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The EarlyCold War:WWI-1970
The EarlyCold War:WWI-1970
Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. Pojerand some changes by Ms. Snyderand some changes by Ms. Snyder
Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. Pojerand some changes by Ms. Snyderand some changes by Ms. Snyder
World War I
-
1939
World War I
-
1939
WW II Casualties: Europe
WW II Casualties: Europe
Each symbol indicates 100,000
dead in the appropriate theater
of operations
WW II Casualtie
s
WW II Casualtie
s
Country Country Men in war Men in war Battle deaths Battle deaths WoundedWounded
Australia Australia 1,000,000 1,000,000 26,976 26,976 180,864180,864
Austria Austria 800,000 800,000 280,000 280,000 350,117350,117
Belgium Belgium 625,000 625,000 8,460 8,460 55,51355,51311
BrazilBrazil22 40,334 40,334 943 943 4,2224,222
Bulgaria Bulgaria 339,760 339,760 6,671 6,671 21,87821,878
Canada Canada 1,086,3431,086,34377 42,04242,04277 53,14553,145
ChinaChina33 17,250,5217,250,521 1
1,324,516 1,324,516 1,762,0061,762,006
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia — — 6,6836,68344 8,0178,017
Denmark Denmark — — 4,339 4,339 ——
Finland Finland 500,000 500,000 79,047 79,047 50,00050,000
France France — — 201,568 201,568 400,000400,000
Germany Germany 20,000,0020,000,000 0
3,250,0003,250,00044 7,250,0007,250,000
Greece Greece — — 17,024 17,024 47,29047,290
Hungary Hungary — — 147,435 147,435 89,31389,313
India India 2,393,891 2,393,891 32,121 32,121 64,35464,354
Italy Italy 3,100,000 3,100,000 149,496149,49644 66,71666,716
Japan Japan 9,700,000 9,700,000 1,270,000 1,270,000 140,000140,000
Netherlands Netherlands 280,000 280,000 6,500 6,500 2,8602,860
New Zealand New Zealand 194,000 194,000 11,62511,62544 17,00017,000
Norway Norway 75,000 75,000 2,000 2,000 ——
Poland Poland — — 664,000 664,000 530,000530,000
Romania Romania 650,000650,00055 350,000350,00066 ——
South Africa South Africa 410,056 410,056 2,473 2,473 ——
U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. — — 6,115,0006,115,00044 14,012,0014,012,0000
United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,896,000 5,896,000 357,116357,11644 369,267369,267
United States United States 16,112,5616,112,566 6
291,557 291,557 670,846670,846
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 3,741,000 3,741,000 305,000 305,000 425,000425,000
1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period
July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847 against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.
Massive Human Dislocations
Massive Human Dislocations
The Creation of the U. N.
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II
7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
CW Crash Course 12 min
The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of
the Cold War
The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of
the Cold War
“Reconstruction &
Confrontation”
“Reconstruction &
Confrontation”
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL : “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
« Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
« Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
« Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
« Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Meaning
Truman Doctrine [March Truman Doctrine [March 1947]1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.
3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].
Russian View of the Marshall Plan
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany
Spidergram
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)49)
• The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months). • In the winter of 1948–49 Berliners lived on dried
potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat. They had four hours of electricity a day.
• The airlift was codenamed 'operation Vittles'; the first flight was on 26 June 1948.
• The Soviet authorities offered to provide West Berlin with essential supplies - this offer was rejected.
• 275,000 flights carried in 1½ million tons of supplies. A plane landed every 3 mins.
• On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of supplies in one day – Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a day to survive.
• Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets.• The airlift continued until 30 September 1949, in
order to build up a reserve of supplies.• The USA stationed B-29 bombers (which could carry
an atomic bomb) in Britain. • The American airmen were regarded as heroes
Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)
Film Clip
The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
v United StatesUnited States
v BelgiumBelgium
v BritainBritain
v CanadaCanada
v DenmarkDenmark
v FranceFrance
v IcelandIceland
v ItalyItaly
v LuxemburgLuxemburg
v NetherlandsNetherlands
v NorwayNorway
v PortugalPortugal
v 1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
v 1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
v 1983: Spain1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American
CitizenCitizen
Who buried who?Who buried who?
Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!
The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-
1953)1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”
The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957
Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty
The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956
Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian
Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free
elections.elections.
} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.
The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956
In response, the Soviet Union quickly sent in troops and tanks ending the revolt and re-establishing Soviet domination
Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the
technological edge!technological edge!
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was
shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.
Paris, 1961Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev
thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)
CheckpoinCheckpointt
CharlieCharlie
Berlin Wall Deconstructed Video
The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)
( August of 1961)( August of 1961)
Guard letting child through wired fence-Was immediately reassigned
First GDR border guard to escape to the West: From 1961-1989 2000 guards escaped to the west.
