THE EFFECT OF TIME AND EDGE BANDING TYPE …“The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard” Department

Saçlı (2015). “The effect of time and edge banding type and thickness on the bending and tensile strength of melamine coated particleboard”

THE EFFECT OF TIME AND EDGE BANDING TYPE AND THICKNESS ON THE BENDING AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF MELAMINE

COATED PARTICLEBOARD

Cevdet SAÇLI

Department of Materials and Material Processing Technologies, Technical Sciences College, Selcuk University,

42003 Konya, Turkey

Key words Abstract

Bending strength,

Heat threatment,

Tensile strength,

Wood composite.

Edge banding is used to surround the exposed sides of wood composite such as particleboard, melamine coated particleboard (Mcp), and low, medium and high density fiberboard. Day and night air temperatures in various regions in Turkey ranging from -5 to +35°C on average have been adopted. In this study, the results of the effect of aging at 12 hour intervals werw monitored. The transition times involved +35 to -5 and -5 to +35°C temperature. This study was carried out to determine the effects of the time and edge banding material which are melamine thickness of 0.4 mm, and polyvinylchloride (PVC) thickness of (0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0mm), and wood composite panel type on bending and tensile strength properties of (Mcp). Edge band type, thickness, and the effect of heat treatment of the application for bendig strength increases totally 99% and tensile strength increases totally 139%.

Corresponding author: [email protected]. Saclı C. Department of Materials and Material Processing

Technologies, Technical Sciences College, Selcuk University, 42003 Konya, Turkey

1. INTRODUCTION

Over the past several decades, industrial grade composite wood based panel (CWP) have been

recognized through the furniture industry as an ideal substrate for Mcp constructions, utilizing

various types of overlay surfacing and edge banding materials. Edge banding is perceived as

the most important accessory and protective in furniture making. There are various types of

edge banding materials such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene (ABS), melamine, solid wood or wood veneer comprise the types of edge banding

materials. During the past decades, there has been successful work accomplished in the

(CWP) industry. Lee and Kim [1] found out that there was a significant increase in the

modulus of elasticity of wood based composite panels due to coatings. Nemli [2] examined

the effects of melamine-impregnated papers coating on the properties of particleboard and

stated that surface coating improved the physical, mechanical properties and decreased the

formaldehyde emission of particleboard.

The purpose of edge banding will be to suppress the absorption of water and humidity and

providing a contrasting finish for all decorative surfaces [3].

Interior fitment and furniture manufacturers are applying widespread ratios of decorative

composite edge banding materials for (CWP). CWPs are mostly used in construction of home,

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Research for Furniture Industry September 2015, Turkey


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office and school furniture. The purpose of edge coating of CWPs is to suppress the

absorption of water and humidity, and esthetic [4]. The performance of the coated panels is

depended on quality of CWP and the type of coating materials [5]. While particleboard and

medium-density fiberboard make ideal substrates, the manufacturer must pay attention to the

many factors that will affect surface quality in virtually every step of manufacturing process

[6].

Özçifçi [7] studied some corner joints obtained from particleboard, and covered their edges

for case furniture with massive wood. Then, ‘‘L” test samples manufactured and jointed with

dowel, rebated, tonque-and-rebated joint types by using polyvinyl acetate (Pvac) (Vinyl

Acetate Homopolymer) adhesive. In the test, compression and tension strength tests were

applied on the bonding area. As a result, the highest compression and tension strength were

obtained in dowel joint.

Uysal [8] investigated the effects of the thickness of solid wood edge banding strips and the

dowel diameter on the withdrawal strength of beech dowels in particleboard. Withdrawal

strengths were measured for the prepared test samples and the highest withdrawal strength

was obtained in particleboards with12.0 mm edge banding thickness and with 6.0 mm

diameter dowel.

