, 1927; Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Kütük, 2006a; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.16. Tephritis simplex (Loew, 1844) (Figure 16)Specimens examined: Kilis, Polateli, Besenli, 36°47′N, 37°03′E, 533 m, 10.05.2010, 3 ♂♂.

Distribution: Albania, Austria, Cyprus, Germany, Israel, North Europe, Switzerland, Tunisia, and Turkey (Hendel, 1927; Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Kütük, 2006a).3.17. Tephritomyia lauta (Loew, 1869) (Figure 17)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 18.09.2009, 2 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°45′N, 37°44′E, 825 m, 15.05.2010, 12 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Gölbaşı, Harmanlı, 37°49′N, 37°42′E, 951 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 15.05.2010, 3 ♀♀; Kilis, Musabeyli, Kocabey, 36°48′N, 36°56′E, 512 m, 17.06.2009, 2 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; Musabeyli, 36°49′N, 36°51′E, 547 m, 30.06.2009, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Birecik, Arat, 37°03′N, 38°09′E, 720 m, 14.05.2010, 3 ♀♀.

Distribution: Crete, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Israel, Morocco, North Africa, Tunisia, and Turkey (Hendel, 1927; Giray, 1979; Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010a).

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Figure 13. Wing pattern of Tephritis nigricauda. Figure 14. Wing pattern of T. postica. Figure 15. Wing pattern of T. praecox. Figure 16. Wing pattern of T. simplex. Figure 17. Wing pattern of Tephritomyia lauta. Figure 18. Wing pattern of Terellia colon. Figure 19. Wing pattern of T. gynaecochroma. Figure 20. Wing pattern of T. longicauda. Figure 21. Wing pattern of T. nigripalpis. Figure 22. Wing pattern of T. serratulae. Figure 23. Wing pattern of T. virens. Figure 24. Wing pattern of Trupanea amoena.

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3.18. Terellia colon (Meigen, 1826) (Figure 18)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Harmanlı, 37°50′N, 37°47′E, 1420 m, 04.06.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Britain, Crete, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dodecanese Islands, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Moldova, North Aegean Islands, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central, Russia - East, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, West Siberia, Tajikistan, the Netherlands, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, East Palaearctic, Near East, and North Africa (Foote, 1984; Kütük and Özgür, 2003; Özgür and Kütük, 2003; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.19. Terellia gynaecochroma (Hering, 1936) (Figure 19)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Yarbaşı, 37°51′N, 37°44′E, 802 m, 06.06.2009, 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂; Center, Sarıkaya, 37°31′N, 38°09′E, 428 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀; Şanlıurfa, Suruç, Bostancılar, 37°03′N, 38°21′E, 535 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Croatia, Cyprus, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Central and South Europe, Caucasus (Thompson, 1999; Kütük and Varol, 2006; Bjelis, 2007; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.20. Terellia longicauda (Meigen, 1838) (Figure 20)Specimens examined: Şanlıurfa, Bozova, 37°21′N, 38°31′E, 578 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Albania, Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Near East, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Turkey (Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.21. Terellia nigripalpis (Hendel, 1927) (Figure 21)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Harmanlı, 37°50′N, 37°47′E, 1420 m, 04.06.2010, 11 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀.

Distribution: Turkey and Iran (Hendel, 1927; Gilasian and Merz, 2008; Kütük, 2008a). 3.22. Terellia serratulae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figure 22)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Yarbaşı, 37°51′N, 37°44′E, 802 m, 06.06.2009, 7 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Kahta, 37°45′N, 38°33′E, 623 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♀; Besni, Harmanardı, 37°42′N, 37°54′E, 706 m, 05.06.2010, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Kilis, Musabeyli, Dorucak, 36°49′N, 36°52′E, 550 m, 17.05.2009, 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂; Sünnep, 36°45′N, 37°15′E, 718 m, 17.06.2009, 2 ♂♂; Center, Boğazkerim, 36°49′N, 36°51′E, 555 m, 20.04.2010, 4 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°36′N, 39°03′E, 564 m, 23.06.2009, 1 ♂; Suruç, 37°03′N, 38°20′E, 534 m, 23.04.2010, 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 15 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀.