Saying Goodbye
Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that
the West is the West is with them!with them!
(Or, I am a (Or, I am a Doughnut)Doughnut)
"Ich bin Berliner"
Brandenburg Gate
1965
Berlin Wall 1967
Potsdamer Platz – Potsdamer Platz – Over the YearsOver the Years
Potsdamer Potsdamer PlatzPlatz – Over the – Over the YearsYears
Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961
Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973
““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubAlexander Dubččekek
Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!
““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a
free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].
44thth French Republic: 1945- French Republic: 1945-19581958
1.1. Democratic, but politically Democratic, but politically unstable unstable [27 governments!][27 governments!]
2.2. Universal suffrage.Universal suffrage.
3.3. Weak President; powerful Weak President; powerful legislaturelegislature
4.4. Many political parties [coalition Many political parties [coalition governments]governments]
5.5. Failure to gracefully leave Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.Indochina.
6.6. Botched the Suez War.Botched the Suez War.
7.7. Failed to settle the Algerian Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.Crisis.
55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)
1.1. Powerful President.Powerful President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle
2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.
3.3. Weakened Weakened legislature.legislature.
4.4. Separation of Separation of powers.powers.
DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian
Crisis.Crisis.
2.2. Made France a Made France a nuclear power.nuclear power.
3.3. Sustained general Sustained general prosperity.prosperity.
4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,
democratic democratic government.government.
5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.
BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in resigned & died of a heart attack in
1970.1970.
Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)
Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951
1.1. Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].
« Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act
« Natl. Health Service Natl. Health Service ActAct
2.2. Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.
3.3. Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” securityGrave” security..
4.4. Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national health free national health care.care.
Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951
6.6. Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!
7.7. The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.
§ India – 1947India – 1947
§ Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948
§ Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955
Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955
He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy
the “welfare the “welfare state” state”
established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s
government.government.
The Federated RepublicThe Federated Republicof Germanyof Germany
1.1. Created in 1949 withCreated in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.the capital at Bonn.
2.2. Its army limited toIts army limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].
3.3. Konrad Adenauer, aKonrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,Christian Democrat,was its 1was its 1stst President. President.
§ Coalition of moderates and Coalition of moderates and conservatives.conservatives.
§ Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.
§ German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”
4.4. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”
Italy After WW IIItaly After WW II
1.1. Alcide de Alcide de GasperiGasperi was was Italy’s P.M. Italy’s P.M. from 1948-from 1948-19531953
2.2. Coalition Coalition governments governments [short and [short and unstable!]unstable!]
Part II:“European
Union”
European Integration
Part II:“European
Union”
European Integration
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1.1. 1947 1947 GGeneral eneral AAgreement on greement on TTariffsariffs and and TTrade [GATT]rade [GATT]
§ 23 nations.23 nations.
§ Became the foundation of Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.postwar global commerce.
§ It set up procedures to handle It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints.commercial complaints.
§ It provided a framework for It provided a framework for continuing negotiations continuing negotiations [“rounds”].[“rounds”].
§ By 1990, 99 nations were By 1990, 99 nations were participating.participating.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1952 1952 EEuropean uropean CCoal & oal & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC].ommunity [ECSC].
§ HQ in Luxembourg.HQ in Luxembourg.
§ ““Inner Six”: Inner Six”: Benelux nations, Benelux nations, France, France, Italy, and W. Italy, and W. Germany.Germany.
§ Placed their coal and steel Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of industries under a form of supranational authority supranational authority “The “The High Authority”High Authority”..
§ Eliminated tariff duties and Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and steel.quotas on coal and steel.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]
§ HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.
§ Treaties of RomeTreaties of Rome..
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
Treaties of RomeTreaties of Rome
1. EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity ommunity [EEC][EEC]
§ France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.
§ Created a larger free trade area, or Created a larger free trade area, or customs union.customs union.
« Eliminate all trade barriers.Eliminate all trade barriers.
« One common tariff with the One common tariff with the outside world.outside world.
« Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital & labor.labor.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
Treaties of RomeTreaties of Rome
2. European Atomic Energy European Atomic Energy Community [EURATOM]Community [EURATOM]
§ The purposes of EURATOM The purposes of EURATOM are to create a specialist are to create a specialist market for market for nuclear power and distribute it through the Community and to develop nuclear energy and sell surplus to non-Community States.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1967 1967 EEuropean uropean CCommunity [EC]ommunity [EC]
Combines the ECSC & EEC Combines the ECSC & EEC
§ HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.
§ European Parliament.European Parliament.
« ““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”
« 518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe-party affiliation voters in Europe-party affiliation not nation].not nation].
« Only limited legislative power.Only limited legislative power.