With the start of production of MCP and PVC edge bands bleating technical, aesthetic and

economic reasons, has gained a very high demand. Pvc edge bands used intensively on

furniture industry. Studies in the literature examining the effects of time and temperature

based on the mechanics worked on this issue due to insufficient. This study time limits 20, 30,

40 and 50 days, teperature limits +35°C to -5°C

Unaged IB and aged IB values of all the treated specimens at three retention levels

significantly decreased when compared to untreated control values. The IB strength and bond

durability of all the treated panels decreased with increasing chemical content [9].

Özçifçi investigated the role of geometry on the mechanical performance of scarf joints in

laminated veneer lumber (LVL) bonded with phenol formaldehyde and melamine

formaldehyde (MF) adhesives. It was observed that the highest bending strength

(291.5N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity (28101N/mm2) were obtained in control (solid

wood) samples having three layered LVL, jointed with 30° angle and bonded with MF

adhesive. As a result of the effects scarf joints on bending strength and modulus elasticity test,

if the scarf angle decreases, the properties of LVL increase [10].

Güntekin studied some mechanical and physical properties before and after accelerated aging

tests of the cement bonded fiberboard made of using Calabrian pine fibers. Increase of density

and percent of accelerators used generally causes an increase in mechanical properties.

Percent accelerator also caused an increase in TS and WA. Increase of fiber / cement ratio

resulted in an increase in MOR, TS, and WA while a significant decrease was observed for

modulus of elasticity [11].



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Yıldız et al. studied the effects of heat treatment on compression strength (CS) of spruce

wood (Picea orientalis). This study indicated that the changes in the chemical structure of the

treated wood were determined by analyzing contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin.

Heat treatment was applied on the test samples in an oven at four different temperatures (130,

150, 180 and 200 1C) and three different durations (2, 6 and 10 h) under atmospheric

pressure. The results indicate that the effects of heat treatment on CS values generally

exhibited a decrease with increased duration and temperature. It was observed that

hemicelluloses were the wood-cell components most degraded by the heat treatment [12].

The tests of Mirski et al’s showed that PF resin modification with diol esters makes it possible

when maintaining identical pressing parameters to manufacture particleboards with improved

mechanical properties and enhances water resistance in comparison to the control board

resinated with pure PF resin. The application of diol esters as modifiers of phenol resin makes

it also possible to produce at reduced temperature or shortened pressing time particleboards

with good mechanical properties and high water resistance [13].

Papadapoulos Antonious studied physical properties of conventional particleboard bonded

with amounts of UF and PMDI resin and examine the effect of mat moisture content (MC),

wax content and platen temperature on their bonding efficiency, as determined by internal

bond strength. It was found that PMDI not only gave superior board properties compared with

the UF, but the amount required was reduced considerably as well. The MC of the mat and

the platen temperature did not significantly affect the bonding efficiency of PMDI bonded

boards, but the bonding efficiency of UF bonded boards. The inclusion of 1% wax

significantly affected the bonding efficiency of both resins; however the loss in strength was

higher in UF than PMDI bonded boards [14].

P. Bekhta et.al. studied on Short-term effect of temperature on bending strength of wood-

based panels. Accordig to this study; Bending strength of different wood-based panels such as

particleboard, MDF and OSB has been studied at temperatures between +20°C and +140°C. It

was found that the temperature for all studied panels significantly affects bending strength.

After one-hour effect of the temperature 140°C the bending strength of panels is reduced (in

comparison to the temperature of 20°C) [15].

Kakaras and Papadopoulos found that the internal bond strength was significantly increased

by increasing the drying temperature. This was attributed to the breakdown of the particles

dried at high temperatures [16].

Increasing the resin content definitely improved the performance of the specimens, apparently

because the extra binder increased the resistance of the board to springback and differential

shrinkage stresses [17].

One year investigation on the ageing effect and long term performance of Cement Bonded

Particle Board the results from stage 1 showed that both strength and stiffness of Varco

cement bonded particleboard were increasing consistently although the test results showed

much better performance than those required in EN standards [18].



