The Entire Literature Review Has Been Organized in Three Parts

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The entire Literature review has been organized in three parts:Studies on factors determining consumer attitude and behavior towardsInternet shopping:Most of the studies conducted in the recent years in field of online shopping behavior and attitude have beenfocusing on the factors influencing the online shopping attitudes and behavior. But, different researchers havediverse opinions and focus, while studying the impact of these factors on the online consumer buying behaviorand attitudes. For example, there is a segment of researchers who have tried to explain the consumer attitude andintentions for online shopping by taking theories like Theory of Reasoned Action, Technology acceptance model orTheory of Planned Behaviour as a basis and have tried to extend them further by adding more web specificfactors to them(Cheung, Zhu, Kwong, Gloria, and Limayem, 2003), whereas there has been another segment whohave derived relationships between various factors and customer satisfaction with reference to the Internetshopping experience in the form of dependent and independent variables. Further, there have been researcherswho have further organized and compiled the previous researches done in this field so as to pave way for futureresearches. These researchers have also contributed in terms of designing structured frameworks for onlineconsumer attitude, intention and buying behavior.

Web experienceThe literature review done by Constantinides (2004) helps in identifying the web experience components and theirrole as the first step in shaping the online consumers behavior. He has added web experience as a controllableelement in his model depicting factors that influence the online buying behavior. He has further explained webexperience factor by classifying it in three sub-categories which are the building blocks of the web experience.These three sub-categories are Functionality factors (usability and Interactivity), Psychological factors (trust) andContent factors (aesthetics and Marketing Mix). The following figure as adopted from his article presents a briefdescription of the number of references in support of each of these factors:

Source: Constantinides, E.(2004). Influencing the online consumers behavior: theweb experience. Journal of Internet Research. Vol 14 No.2, pp. 114, figure 2.

Literature reviewLi and Zhang (2002, p.508) have defined online buying behavior or Internet shopping/buying behavior as theprocess of purchasing products or services via the Internet; which according to Liang and Lai (2000), is similar tothe traditional five steps process of consumer buying behavior (as cited by Li and Zhang, 2002). They have alsodefined online shopping attitude as the psychological state of the consumers in terms of Internet shopping (2002).Li and Zhang (2002) have analysed 35 empirical studies on online shopping attitudes and behavior conductedduring the period of January 1998 to February 2002 and have finally identified 10 inter-related factors for whichthe reviewed studies have significant empirical evidences. These 10 factors have further been classified into fiveindependent factors (viz. external environment, demographics, personal characteristics, vendor/service/productcharacteristics, and website quality) and five dependent factors (viz. attitude towards online shopping, intention toshop online, decision making, online purchasing, and consumer satisfaction.)

Another exhaustive literature review in this field has been by Cheung et al. (2003). They have examined a total of351 articles in the area of online consumer behavior from 1994 to April 2002. They have attempted to link togetherthe concepts of intention, adoption and continuance and form a base model- a Model of Intention, Adoption andContinuance (MIAC) for the development of an online consumer behavior framework. Further, the various factorsas mentioned by various researchers in their study have been categorized under five major domain areas viz.

individual/consumer characteristics, product/service characteristics, medium characteristics, and online merchantand intermediary characteristics. According to them, online purchase intention and adoption has been extensivelystudied and there are lots of empirical evidences available, but research on continuance or consumer onlinerepurchase is in its infancy. The following figure describes the MIAC model as suggested by Cheung et al.

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Framework of online consumer behavior

Source: Cheung, C.M.K., Zhu, L., Kwong, T., Chan, G.W.W. & Limayem, M.(2003).Online Consumer Behavior: A Review and Agenda for Future Research.Proceedings of the 16th Bled eCommerce Conference, eTransformation. 194-218

A recent study conducted by Kuczmarski and James (April 2008) further contribute tothe available body of literature by adding that consumers prefer online stores to actual stores due topotential reasons like convenience, cost and selection.

