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The Ethics of EdTech
How AI influences education
and why coding becomes politics
Dr. Jörg Dräger | @joergdraeger
AI in education: People talk about tech hype, disruption and money
The Ethics of EdTech 2
But it is a bit more complicated: A think tank’s view of coding becoming political and ethics of EdTech important
3
MASSIFICATION: MORE ACCESS – FOR THE GIFTED & MOTIVATED
PERSONALIZATION: INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING FOR ALL
GAMIFICATION: OVERCOMING MOTIVATIONAL BARRIERS
INTERACTION: WeQ – THE POWER OF PEER-TO-PEER
ORIENTATION: GUIDANCE THROUGH THE JUNGLE OF OPPORTUNITIES
JOB MATCHING: MAKING EDUCATION MORE VALUABLE
„Systemic“ view „Political“ view
The Ethics of EdTech
As a start
4
Technology is not an end in itself. We need technology to deal with three key challenges
The Ethics of EdTech
University students worldwide
67 mn
198 mn
UN
ES
CO
Institu
te f
or
Sta
tistics
(2016);
Cente
r fo
rH
igher
Education G
erm
any
(2015)
x 3in 20 yrs
x 3in 20 yrs
Challenge 1: Education has become a “mass business”
5The Ethics of EdTech
Mic
hael
Fulle
n,
Str
ato
sph
ere
(2013)
Amount of atypical US students(older, part-time, off-campus)
75% 19.212
Number of degree programs in Germany(January 2018)
Challenge 2: The diversity is growing rapidly
6The Ethics of EdTech
HR
K H
ochschulk
om
pass 2
018
U.S
. D
epart
ment
of
Education,
Dig
est
of
Education S
tatistics
and N
ational
Assessm
ent
of
Education
al
Pro
gre
ss (
2013).
Cost of growth in education (schematic)
Number of studentsNumber of studentsNumber of studentsNumber of students
Re
sso
urc
es
Re
sso
urc
es
Re
sso
urc
es
Re
sso
urc
es
CCCCostsostsostsosts
Cost per pupil (US, inflation adjusted)
80%
120%
160%
200%
240%
1971 1975 1980 1984 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2004 2008
CostCostCostCost
Reading skillsReading skillsReading skillsReading skills
+129%
± 0%
Dealing with mass Dealing with diversity
Challenge 3: Skills are stagnating, cost is exploding
7The Ethics of EdTech
MASSIFICATION: MORE ACCESS – FOR THE GIFTED & MOTIVATED
PERSONALIZATION: INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING FOR ALL
GAMIFICATION: OVERCOMING MOTIVATIONAL BARRIERS
INTERACTION: WeQ – THE POWER OF PEER-TO-PEER
ORIENTATION: GUIDANCE THROUGH THE JUNGLE OF OPPORTUNITIES
JOB MATCHING: MAKING EDUCATION MORE VALUABLE
Technology helps us solve these challenges …
8The Ethics of EdTech
… and (AI) algorithms are the drivers of these change agents
9
Given the mass of learners,
we need “intelligent” algorithmic
decision making
to personalize the different forms
of learning, orientation, matching
The Ethics of EdTech
PERSONALIZATION
GAMIFICATION
ORIENTATION
JOB MATCHING
PEER-2-PEER
MASSIFICATION
And now to the “political” view – looking at examples
10
Algorithmic decision making can do wonders –and can go terribly wrong
The Ethics of EdTech
A warm up: Why a simple algorithms becomes political
11
Detour 1: +30 Minuten
Detour 2: +60 Minuten
Not everybody can take the short detour -But who decides? And according to which criteria?
Not everybody can take the short detour -But who decides? And according to which criteria?
The Ethics of EdTech
Back to EdTech: NYC has a mass problem. Every year pupils need to find their “perfect” high school
12
No preference school
41%
„Analog Times“ (until 2003)
77,000 8th graders 426 high schools
New York Public School System
The Ethics of EdTech
Ho
w G
am
e T
he
ory
He
lpe
d I
mp
rove
Ne
w Y
ork
Cit
y’s
Hig
h S
cho
ol
Ap
plic
ati
on
Pro
cess
.
Tu
llis,
Tra
cy.
Th
e N
ew
Yo
rk T
ime
s: 0
5.1
2.2
01
4 P
ixa
ba
yC
0
Today an algorithmic matching system makes for happier students and parents (even though it doesn’t fix all equity issues)
Ho
w G
am
e T
he
ory
He
lpe
d I
mp
rove
Ne
w Y
ork
Cit
y’s
Hig
h S
cho
ol
Ap
plic
ati
on
Pro
cess
.
Tu
llis,
Tra
cy.