Distribution: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, East Palaearctic, Finland, France,

Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Malta, Moldova, North Africa, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia - Central, Russia - East, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Ukraine (Foote, 1984; Özgür and Kütük, 2003; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.23. Terellia virens (Loew, 1846) (Figure 23)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, Tetirli, 37°32′N, 37°44′E, 740 m, 06.06.2009, 12 ♀♀, 21 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Gölbaşı, Yarbaşı, 37°51′N, 37°44′E, 802 m, 06.06.2009, 3 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂; Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 7 ♂♂; Besni, Beşyol, 37°32′N, 38°04′E, 535 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Kilis, Musabeyli, Kocabey, 36°48′N, 36°56′E, 512 m, 17.06.2009, 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂; Musabeyli, Dorucak, 36°49′N, 36°52′E, 550 m, 17.05.2009, 1 ♂; Center, Boğazkerim, 36°50′N, 36°52′E, 607 m, 11.06.2010, 8 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Center, Tahtalı, 36°43′N, 37°04′E, 650 m, 11.06.2010, 12 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Center, Remzi, 37°18′N, 38°37′E, 746 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Siverek, Çamlıdere, 37°13′N, 39°13′E, 623 m, 23.06.2009, 1 ♀; Birecik, 37°00′N, 37°21′E, 449 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Suruç, 37°03′N, 38°20′E, 534 m, 23.04.2010, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Albania, Afghanistan, Austria, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, East Palaearctic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Nearctic region, North Africa, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central, Russia - East, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine (Kütük and Özgür, 2003; Özgür and Kütük, 2003; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.24. Trupanea amoena (Frauenfeld, 1857) (Figure 24)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 18.09.2009, 8 ♀♀; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N, 38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♀; Çelikhan, 38°01′N, 38°12′E, 1320 m, 16.07.2010, 1 ♀; Kilis, Musabeyli, Dorucak, 36°49′N, 36°52′E, 550 m, 17.05.2009, 1 ♂; Center, Boğazkerim, 36°50′N, 36°52′E, 607 m, 11.06.2010, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Siverek, 37°41′N, 39°15′E, 700 m, 23.06.2009, 1 ♂; Hilvan, 37°36′N, 39°03′E, 564 m, 23.06.2009, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Canary Islands, Ceylon, Ethiopia, England, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Middle Asia, Middle and North Europe, the Netherlands, North Africa, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates (Hendel, 1927; Giray, 1969; Foote, 1984; White, 1988; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Merz and Dawah, 2005; Merz, 2008; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.25. Trupanea stellata (Fuesslin, 1775) (Figure 25)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar,

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Figure 25. Wing pattern of Trupanea stellata. Figure 26. Wing pattern of Urophora affinis. Figure 27. Wing pattern of U. aprica. Figure 28. Wing pattern of U. congrua. Figure 29. Wing pattern of U. cuspidata. Figure 30. Wing pattern of U. doganlari. Figure 31. Wing pattern of U. jaceana. Figure 32. Wing pattern of U. mauritanica. Figure 33. Wing pattern of U. notata. Figure 34. Wing pattern of U. phaeocera. Figure 35. Wing pattern of U. phalolepidis. Figure 36. Wing pattern of U. quadrifasciata.

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37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Birecik, 37°00′N, 37°21′E, 449 m, 23.04.2010, 2 ♂♂; Suruç, Bostancılar, 37°03′N, 38°21′E, 535 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♂; Bozova, 37°21′N, 38°31′E, 578 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Afghanistan, Australia, Canary Islands, China, England, Germany, Iran, Israel, North Africa, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Turkey, West and Middle Asia, and the United Arab Emirates (Hendel, 1927; Norrbom et al., 1999; Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Merz and Dawah, 2005; Merz, 2008; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.26. Urophora affinis (Fraunfeld, 1857) (Figure 26)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°44′N, 37°46′E, 819 m, 06.06.2009, 8 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, 37°53′N, 37°48′E, 906 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, Beşyol, 37°32′N, 38°04′E, 535 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°45′N, 37°44′E, 825 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Gölbaşı, Harmanlı, 37°50′N, 37°47′E, 1420 m, 04.06.2010, 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Kilis, Musabeyli, Kocabey, 36°48′N, 36°56′E, 512 m, 17.06.2009, 1 ♂; Center, 34°42′N, 37°08′E, 621 m, 10.05.2010, 12 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; Elbeyli, 36°40′N, 37°27′E, 516 m, 11.06.2010, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Center, Boğazkerim, 36°50′N, 36°52′E, 607 m, 11.06.2010, 10 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Center, Remzi, 37°18′N, 38°37′E, 746 m, 07.06.2009, 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Siverek, 37°39′N, 39°18′E, 718 m, 23.06.2009, 2 ♀♀; Bozova, 37°21′N, 38°31′E, 578 m, 14.05.2010, 25 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀; Bozova, Arıkök, 37°23′N, 38°26′E, 566 m, 14.05.2010, 32 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀.

Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, North America, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan (Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Korneyev and White, 1999; Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.27. Urophora aprica (Fallen, 1814) (Figure 27)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Gölbaşı, Harmanlı, 37°50′N, 37°47′E, 1420 m, 04.06.2010, 1 ♀; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°36′N, 39°03′E, 564 m, 23.06.2009, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Lithuanian, Latvia, Moldova, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine (Hendel, 1927; Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Kütük, 2003b; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).

3.28. Urophora congrua Loew, 1862 (Figure 28)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 04.06.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuanian, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine (Hendel, 1927; Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Korneyev and White, 1999; Kütük, 2003b; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.29. Urophora cuspidata (Meigen, 1826) (Figure 29)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 5 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; Center, Sarıkaya, 37°31′N, 38°09′E, 428 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀; Kilis, Polateli, Besenli, 36°47′N, 37°03′E, 533 m, 10.05.2010, 1 ♂; Şanlıurfa, Center, Remzi, 37°18′N, 38°37′E, 746 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Suruç, Bostancılar, 37°03′N, 38°21′E, 535 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♀; Birecik, Arat, 37°03′N, 38°09′E, 720 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, East Palaearctic, England, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Lithuanian, Latvia, Moldova, Near East, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Turkey (Foote, 1984; White, 1988; Merz, 1994; Korneyev and White, 1999; Özgür and Kütük, 2003; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.30. Urophora doganlari Kütük, 2006 (Figure 30)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, 37°53′N, 37°48′E, 906 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂.

Distribution: Turkey (Kütük, 2006a).3.31. Urophora jaceana (Hering, 1935) (Figure 31)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°44′N, 37°46′E, 819 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 3 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 3 ♂♂; Center, Sarıkaya, 37°31′N, 38°09′E, 428 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♀♀; Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Bozova, Akpınar, 37°27′N, 38°16′E, 417 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Transcaucasia, and Turkey (Foote, 1984; Kütük, 2003b; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.32. Urophora mauritanica Macquart, 1851 (Figure 32)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 1 ♀; Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N, 38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 16.06.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Israel, Latvia, Lithuanian,

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Moldova, North Africa, South Europe, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (Giray, 1979; Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989).3.33. Urophora notata (Belanovskij, 1951) (Figure 33)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°45′N, 37°44′E, 825 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♀; Kahta, 37°45′N, 38°33′E, 623 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°38′N, 37°52′E, 791 m, 29.06.2010, 1 ♀; Kilis, Center, 34°42′N, 37°08′E, 621 m, 10.05.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Tajikistan and Turkey (Korneyev, 1984; Kütük, 1998).3.34. Urophora phaeocera (Hering, 1961) (Figure 34)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Center, 37°30′N, 38°10′E, 513 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Iran, Israel, and Turkey (Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Korneyev and White, 1999; Kütük, 2003b; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010a).3.35. Urophora phalolepidis Merz-White, 1991 (Figure 35)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°44′N, 37°46′E, 819 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 687 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 15.05.2010, 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Bozova, Arıkök, 37°23′N, 38°26′E, 566 m, 14.05.2010, 11 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: Italy, Sicily, and Turkey (Kütük, 2003b; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.36. Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen, 1826) (Figure 36)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, Tetirli, 37°32′N, 37°44′E, 740 m, 06.06.2009, 6 ♀♀, 13 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; Kahta, Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N, 38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Gölbaşı, Küçükören, 37°38′N, 37°27′E, 990

m, 15.06.2010, 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Kilis, Musabeyli, Kocabey, 36°48′N, 36°56′E, 512 m, 17.06.2009, 1 ♂; Center, 34°42′N, 37°08′E, 621 m, 10.05.2010, 2 ♀♀; Polateli, Besenli, 36°47′N, 37°03′E, 533 m, 10.05.2010, 2 ♀♀; Şanlıurfa, Siverek, 37°39′N, 39°18′E, 718 m, 23.06.2009, 3 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂; Siverek, 37°41′N, 39°15′E, 700 m, 23.06.2009, 3 ♀♀; Suruç, Bostancılar, 37°03′N, 38°21′E, 535 m, 23.04.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Iran, North Africa, and Turkey (Foote, 1984; White, 1988; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).3.37. Urophora solstitialis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figure 37)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 04.06.2010, 1 ♂; Kilis, Musabeyli, Dorucak, 36°49′N, 36°52′E, 550 m, 17.05.2009, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Far East, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, North Africa, Russia, and Turkey (Foote, 1984; White, 1988; Merz, 1994; Korneyev and White, 1999; Korneyev and White, 1999; Kütük, 2008; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010a).3.38. Urophora stylata (Fabricus, 1775) (Figure 38)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°44′N, 37°46′E, 819 m, 06.06.2009, 1 ♂; Akpınar, 37°45′N, 37°44′E, 825 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♂, 3 ♂♂; Gölbaşı, Harmanlı, 37°49′N, 37°42′E, 951 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Most of Europe, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Israel, West China, and Turkey (Giray, 1969; Foote, 1984; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Korneyev and White, 1999; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).