Trust as a factorStudies also indicate that trust remains a crucial factor in e-commerce and in influencing the purchasedecision of online shoppers. Consumers prefer to shop from trusted websites. Researches reveal thattrust is a factor which also helps in forming long-term customer relationships (Dwyer, Schurr & Oh,1987; Gefen & Straub, 2003; Kim, Xu & Koh, 2004). Some researchers like Lee (2002), Liebermannand Stashevsky (2002), McKnight et al.(2002), Suh and Han(2002) and Liang and Lai(2002) haveeven argued that a new step has been added to the online buying process and that is the step ofbuilding trust or confidence (as cited by Constantinides, 2004). The available literature explains thattrust facilitates e-commerce and online transactions, but at the same time the consumers lack of trust in onlinevendors continues to remain a hindrance in the growth of e-commerce. (Ba & Pavlou, 2002; Gefen and Straub,2003; Gefen, Karahanna & Straub, 2003; Kim, Xu & Koh, 2004; Lim, Sia, Lee & Benbasat, 2006; Pavlou & Gefen,2004). Gefen(2002) and Kim, Xu & Koh (2004) have stated that a key challenge to e-commerce is that creatingtrust typically requires multiple interactions and superior service over a period of time(as cited by Lowry et al.,2008).

Brand has also been established as one of the factors influencing the customer trust for a website (Bart, Shankar,Sultan & Urban, 2005; Yoon, 2002). Ward and Lee(2000) conducted a research to examine whether consumersuse brands as sources of information when shopping on Internet and they concluded that branding can facilitateconsumers acceptance of e-commerce. Lowry, Vance, Moody, Beckman & Read (2008) have studied the impactof branding alliances and web-site quality on the consumer trust of e-commerce websites. They explored theusage of branding alliances and website quality by the less familiar websites to enhance the consumer trust andsuggested that branding and web-site quality can significantly increase the initial consumer trust in the e-commerce websites.

Ballantine(2005) has studied the effects of interactivity and the amount of product information provided by anonline shopping environment on consumer satisfaction. A web-based experiment was conducted whererespondents were exposed to a simulated online retail store. Findings indicate that these two factors had asignificant effect on the consumer satisfaction.

Tangibility also remains an important factor in influencing the purchase process of Internet shoppers. Melian-Alzola and Padron-Robaina(2006) have analysed the role and importance of the tangible elements of purchaseprocesses in business to consumer(B2C) e-commerce, and the impact on overall perceived quality and thecustomers attitudes. Their research concluded that that four attributes navigation, signposting, tools and

explanation explain the tangible dimension in electronic commerce. They revealed that design was an importantfactor of overall perceived quality and the willingness to recommend the purchase experience to others.




Security of transactions is another factor that remains as a matter of concern for e-commerce consumers. According to a study conducted by American Banker in 2007,one-third of Canadians refused to shop online due to fear of identity theft. Webassurance services help in building up the trust and confidence of such consumers.

In an experimental study undertaken by Mauldin and Arunachalam (2002), theimpact of web assurance services and retailer disclosures on purchase intent wasstudied. They have defined web assurance as the measures taken to reduce information risks andincrease online purchasing by improving the reliability of certain information on the website. Theirfindings indicate that web assurance. In this research they considered TRUSTe, WebTrust and VISAweb assurance services for the study. Their findings indicate that there were no significant differencesin intent to purchase among the three assurance providers. Mauldin and Arunachalam have alsostudied the impact of product and retailer familiarity on the buying behavior of online consumers in theabove mentioned study and they suggest that web assurance is insignificant when product familiarity ishigher, or in other words, where product familiarity is lower, intent to purchase is higher with webassurance. Retailer familiarity is not found to be significant in any of the conditions. Further, their studyalso reveals that retailer disclosures are sufficient to impact buying intention of online consumers; theweb assurance services studied in the above study did not provide any additional assurance beyondthe retailer disclosures. They have further emphasized that comfort with the Internet, general intent tobuy online, and website design played significant role in influencing purchase intention. Although security is amajor concern of online buyers, their study indicates that information risk generally did not significantly influencepurchase intention, which explains why web assurance is generally not significant in their study.

Bruce, Katherine and Murphy (2008) have further explored the prior studies on web assurance models to providedetailed explanation on current reporting requirements, differences among web assurance services andperceptions of consumers regarding these services. The study concludes that consumers give importance to webassurance services, but younger consumers place greater value on these services rather than older consumers.