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Heating wood changes the properties of wood. It can decrease the higroscopicity and improve

the dimensional stability and decay resistance. A variety of thermal modification processes

have been developed. The results of the process depend on several variables, including time

and temperature, treatment atmosphere, wood species, moisture content, wood dimensions,

and the use of catalyst [19].

Hygroscopic building materials can absorb and release moisture, thus dampening the indoor

humidity variation [20].

The moisture buffering effect of the wood paneling is related to its moisture responses at the

room level [21].

Bending Strength of uncoated particleboard is 18.29 N/mm2 and melamine coated

particleboard is 19.96 N/mm2 [22].

It is well established that the board density is one of the most important variables in

determining the strengths of particleboard. In particleboard, the intimate contact among

adhesive-coated wood particles is prerequisite for forming bonding among the particles.

Raising the board density increases the intimate contact of the particles, thus increasing the

strengths of the particleboard. However, if the density is high enough to allow all wood

particles too intimately contact with each other, further increase in the density would not

increase the strengths any more [23].

Specific mass of the plate is one of the factors that most affect the physical and mechanical

properties. Particleboard with the increase of the mass of a specific thickness swells improves

all other aspects except for dimensional stability. Specific mass as a result of increased

contact between chips is much more powerful [24].

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Particleboard is produced by mechanically reducing the wood raw material into small

particles, applying adhesive to the particles, and consolidating a loose mat of the particles

with heat and pressure into a panel product [25]. Mcp is typically made in five layers. The

uppermost faces of the board are thin melamine; the layer under the melamine consists of fine

wood particles, then the core is made of the coarser material. Melamine coated particleboard

is used for furniture, case goods, and home decoration where it is typically overlaid with other

materials for decorative purposes.

Eighteen millimeter thick Mcp was selected for this study due to its wide-use by the Turkish

panel furniture manufacturers. Production Date: 11th. June, 2012, mixing properties

(Wooden): pine, beech, oak and a bit of waste wood, Mixing properties (Chemical): UF glue,

wax and hardener, Density: 659Kgr/m3 Mcp which 18 mm thick, 1880 mm wide and 3660

mm length full-sized board sheet was obtained from one of the wellknown Mcp producers in

Turkey. First cut into strips. These strips were subsequently cut into the desired member

lengths. Members for joints were randomly selected from this common supply. Melamine



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coated chipboard produced according to TS EN 312 (17.03.2005) [26]. Approximately 95 %

of the lignocelluloses material used for particle board production is wood [27].

Hot-melt adhesive used in this study is a thermoplastic-based synthetic resin. Its application is

recommended in locations subjected to 8–10% relative humidity. Hot-melt adhesives are

environmentally friendly glues containing no solvents. They find key applications in the

manufacture of office and home furniture, particularly in the edges of various types of edge

banding materials such as wood and wood veneer, (PVC), acrylic, (ABS), melamine for table

and cabinet furniture. They are solid at normal ambient temperatures and need to be heated to

a liquid state before bonding. They have to remain sufficiently fluid to wet out the two

surfaces during bonding. As the adhesive cools, it will revert to its solid state, completing the

bond. With hotmelt adhesives, the change from solid to liquid is reversible, and controlled by

temperature. Wood and wood composite should be dry enough so that even if moisture is

added during bonding, the moisture content of the product is at about the level expected for

the assembly in service [28]. Adhesives are used to hold two materials together; thus, the

viscoelastic dissipation of internal and external forces is the most important aspect of

adhesive performance. The effects of internal forces are often not considered, but such forces

can be very high in wood [29]. Adhesive failures are generally the result of using weak edge

banding procedures during manufacture rather than the adhesive having an unreasonably low

softening temperature [30].

Melamine is a private paper that is initially impregnated and then covered with lacquer.