Figure 37. Wing pattern of Urophora solstitialis. Figure 38. Wing pattern of U. stylata. Figure 39. Wing pattern of U. tenuior. Figure 40. Wing pattern of U. tenuis.

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3.39. Urophora tenuior (Hendel, 1910) (Figure 39)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Besni, 37°43N, 37°49E, 1022 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♀; Kahta, Mount Nemrut, 37°55′N, 38°47′E, 931 m, 05.06.2010, 2 ♂♂; Şanlıurfa, Hilvan, 37°22′N, 38°34′E, 569 m, 13.05.2010, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkey (Korneyev and White, 1999; Kütük, 2008).3.40. Urophora tenuis Becker, 1908 (Figures 40–42)Specimens examined: Şanlıurfa, Center, Remzi, 37°16′N, 38°43′E, 674 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀; Center, Remzi, 37°16′N, 38°43′E, 674 m, 14.05.2010, 2 ♀♀.

Diagnosis: Head: Mostly black; 2 black frontal setae, 1 black

orbital setae; first flagellomere yellow; arista yellow to brown. Thorax: Mesonotum black, covered with gray microtomentum, with black setulae; halter yellow. Wings: Entirely hyaline; pterostigma yellow; veins yellow; last section of vein M 2.0 times as long as penultimate section (Figure 40). Female Abdomen: Ground color shiny black; all abdominal setae black; oviscape shiny black; oviscape 1.2 times as long as preabdomen; aculeus with 2 pairs of distinct preapical steps, without notch at apex (Figures 41 and 42).

Distribution: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Russia, and East Palaearctic region (Korneyev and White, 1993; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).

This species is recorded as a new record for Turkish fauna.3.41. Urophora terebrans (Loew, 1850) (Figure 43)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Gölbaşı, Akpınar, 37°34′N, 38°13′E, 636 m, 07.06.2009, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°43′N, 37°49′E, 1022 m, 15.05.2010, 1 ♀; Besni, 37°42′N, 38°00′E, 698 m, 05.06.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Moldova, Poland, Spain, Turkey, and Ukraine (Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Korneyev and White, 1999; Kütük, 2003b; Merz and Korneyev, 2004; Mohamadzade Namin et al., 2010b).3.42. Xyphosia miliaria (Schrank, 1781) (Figure 44)Specimens examined: Adıyaman, Çelikhan, 37°59′N, 38°09′E, 1435 m, 16.07.2010, 1 ♂.

Distribution: China, most of Europe, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey (Kütük, 2003a; Merz and Korneyev, 2004).

4. DiscussionIn this study, Urophora tenuis Becker, 1908 is recorded for the first time from Turkey; thus, the number of Turkish fruit flies is increased to 118 species. This study is the most comprehensive research in this region.

As a result of this study, 17 species of Urophora Rob-Des, 8 species of Tephritis Latreille, and 6 species of Terellia Rob-Des have been determined. Other genera are represented as 1 or a few species. According to the literature, Tephritis Latreille is the most common genus in Turkey with 24 species (Kütük, 2006b; Kütük, 2008b; Kütük et al., 2012), Urophora Rob-Des is the second largest genus with 20 species (Kütük, 2003b; Kütük, 2006a; Kütük, 2008a; Kütük, 2009), and 16 species of Terellia Rob-Des were determined from Turkey (Kütük and Yaran, 2011; Kütük et al., 2011).

The results showed that the highest number of fruit flies was collected from Adıyaman Province (35 species), and after that from Şanlıurfa and Kilis provinces with 29 and 17 species, respectively. Adıyaman Province is a neighbor to the Mediterranean region in the west. Furthermore, the area’s lake and dam increase the moisture in this province,

Figure 41. Aculeus of Urophora tenuis (original). Figure 42. Aculeus of U. tenuis (enlarged at apex).

Figure 43. Wing pattern of Urophora terebrans. Figure 44. Wing pattern of Xyphosia miliaria.

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so it has a rainy climate and varied biodiversity. Although Şanlıurfa is the largest province in the study region, compared with Adıyaman Province, agriculture is very common with an arid climate, and so biodiversity is not so varied. Kilis is the smallest province in the study region, while the climate is arid and agriculture is common. It

seems that the results are parallel to other faunistic studies, and compared with the Palaearctic region and other regions of Turkey we can see similar results.

AcknowledgmentWe thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, Project Number 108T465).

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