Technology Acceptance Model as a basis for research on

Literature reviewIn an attempt to design a structured framework for the effects of different factors on consumer attitude towardsInternet shopping and their intentions to shop online, Monsuwe, Dellaert and Ruyter (2004) have reviewed thevarious researches conducted in the field. They have used Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a base andsuggested a framework based on previous research on consumer adoption of new technologies and services. TheTechnology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989) has served as a basis for various researches conducted in theInformation systems field. In order to support the selection of TAM as a basis for their research work, Monsuweet.al, 2004 have cited Chen et al.(2002), Moon and Kim(2001) and Lederar et al.(2000) who suggest that althoughthis model is specifically designed to understand the adoption of a new computer based technology in thejob/workplace, it has also proven to be suitable as theoretical foundation for adoption of e-commerce as well. TheTechnology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggests the usefulness, ease of use and the later addition ofenjoyment (Davis et al., 1992) as the determinants of consumers attitude towards adopting a new technology.This attitude, further, has a strong and positive effect on consumers intentions to actually use the new technologyor system (Bobbitt and Dabholkar, 2001; Davis, 1993). While redefining the three constructs in context of online

shopping Monsuwe et.al.(2004, p.107) have referred to usefulness as the consumers perceptions that using theInternet as a shopping medium enhances the outcome of their shopping experience. Similarly, they haveredefined ease of use as the consumers perception that the process leading to online shopping will requireminimum effort and will be easy. Further, according to them, the enjoyment construct refers to the fun andplayfulness of the Internet shopping experience. While usefulness has a weak direct link to attitude, it shows astrong direct link towards intention to shop online (Davis et al., 1989). It is also linked with ease of use todetermine consumers attitude towards online shopping. Hence, ease of use has a direct as well as indirecteffect on consumers intention to shop online.




Using TAM as a basis for the study, the framework proposed by Monsuwe, Dellaertand Ruyter(2004) not only includes the functional/utilitarian and hedonic dimensionslike ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment which affect the consumersattitude and intention towards Internet shopping, but they have also included some ofthe exogenous factors recommended by various researchers in the framework suchas consumer traits(Burke, 2002; Dhabolkar and Bagozzi, 2002; Brown et al., 2001;Eastin and LaRose, 2000), situational factors(Wolfinbarger and Gilly,2001; Avery, 1996), productcharacteristics(Grewal et al., 2002; Elliot and Fowell, 2000), previous online shoppingexperiences(Shim et al., 2001; Eastlick and Lotz, 1999) and trust in online shopping(Yoon, 2002;Lee and Turban, 2001)

Monsuwe et.al. in their research, have mentioned about the various researches done in order toextend the TAM by suggesting additional factors. For example, Venkatesh (2000), who has proposedintegrating factors like control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the existing TechnologyAcceptance Model which are considered to be strong determinants for ease of use construct of TAM.Dabholkar and Bagozzi (2002) have given an attitudinal model of technology based self-service bysuggesting two exogenous factors like consumer traits and situational influences. Further, theyhave cited OCass and Fenech (2002) who have added seven key consumer characteristics namelyopinion leadership, buying impulsiveness, satisfaction with websites, web shoppingcompatibility, shopping orientation, Internet self-efficacy, and web-security to the model.

Further, they have substantiated their model by citing the classification given by Hirschman and Holbrook (1982)who have categorised Internet shoppers in two categories; one is of the problem solvers and other category is ofthose seeking for fun, fantasy, arousal, sensory stimulation, and enjoyment. Monsuwe et al. suggest that thisclassification also supports the basic three constructs of TAM which affect the consumers attitude towards Internetshopping as ease of use and usefulness reflect the utilitarian aspect and enjoyment is in sync with thehedonic aspect of the model.