Impregnation is a process in which the paper is absorbed with resin and coated with lacquer

surface. Meanwhile, the paper strength and durability wins. It must be emphasized that

melamine is a special surface covering material that has high resistance to impacts, scratches,

and abrasion. Additionally it is flexible and suitable for surrounding corners [31]. Melamine

edge bands which Thickness of 0.4 mm and width of 22 mm are affixed with an iron

temperature of 200 °C.

PVC edge banding is manufactured with premium quality resins and high-impact modifiers

that produce a product with excellent machinability, impact resistance, durability, and overall

appearance. Thickness of (0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0) mm and width of 22 mm produced by Ersa

Mobilya ve Plastik Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd Şti., Ankara. PVC edge bands glued with hot-melt

adhesives on auto edge banding machine. The temperature of gluing was at 200 °C and the

feed speed of the machine was 12 m/min. The edge banding machine bonds the edge banding

to the substrate, trims leading and trailing edge, trims top and bottom flush, scraps any surplus

and buffs the edge. The adhesive is applied to only edge surface of Mcp, using 214 g/m².

Edge bands types and thicknesses are indicated in Figure 1. Number of 1 is non banding, 2 is

0,4 mm melamine, 3 is 0,4 mm PVC, 4 is 0,8 mm PVC, 5 is 1,0 mm PVC, and 6 is 2,0 mm

PVC.

Cupboard sizes; Height: 900 mm + 100 mm metal leg, Width: 500 mm, Depth: 500 mm +

cover (18 mm), Shelf: 460 mm x 470 mm. Experimental Cupboard shown in Figure 2.



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Figure 1. Edge bands types and thicknesses

Figure 2. Experimental Cupboard

Test methods In this subsection mandatory information about the test methods for the performed

experiments is presented. Accordingly information regarding to experimental use of materials

like standby time, bending-tensile strength, laboratory properties used for testing and

preparation of test samples have been explained.



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Experimental use of materials

Figure 3

Figure 4

1. Test sample standby time: 20 days, 30 days, 40 days and 50 days

2. Bending Strength sample size: Thickness: 18 mm, Width: 50 mm, Length: 410 mm

3. Tensile Strenght sample size: Thickness: 18 mm, Width: 50 mm, Length: 254 mm

Test laboratory properties 1. Physical properties

1.1. Internal Dimensions: L: 400cm, W: 400mm, H: 250mm (40m3)

1.2. Basic Construction: 2 x 30 x 30 mm steel profile

1.3. Coating Properties: (from inward to outside):

1.3.1. Thickness of 5 mm Al panel

1.3.2. Thickness of 18 mm Mcp

1.3.3. Thickness of 30 mm and density 28 polyurethane foam

1.3.4. Thickness of 18 mm Mcp

1.3.5. minus 40 °C, resistant to cold storage door

Equipment and functions 1.4. Cabin temperature is between -20 degrees Celsius to +50 degrees Celsius

1.5. Wind speed: 12 mts / minute air flow rate (constant)



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Laboratory processing 1. Humidity ranges and transition periods; Within 7.30 hours from %37.2 to %65.9

2. Temperature ranges and transition periods; Within 7.30 hours from +35.6 °C to -5.0 °C

Test sample preparation 1. Representative parts to obtain: during the cold and hot application process; test specimens

were obtained 20th

day from the doors, 30 th

day from shelves, 40 th

day from right sides, and

the last 50 th

day left sides of cupboards.

2. Obtaining the test sample: 20th, 30th, 40th ve 50th day’s bending and tensile strength

samples used for experiments were obtained by cutting with circular saw machine.

3. Packaging and transport to the test place: The test samples given in date and serial numbers

coated with polystyrene and packed in corrugated cardboard boxes where transported by

cargo experimental scene.

