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What’s Reconstruction?
1865: Civil War ends; North wins
Two relationships to reconsider:States vs. federal
governmentWhite Southerners vs. former
slaves
Presidential Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson (Lincoln’s VP)Tennessee Democrat; supported slavery
before Civil WarPhilosophy: give power back to Southern
statesResults:
States passed Black Codes (1865-1867)
Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (formed 1865)
Radical Reconstruction
Led by radical Republicans in CongressTwo key differences:
Gave more power to the federal governmentGave more rights to former slaves
Two key components:Reconstruction AmendmentsEnforcement Acts
The Reconstruction Amendments
13th Amendment (1865): abolishes slavery
14th Amendment (1868): Guarantees citizenship to all persons born in
the U.S.
Prohibits states from passing laws to take away a citizen’s rights
15th Amendment (1870): grants black male citizens the right to vote
The Enforcement Acts
Three laws, 1870-71Protected civil rights granted to
African AmericansCriminalized activities
associated with the KKKEnforced by federal troops
Results of Reconstruction
The Good
Citizenship rightsPolitical gainsEstablishment of schools
The Bad
No gains for womenLimited economic gains
The Election of 1876
Rutherford Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)
Final vote was disputedHayes and Tilden agreed on the
Compromise of 1877:Hayes would become president
Federal troops would withdraw from the South
Results of the Compromise of 1877
Southern governments stopped protecting civil rightsDemocrats returned to power in Southern statesEffectively ended ReconstructionBeginning of Jim Crow
Economic Inequality
Former slaves were uneducated and landless
Slavery replaced by sharecropping Families borrowed plots of land and
tools from landowners
Paid rent with a share of their crop
Laws
Passed by states, cities, and towns
Segregation lawsVoting restrictions
Literacy tests
Poll taxes
Grandfather clauses
Customs
Widespread stereotypesBlacks expected to act inferior
at all timesSome examples:
Names and titles
No social interaction as equals
Black men and white women kept apart