The above explanation given by Monsuwe et al. is similar to the categorization of the shopping orientations byBellenger, Robertson and Greenberg(1977) as convenience versus recreational orientation (as cited by Kim,LaRose, 2004)

Various researches have been conducted to identify the underlying dimensions for the basic constructs of the TAMmodel. These latent dimensions can be further used to understand how these constructs get influenced by variousexogenous factors. For example, Mathwick et al. (2001) have added two interesting latent dimensions to theusefulness construct Consumer Return on Investment(CROI), and service excellence. Monsuwe, Dellaertand Ruyter (2004) have defined CROI as a perceived return on cognitive, behavioural or financial investmentmade by the consumer. Whereas, service excellence evaluates the delivered promises against theperformance. If both these dimensions are satisfied, then consumers will judge the Internet shopping performancepositively (Mathwick et al., 2002) which adds to the perceived usefulness. Zeithamal et al. (2002) have stated

that site characteristics such as search functions, download speed and navigation also acts as a determinant inshaping ease of use construct of the TAM model. But, Monsuwe et al. (2004, p.109) have a different opinionregarding this dimension. They have stated that ...these site characteristics merely influence the ease of use ofa particular web site or online store, and not the Internet as a shopping medium in general




Online Shopping orientationsKim and LaRose (2004) have defined shopping orientation as a shoppers attitudetoward shopping activity that may vary with the situation rather than an invariantpersonality trait of the shopper. They have cited the categorization given byBellenger, Robertson and Greenberg (1977) which classifies shoppers on the basisof their shopping orientation into convenience versus recreation oriented. Kim and LaRose (2004) alsoposit that shoppers may possess multiple orientations depending upon the expected outcome of ashopping experience and may demonstrate a regulated/utilitarian or an unregulated/recreationalshopping orientation depending upon the environmental stimuli. Their study also shows that these twoshopping orientations are not mutually exclusive and interactive web features may draw shoppers withconvenience orientation into unregulated buying.

Li, Kuo and Rusell(2006) have also studied the impact of shopping orientations on online consumerbehavior alongwith other factors like demographics, channel knowledge and perceived channelutilities. Primary data was collected by a research company using an online survey of 999 U.S.Internet users. They have classified Internet users as frequent, occasional and non-buyers. Findingsindicated that frequent web buyers have a higher degree of perceived channel utility for the purpose ofcommunication, distribution and accessibility. Similarly channel knowledge also has a positive effect onthe Internet buying and it also has a reciprocal influence on the perceived channel utilities. Their study alsoindicates that frequent web buyers value convenience more than experience(touch and feel of the product)whereas those who are non-web buyers have a higher degree of experience orientation. Recreation and economyorientation are found to be similar for the three types of Internet buyers. The study of the demographic factorsrevealed that male are more frequent web buyers than women, better-educated consumers shop more frequentlyonline and consumers with higher income are more likely to be in frequent web buyer category. Age was notsignificant as far as frequency of web buying was concerned.

Note: Most of the researchers feel that the classical consumer behavioral theoriesused for can only act as a starting point for understanding the online consumerbehavior. There is no structured framework for explaining the online consumerbehavior; the studies are mostly fragmented. Researchers have suggesteddifferent factors and frameworks, but there is a lack of a cohesive theoretical baseto the online consumer behavior.Ba, S.L., and Pavlou, P.A. Evidence of the effect of trust building technology in electronic markets: Price premiumsand buyer behavior. MIS Quarterly, 26, 3 (2002), 243268.

Gefen, D., and Straub, D.W. Consumer trust in B2C e-commerce and the importance of social presence:experiments in e-products and e-services. Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 32, 6(2004), 407424.

Gefen, D.; Karahanna, E.; and Straub, D.W. Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS

Quarterly, 27, 1 (2003), 5190.

Kim, H.-W.; Xu, Y.; and Koh, J. A comparison of online trust building factors between potential customers andrepeat customers. Journal of the AIS, 5, 10 (2004), 392420.

Lim, K.H.; Sia, C.L.; Lee, M.K.O.; and Benbasat, I. Do I trust you online, and if so, will I buy? An empirical study oftwo trust-building strategies. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23, 2 (Fall 2006), 233266.

Pavlou, P.A., and Fygenson, M. Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of thetheory of planned behavior. MIS Quarterly, 30, 1 (2006), 115143.

Dwyer, F.R.; Schurr, P.H.; and Oh, S. Developing buyerseller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 51, 2 (1987),1127.




Everard, A.P., and Galletta, D.F. How presentation flaws affect perceived site quality,trust, and intention to purchase from an online store. Journal of ManagementInformation Systems, 22, 3 (Winter 20056), 5695

Kuczmarski, James (2008, Apr). JOURNAL-IST: Freedom of Choice. Fast Company,Issue 124, 43-43, 1/2p

Runyan, B., Smith, K.T., Smith, L. M.(2008, Mar). Implications of Web assurance services on e-commerce. Accounting Forum (Elsevier), Vol. 32 Issue 1, 46-61

Gefen, D. Customer loyalty in e-commerce. Journal of the AIS, 3, 1 (2002), 2751.