By using of (Mcp), non banding control sample, two different types of edge banding materials

(PVC and melamine), four edge banding thickness (0.4, 0.8, 1.0, and 2.0 mm) for PVC, and

one edge banding thickness (0.4 mm) for melamin, for bending strength test, a total of 192,

and for tensile strength tests, a total of 216 samples were prepared.

All tests were carried out on a universal testing machine, which have 7 tons capacity in the

Furniture and Decoration Research Laboratory at the Faculty of Technical Education,

Dumlupınar University, Turkey. A rate of loading of 6 mm/min was used in all tests. The

loading was continued until separation occurred on the surface of the test samples. The

maximum bending and tensile strength were determined as the force applied to each

experimental sample at the time of failure. The result for each of the samples was displayed

by the computer to which the test device was connected.

Specific gravity values of Mcp wehere calculated following ASTM Standard D 2395-93 [32].

Moisture contents were calculated on the same specimens and followed ASTM Standard D

4442-92(2003) Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials

[33].

Data analyses and experiments The first important factor is type and thickness of edge banding material, and type of time. In

this respect, the multivariate analysis of variance results for bending and tensile strengths

values for Mcp according to time, edge banding type and edge banding thickness are

presented in Table 1 and Table 2.



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Table 1. Duncan test for bending and tensile strengths results and homogeneity groups

according to edge banding. (N/mm²) Bending strength test Tensile strength test

Type and thickness of edge

band and process

X mean

(N/mm2)

HG Type and thickness of edge

band and process

X mean

(N/mm2)

HG

2,0mm PVC50 days 14,74 A 2,0mm PVC50 days 43.00 A

1,0mm PVC50 days 13,91 B 1,0mm PVC50 days 40.82 AB

0,8mm PVC 50 days 13,70 BC 0,8mm PVC 50 days 38.63 B

0,4mm PVC 50 days 13,36 CD 0,4mm PVC 50 days 35.94 C

0,4mm melamine 50 days 13,10 D 0,4mm melamine 50 days 33.34 D

Non banding 50 days 12,90 D Non banding 50 days 29.33 E

According to Table 1 the highest bending strength for 2.0 mm PVC 50 days mean is (14.74

N/mm2), the lowest bending strength for non banding 50 days mean is (12.90 N/mm

2). As the

Table 1 the highest tensile strength for 2.0 mm PVC 50 days mean is (43.00 N/mm2), the

lowest tensile strength for non banding 50 days mean is (29.33 N/mm2).

Table 2. Bending and tensile strength Bending strength test Tensile strength test

Times X mean(N/mm2) HG Times X mean(N/mm

2) HG

50 days 16,59 A 50 days 38.20 A

40 days 15,28 B 40 days 36.99 AB

30 days 13,88 C 30 days 36.28 B

20 days 8,72 D 20 days 35.98 B

As Table 2 indicates, the highest bending trength for 50 days is (16.59 N/mm2), the lowest

bending strength for 20 days is (8.72 N/mm2). As the Table 2 the highest tensile strength for

50 days is (38.20 N/mm2), the lowest tensile strength for 20 days is (35.98 N/mm

2).

In Table 3 edge band type, thickness, and the effect of heat treatment of the application and

the homogeneity of the results of the comparison groups and the Duncan test to compare the

results of bending and tensile strength.

Table 3. Duncan test for the comparison results and homogeneity groups according to

bending and tensile strength tests (N/mm²) Bending strength test Tensile strength test