§ Court of Justice.Court of Justice.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1973 1973 New Countries Join EECNew Countries Join EEC
§ DenmarkDenmark
§ IrelandIreland
§ United KingdomUnited Kingdom
OPECOPEC1960 1960 Organization of Petroleum Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries Exporting Countries (14 (14 Countries)Countries)
§ October 1973 (Yom Kippur October 1973 (Yom Kippur War)War)
§ EmbargoEmbargo
§ 1974-1975 Oil Crisis1974-1975 Oil Crisis 19791979 Iranian RevolutionIranian Revolution
1980s1980s Iran-Iraq WarIran-Iraq War
Stagflation• Stagnation• Inflation• Combination of low growth
and high inflation
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1979 1979 First Direct ElectionsFirst Direct Elections
1981 1981 Greece joins the EECGreece joins the EEC
1986 1986 Spain and Portugal join Spain and Portugal join the EECthe EEC
1995 1995 Austria, Finland, and Austria, Finland, and Sweden join the EECSweden join the EEC
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
19871987 Single European Act: Single European Act: Create Create a single market w/in EC by a single market w/in EC by 19921992
§ 12 Countries12 Countries
« Common production Common production standardsstandards
« Remove impediments to flow Remove impediments to flow of capitalof capital
§ Single currency and banking Single currency and banking systemsystem
§ ““Europe without borders” Europe without borders”
§ Opposition: Loss of national Opposition: Loss of national controlcontrol
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements
§ EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU]nion [EU] created created from the EC.from the EC.
« One currency, one culture, One currency, one culture, one social area, and one one social area, and one environment!environment!
§ Create a “frontier-free” Europe Create a “frontier-free” Europe a common EU a common EU passport.passport.
§ One large “common market.”One large “common market.”
« Goods coming into the EU Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs would have high tariffs placed on them.placed on them.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
THETHE EUROEURO The euro – Europe's new single
currency - represents the consolidation and culmination of European economic integration.
Introduced on January 1, 1999, marked the final phase of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), a three-stage process that was launched in 1990 as EU member states prepared for the 1992 single market.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
THETHE EUROEURO 1999-2002: The Euro and the
previous national currencies were concurrently used in participating states.
2002: The participating countries had their previous national currencies withdrawn permanently as legal tender.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration
THETHE EUROEURO
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration 2004: Constitutional
Convention and Draft Constitution
June 2005: Failed referenda in France and the Netherlands
(blue collared, farmers, and those threatened by globalization)
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegrationENLARGEMENT:ENLARGEMENT:
10 more countries become 10 more countries become EU Member States May 1, 2004EU Member States May 1, 2004
country - date of EU country - date of EU applicationapplication
Cyprus - 3 July 1990Cyprus - 3 July 1990Malta - 16 July 1990Malta - 16 July 1990Hungary - 31 March 1994Hungary - 31 March 1994Poland - 5 April 1994Poland - 5 April 1994Slovakia - 27 June 1995Slovakia - 27 June 1995Latvia - 13 October 1995Latvia - 13 October 1995Estonia - 24 November 1995Estonia - 24 November 1995Lithuania - 8 December 1995Lithuania - 8 December 1995Czech Republic - 17 January Czech Republic - 17 January 19961996Slovenia - 10 June 1996Slovenia - 10 June 1996
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegrationNext AdditionsNext Additions
Romania & Bulgaria Romania & Bulgaria 20072007
Croatia 2013Croatia 2013
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegrationNORWAY?NORWAY?
Norway has never been a Norway has never been a member of the EU, but is member of the EU, but is ‘partners’ with EU for certain ‘partners’ with EU for certain economic reasons. economic reasons.
Their economy has Their economy has historically been very good historically been very good and they had no desire to and they had no desire to ‘merge’ with lesser ‘merge’ with lesser economies. economies.
As of 2002, the Norwegian As of 2002, the Norwegian economy began to decline. economy began to decline. There is a now a developing There is a now a developing majority of Norwegian that majority of Norwegian that want Norway to join the EU.want Norway to join the EU.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegrationSWITZERLAND?SWITZERLAND?
Switzerland has Switzerland has never been a never been a member of the EU,member of the EU, but is ‘partners’ but is ‘partners’ with EU for certainwith EU for certain economic reasons. economic reasons. Switzerland Switzerland Just joinedJust joined UN in 2002.UN in 2002.
Swiss Government want Swiss Government want Switzerland to join forSwitzerland to join foreconomic reasons but the economic reasons but the Swiss people continue to Swiss people continue to vote against joining the EU.vote against joining the EU.
European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration 28 CURRENT EU COUNTRIES28 CURRENT EU COUNTRIES
AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech Czech RepublicRepublicDenmarkEstoniaEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland
ItalyLatviaLatviaLithuaniaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPoland PortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSlovakiaSloveniaSloveniaSpainSweden United Kingdom
Inner 6