Bart, Y.; Shankar, V.; Sultan, F.; and Urban, G.L. Are the drivers and role of online trust the same for allWeb sites and consumers? A large-scale exploratory empirical study. Journal of Marketing, 69, 4(2005), 133152.

Yoon, S.-J. The antecedents and consequences of trust in online-purchase decisions. Journal ofInteractive Marketing, 16, 2 (2002), 4763.

Lowry, P.B., Vance, A., Moody, G., Beckman, B. & Read, A. (2008). Explaining and Predicting theImpact of Branding Alliances and Web Site Quality on Initial Consumer Trust of E-Commerce Web Sites. Journalof Management Information Systems / Spring 2008, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 199224.

American Banker(2007, 17 Dec), Vol. 172 Issue 241, p17-17, 1/9p

Monsuwe, T.P., Dellaert, B.G.C. & Ruyter, K.D.(2004). What drives consumers to shop online? A literature review.International Journal of Service Industry Management.Vol.15 No.1, pp.102-121

Ward,M.R. & Lee, M. J.(2000). Internet shopping, consumer search and product branding. Journal of Product andBrand Management, Vol.9 No.1, pp.6-20

Ballantine, P.W.(2005). Effects of interactivity and product information on consumer satisfaction in an online retailsetting. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol.33 No.1, pp.461-471

Melin-Alzola, L. & Padrn-Robaina, V. (2006). Tangibility as a quality factor in electronic commerce B2C.Managing Service Quality. Vol.16 No.3,pp.320-338

Li,N. & Zhang, P.(2002). Consumer Online shopping attitudes and behaviour: An assessment of research.

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Constantinides, E.(2004). Influencing the online consumers behavior: the web experience. Internet Research. Vol14 No.2, pp. 111-126

Cheung, C.M.K., Zhu, L., Kwong, T., Chan, G.W.W. & Limayem, M.(2003). Online Consumer Behavior: A Reviewand Agenda for Future Research. Proceedings of the 16th Bled eCommerce Conference, eTransformation. 194-218

Li, H., Kuo, C. & Rusell, M.G.(2006, Jun). The Impact of Perceived Channel Utilities, Shopping Orientations, andDemographics on the Consumers Online Buying Behaviour. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 5(2).Retrieved July, 1, 2009, from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120837782/HTMLSTART

Mauldin, E. & Arunachalam, V. (2002). An Experimental Examination of Alternative Forms of Web Assurance forBusiness-to-Consumer e-Commerce. Journal of Information Systems. 16. 33-54

Abstract:Customers in an Internet shopping environment actually play dual roles. One is the role as a customer in ashopping place, and the other is the role as a user of information technology. In both cases, the level ofsatisfaction is of great concern. In this vein, a way of measuring the satisfaction level that takes both roles intoaccount is needed. However, in past research indexes for consumer satisfaction and indexes for user informationsatisfaction have been developed separately in the fields of marketing and management information systems.Because of this lack of interaction between the two streams of research, an index for electronic commerceconsumers that has its base in the dual roles has not been developed and tested. In this research, an instrumentfor measuring electronic commerce consumer satisfaction was proposed and validated using a sample of over400 customers. The relationship between the index and consumers purchasing intention was also examined.




Title:

Development of electronic commerce user-consumersatisfaction index (ECUSI) for Internet shopping

Author(s):Namjae Cho, Sanghyuk Park

Journal:Industrial Management & Data Systems

Year:2001

Volume:101

Issue:8

Page:400 - 406

ISSN:0263-5577

DOI:10.1108/EUM0000000006170

Publisher:MCB UP Ltd

Abstract:Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of consumers' shopping orientation on theirsatisfaction level with the product search and purchase behavior using multi-channels.

Design/methodology/approach A total of 181 students in a large US mid-western university provided usableresponses to the survey. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analyses were employed to examinethe research questions.