Type and thickness of edge

band and process

X HG Type and thickness of edge

band and process

X HG

2,0mm PVC50 days 17.27 A 2,0mm PVC50 days 45.26 A

1,0mm PVC50 days 16.97 A 1,0mm PVC50 days 44.08 AB

0,8mm PVC 50 days 16.80 AB 0,8mm PVC 50 days 41.66 ABC

0,4mm PVC 50 days 16.44 ABC 0,4mm PVC 50 days 41.01 ABC

0,4mm melamine 50 days 16.24 ABCD 0,4mm melamine 50 days 40.94 ABCD

non banding 50 days 15.82 BCDE non banding 50 days 40.84 ABCD

2,0mm PVC40 days 15.69 CDE 2,0mm PVC40 days 40.78 ABCD

1,0mm PVC40 days 15.53 CDEF 1,0mm PVC40 days 40.73 ABCD

0,8mm PVC 40 days 15.37 CDEFG 0,8mm PVC 40 days 39.90 BCDE

0,4mm PVC 40 days 15.17 DEFGH 0,4mm PVC 40 days 38.57 CDEF

0,4mm melamine 40 days 15.06 EFGH 0,4mm melamine 40 days 38.31 CDEF

non banding 40 days 14.86 EFGHI non banding 40 days 37.75 CDEF

2,0mm PVC30 days 14.59 FGHI 2,0mm PVC30 days 37.32 CDEFG



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1,0mm PVC30 days 14.59 GHIJ 1,0mm PVC30 days 36.31 DEFG

0,8mm PVC 30 days 14.11 HIJ 0,8mm PVC 30 days 35.27 EFGH

0,4mm PVC 30 days 13.89 IJ 0,4mm PVC 30 days 34.86 FGH

0,4mm melamine 30 days 13.52 JK 0,4mm melamine 30 days 34.62 FGH

non banding 30 days 12.81 K non banding 30 days 33.04 GHI

2,0mm PVC20 days 11.39 L 2,0mm PVC20 days 32.88 GHI

1,0mm PVC20 days 8.81 M 1,0mm PVC20 days 32.84 GHI

0,8mm PVC 20 days 8.53 MN 0,8mm PVC 20 days 31.15 HI

non banding 20 days 8.11 MN non banding 20 days 28.78 I

0,4mm PVC 20 days 7.92 MN 0,4mm PVC 20 days 28.72 I

0,4mm melamine 20 days 7.59 N 0,4mm melamine 20 days 28.66 I

According to Table 3 the highest bending strength for 2.0mm PVC 50 days mean is (17.27

N/mm2), the lowest bending strength for 0.4mm melamine 20 days mean is (7.59 N/mm

2). As

the Table 3 points out the highest tensile strength for 2.0mm 50 days mean is (45.26 N/mm2),

the lowest tensile strength for 0.4mm melamine 20 days mean is (28.66 N/mm2).

3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Bending strength of non banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 95%, for 0,4 mm

melamine banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 113%, for 0,4 mm PVC banding Mpc

from 20 to 50 days increases 107%, for 0,8 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days

increases 134%, for 1,0 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 93%, for 2,0 mm

PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 52%

Tensile strength of non banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 142%, for 0,4 mm

melamine banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 143%, for 0,4 mm PVC banding Mpc

from 20 to 50 days increases 143%, for 0,8 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days

increases 134%, for 1,0 mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 134%, for 2,0

mm PVC banding Mpc from 20 to 50 days increases 138%

In previous studies bending and tensile strength of the wood and wood composite materials,

and the rates were applied to investigate the various additives. The resulting wood composite

materials with different mechanical and physical properties were observed. In those studies,

usually much higher temperatures were applied.

In this study, different indoor temperatures between -5 and +36 °C were carried out covering

different regions of Turkey. In contrast to the previous studies this pointed out a decline in

mechanical properties. This study indicates an increase in mechanical properties.

Edge band type, thickness, and the effect of heat treatment of the application for bendig

strength increases totally 99% and tensile strength increases totally 139%.

Acknowledgement This study has been supported by the Scientific Research Project Coordinators of Selcuk

University Turkey which project number 11401146.



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[33] ASTM Standard D 4442-92(2003): Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content

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Corresponding author:

C. SAÇLI Department of Materials and Material Processing Technologies, Technical Sciences College, Selcuk

University, 42003 Konya, Turkey E-mail addresses: [email protected]

© Author(s) 2015. This article is published under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)

license.

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