Findings The results showed that more than three quarters of the respondents shopped via the internet andcatalogs, and about 95 percent shopped at non-local retailers. About 60 percent reported that they never shoppedfrom TV shopping channels. Confident/fashion-conscious shopping orientation and catalog/internet shoppingorientation were found to be key predictors of customer satisfaction level with information search via multi-channels. Both confident/fashion-conscious consumers and mall shopping-oriented shoppers were more satisfiedwith store-based retail channels for apparel purchases, whereas non-local store-oriented shoppers andcatalog/internet-oriented shoppers were more satisfied with non-store-based retail channels for their apparelpurchases.

Research limitations/implications The sample of this study was biased by gender and age. For the apparel retailindustry, this paper offers practical knowledge about the relationships between shopping orientation andconsumer search and purchase behavior in a multi-channel retailing context.

Originality/value No study has utilized the shopping orientation framework to explain consumer behavior in amulti-channel environment. This study provides understanding of consumer product information search behavioron four dimensions (price, promotion, style/trends, and merchandise availability) via multi-channels.

Title:

The effects of shopping orientations on consumers' satisfaction with productsearch and purchases in a multi-channel environment

Author(s):Hyun-Hwa Lee, Jihyun Kim

Journal:Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management

Year:2008

Volume:12

Issue:2

Page:193 - 216

ISSN:1361-2026

DOI:10.1108/13612020810874881

Publisher:Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Article Information:

Title:

Attitude toward internet web sites, online information search, and channelchoices for purchasing

Author(s):Yoo-Kyoung Seock, Marjorie Norton

Journal:Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management

Year:2007

Volume:11

Issue:4

Page:571 - 586

ISSN:1361-2026

DOI:10.1108/13612020710824616


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Abstract:Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of attitudes toward particular clothing web sites, specificallyfavorite ones, on information search at those web sites and on the choice to purchase items from those web sitesand from non-internet channels after finding the items at the web sites.

Design/methodology/approach Using survey data from 414 US college students who had online shoppingexperience and favorite clothing web sites that they especially like to visit, hypothesized relationships amongattitude toward internet web sites, online information search and channel choices for purchasing were tested using

path analysis.

Findings Results showed that participants' attitudes toward their favorite clothing web sites had a direct, positiveeffect on their intentions to search for information at those web sites as well as intentions to purchase clothingitems from those web sites after finding the items there. Additionally, operating through information-searchintentions at the web sites, participants' attitudes toward those web sites had an indirect, positive effect on theirintentions to purchase clothing items from non-internet channels after finding the items at the web sites.




Research limitations/implications Results cannot be generalized to the largerpopulation of young consumers and to other consumer groups. Future researchshould include other population groups.

Practical implications This research provides insights into how college students'attitudes toward internet web sites affect their information search at the web sitesand their channel choices for purchasing. Our results suggest potential benefits ofmulti-channel retailing for online clothing retailers targeting US college students and the importance ofbuilding effective web sites to elicit those consumers' positive attitudes toward the web sites.

Originality/value This study is the first to investigate young adult online shoppers' attitude towardsinternet web sites and their information search and channel choices for purchasing.

Keywords:Consumer behaviour, Information retrieval, Internet shopping, Purchasing, United States of America

Article Type:Research paper

Article URL:http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/13612020710824616


Title:

Do determinants of online shopping differ for personal shoppers and professionalshoppers?

Author(s):Amit Bhatnagar

Journal:EuroMed Journal of Business

Year:2007

Volume:2

Issue:1

Page:87 - 102

ISSN:1450-2194

DOI:10.1108/14502190710749974


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Abstract:

Purpose Individuals use the web for shopping for both personal and professional objectives. The purpose of thispaper is to show that the demographic profile of individuals who shop online for personal reasons is different fromthat of those who shop for professional reasons.

Design/methodology/approach Based on marketing literature, hypotheses were generated regarding therelationships between proclivity to purchase online and demographics. The data were collected through onlinesurveys, and the hypotheses tested with an ordinal regression model.

Findings This research indicated that individuals with children, high incomes, and large internet experience aremore likely to shop online for personal purposes and younger men with large internet experience are more likely toshop online for professional purposes.

Research limitations/implications One of the limitations of this study is that it focuses on only the demographicdeterminants, and ignores others, such as reputation and size, service quality, overall ease of use and usefulnessof the web site, etc.


Title:

Attitude and age differences in online buying

Author(s):Patricia Sorce, Victor Perotti, Stanley Widrick

Journal:International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management

Year:2005

Volume:33

Issue:2

Page:122 - 132

ISSN:0959-0552

DOI:10.1108/09590550510581458

Publisher:

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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Abstract:Purpose This paper examines the shopping and buying behavior of younger and older online shoppers asmediated by their attitudes toward internet shopping.

Design/methodology/approach Over 300 students and staff from a US university completed a survey regardingtheir online shopping and buying experiences for 17 products.

Findings The results show that, while older online shoppers search for significantly fewer products than theiryounger counterparts, they actually purchase as much as younger consumers. Attitudinal factors explained morevariance in online searching behavior. Age explained more variance in purchasing behavior if the consumer hadfirst searched for the product online.

Research limitations/implications The limitations of the present research are threefold. First, the sample wasrestricted to university faculty, staff and students. Second, a better measure of the hedonic motivation construct isneeded. Third, additional independent measures such as income should be included to understand the additionaldemographic factors related to online purchase.



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Practical implications Retailing managers can make use of the results as describing multifaceted nature ofonline shopping and buying behavior. Age differences (in both directions) were seen for many product categories.In addition, results indicate that how one measures online shopping impacts on one's understanding of age effectson internet shopping. Age was negatively correlated with online pre-purchase search but was positively correlatedwith online purchasing when pre-purchase search behavior was taken into account.

Originality/value The present study advances knowledge of the nature of therelationships among age, attitudes, and online shopping and buying behavior.


Title:

Print and Internet catalog shopping: assessing attitudes andintentions

Author(s):Leo R. Vijayasarathy, Josep.h M. Jones

Journal:Internet Research

Year:2000

Volume:10

Issue:3

Page:191 - 202

ISSN:1066-2243

DOI:10.1108/10662240010331948


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Abstract:The use of print catalogs for direct marketing has a long history of success. Today, telecommunication networks,such as the Internet, offer the potential to reach a larger market through the use of online catalogs that could bedynamic, flexible, and consumer-responsive. This paper reports the results of an empirical study that comparedindividuals attitudes and intentions to shop using print and Internet catalogs. The findings suggest that individualsperceived differences between the two catalog media on the shopping factors of reliability, tangibility, andconsumer risk. Further, product value, pre-order information, post-selection information, shopping experience, andconsumer risk emerged as the factors that influenced attitudes and intentions to shop using print and Internetcatalogs.

Title:

Non-functional motives for online shoppers: why we click

Author(s):Andrew G. Parsons

Journal:Journal of Consumer Marketing

Year:2002

Volume:19

Issue:5

Page:

380 - 392

ISSN:0736-3761

DOI:10.1108/07363760210437614


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Abstract:This study applies Taubers personal and social motives, as representative of Sheths non-functional motives forshopping, to Internet shoppers. Two studies are conducted; in the first a sample of current online shoppers issurveyed on how well Taubers motives describe their motivation for Internet shopping. Projective technique isused in the second study, in which a group of consumers are asked to discuss how the motives may impact ononline shoppers, as a means of explaining how the motives apply in the Internet setting. Results suggest thatTaubers non-functional motives can be adapted to the twenty-first century mode of shopping. This leads to somestrong implications for researchers and practitioners who so far have concentrated on the functional aspects ofInternet shopping with respect to gaining shopping market share.

Title:

Factors affecting intentions to purchase via the internet

Author(s):W.C. May So, T.N. Danny Wong, Domenic Sculli

Journal:Industrial Management & Data Systems

Year:2005

Volume:105

Issue:9

Page:1225 - 1244

ISSN:0263-5577

DOI:10.1108/02635570510633275


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Abstract:Purpose To investigate web-shopping behaviour in Hong Kong: identification of the general attitude towardsweb-shopping; relationships between past web-shopping experience, attitude towards web-shopping, adoptiondecisions, search behaviour and web-shopping intentions; and influences of promotional offers and productcategories on web-shopping intentions.




Design/methodology/approach Relevant hypotheses were constructed and a web-based questionnaire survey was than conducted using technically educatedsubjects. The proposed hypotheses were statistically tested and principalcomponents analysis and structural equations were used to produce a structuralmodel.

Findings Web-shopping intentions are directly affected by web-search behaviourand web-shopping adoption decisions, and are indirectly affected by web-shopping attitudes, pastweb-shopping experiences and past experience with the web. Web-search behaviour was a strongerfactor than adoption decision in terms of influencing web-shopping intentions. The presence ofpromotional offers had a positive effect on web-shopping intentions, and web-shopping intentionswere different for different product categories.

Research limitations/implications The sample employed was composed of technically educatedundergraduates and graduates and thus limiting generalizations to a higher levels.

Practical implications Experienced internet users and experienced web-shoppers are more likely tobe potential future web-shoppers. Those who have a general dislike for shopping and who tend to buyin a great haste when the purchase becomes absolutely necessary may eventually be another groupto become web-shoppers.

Originality/value The primary value of this paper lies in extending the understanding of Hong Kong web-shopperbehaviour, and in developing an empirical model that can partly explain the processes leading to web-shoppingintentions

methodology/approach The data base for this study was obtained from a sample of 191 individuals who hadpurchased on the internet and the techniques used in the statistical analysis of the data were as follows: principalcomponents analysis, structural equations and regression analyses.

Findings Two dimensions cost and guarantee explain value in e-commerce. In the data resulting from theanalyses, guarantee turns out to be a more important factor with respect to overall perceived quality andconsumer attitudes than cost.

Research limitations/implications If a company manages to improve its e-commerce transaction results, this willhave a favorable effect on overall perceived quality and consumer attitudes. In other words, the result is asimportant as the process for a successful purchase.

Practical implications The scale, integrated for the dimensions guarantee and cost should help firms toidentify and improve their B2C e-commerce results from the customer perspective. Consequently, it will have apositive effect on overall quality, disposition to repeat and disposition to recommend.

Originality/value Companies operating on the internet will find a number of suggestions in this paper on how toachieve competitive advantage through the successful management of their websites, improving results guarantee and cost to customers.

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The entire Literature review has been organized in three parts:Studies on factors determining consumer attitude and behavior towards Internet shopping:Web experienceSource: Constantinides, E.(2004). Influencing the online consumers behavior: the web experience. Journal of Internet Research. Vol 14 No.2, pp. 114, figure 2.Literature reviewTrust as a factorTechnology Acceptance Model as a basis for research onLiterature reviewOnline Shopping orientationsNote: Most of the researchers feel that the classical consumer behavioral theories used for can only act as a starting point for understanding the online consumer behavior. There is no structured framework for explaining the online consumer behavior; the studies are mostly fragmented. Researchers have suggested different factors and frameworks, but there is a lack of a cohesive theoretical base to the online consumer behavior.Abstract:Title:Development of electronic commerce user-consumer satisfaction index (ECUSI) for Internet shoppingAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Abstract:Title:The effects of shopping orientations on consumers' satisfaction with product search and purchases in a multi-channel environmentAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Article Information:Title:Attitude toward internet web sites, online information search, and channel choices for purchasingAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Document Access:Existing customers:You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this document:Request this document:Reprints & permissions:Abstract:Keywords:Article Type:Article URL:Article Information:Title:Do determinants of online shopping differ for personal shoppers and professional shoppers?Author(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Document Access:Existing customers:You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this document:Request this document:Reprints & permissions:Abstract:Article Information:Title:Attitude and age differences in online buyingAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Document Access:Existing customers:You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this document:Request this document:Reprints & permissions:Abstract:Article Information:Title:Print and Internet catalog shopping: assessing attitudes and intentionsAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Document Access:Existing customers:You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this document:Request this document:Reprints & permissions:Abstract:Title:Non-functional motives for online shoppers: why we clickAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Document Access:Existing customers:You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this document:Request this document:Reprints & permissions:Abstract:Title:Factors affecting intentions to purchase via the internetAuthor(s):Journal:Year:Volume:Issue:Page:ISSN:DOI:Publisher:Document Access:Existing customers:You do not have rights to view the articlePurchase this document:Request this document:Reprints & permissions:Abstract:Share This EssayRequest RemovalMore from UK Essays

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The Entire Literature Review Has Been Organized in Three Parts