Th
e N
ew
Yo
rk T
ime
s: 0
5.1
2.2
01
4
13The Ethics of EdTech
Parental Satisfaction
96%
„Digital Age“New York Public School System
Preference list
1) 7)
2) 8)
3) 9)
4) 10)
5) 11)
6) 12)
Algorithmic matching
But: France abandoned its algorithmic allocation system for university students due to bias and lack of transparency
14The Ethics of EdTech
740,000 high school grads
11,000 post schooled options
French Universities
Hill
er
V.
an
d T
erc
ieu
xO
. (2
01
4):
“C
ho
ix d
’éco
le e
n F
ran
ce:
un
e é
valu
ati
on
de
la
pro
céd
ure
Aff
eln
et”
, R
evu
e E
con
om
iqu
e,
65
, p
p 6
19
-65
6.
FAILED
© f
lickr
.co
m/k
aif
riis
, C
C-B
Y 2
.0
Lessons learned: Matching algorithms can be highly political
15
Without transparency, algorithmic decision making systems lack public support and are doomed to fail
The Ethics of EdTech
Another EdTech example: Diversity is a challenge, algorithms can support teachers
16
Today
Big data allows addressing
individual students, even in large groups
Past
Teachers taught to
the average student(„middle head“)
The Ethics of EdTech
Algorithms can help students find the right course of study …
17The Ethics of EdTech
+61%4-year
graduationrate
Algorithms(+ Advisory Network)Arizona State University
80,000 studentsThousands of
courses to choose
Recommendation:
Agriculture 203
Recommendation:
Psychology 101
Recommendation:
Theoretical Physics
444
AS
U A
nn
ua
l R
ep
ort
20
14
… and alert their support network when they encounterdifficulties
The Ethics of EdTech 18
Georgia State University
32,000 students800 algorithmicallyinitiated alerts daily
Academics Finances
Interests Health
Campus life Supports
+68%graduation
rate
Algorithms(+ Advisory Network)
GS
U 2
01
5 S
tatu
s R
ep
ort
/ C
om
ple
teC
olle
ge
Ge
org
ia,
p.2
But: algorithms are also used to exclude potential valedictorians
19The Ethics of EdTech
Best students excluded …
… due to low admitted
students acceptance rate
We
ap
on
so
fM
ath
De
stru
ctio
n,
Ca
thy
O‘N
eil
(20
16
), p
.55
-57
Not-to-be-blamedUniversity
College Ranking
105
108
113
360
Goal: improve college ranking
Lessons learned: Use or abuse
20
Without a clear purpose and proper ethical norms, good algorithms can go wrong
The Ethics of EdTech
The Ethics of EdTech 21
SOCIETY: Algorithmic competence for all
EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE: Dare the public discourse
INSTITUTIONS: Think about processes, not tools
CLASSROOMS: Overcome the locality problem
WE as educators, investors and techies are responsible forthe ethics of EdTech and for leading the public debate
„So how do we leverage the potential of AI in education and avoid failure?“
Classrooms: Education is local, expensive technology needs to be global. Stop reinventing the wheel in EdTech
22The Ethics of EdTech
• Make EdTech the norm in
every classroom• Invest in systems rather than in
institutions
• Join forces, e.g. with thegaming industry
Scale upLocality problem
Market share of typical education
institution:0,X %
Market share of typical digital
application:X0 %
Institutions: Even if it is more complex – think aboutprocesses, not just about tools
23The Ethics of EdTech
• Software tools as part of
institutional processes• Complex analysis and
implementation
• Fit to institutional culture, needfor participation and traning of
faculty• Harder to scale …
Re-design processes
One piece of software will
personalize learning
One AI algorithm will orient students’
learning path
Not all dreams come true
Educational landscape: Whether you want it or not – EdTechis politics. Be proactive, make EdTech political
24The Ethics of EdTech
?
If you ever see a black box …
• Establish rules and regulations
– and make them binding• Lead the public debate, be
open about ADM purposes and
standards• Push for transparency, allow for
accountability
… think about France (or the InBloom case in the US)
Society: Universities should help making everybodyalgorithmically competent
25The Ethics of EdTech
Techies should just code
The rest of us doesn’t need to understand
algorithmic systems
Split labor doesn‘t make sense
• Do research: biases of algorithmicsystems, …
• Train techies in ethics, develop a code of ethics of AI
• Train students in all fields in
algorithmic thinking and use ofADM systems
• Consult politicians on the use and
danger of AI systems – in education and beyond
Higher Ed has a job to do
Summary: EdTech drives systemic disruption. This makes ita political issue
MASSIFICATION
PERSONALIZATION
GAMIFICATION
INTERACTION
ORIENTATION
JOB MATCHING
Mass
Diversity
Cost $$$$$$
$$$$$$
26The Ethics of EdTech
Actively adress critical issuesof AI / EdTech applications
Challenges in education
Systemic disruption through AI with six effects
Political implications
It is our job to proactively lead the debate and make AI / EdTech a success
27
„We need to make coding political.
We need to push for an open debateabout ethical norms, transparency andaccountability – and for adequate
self-regulation.
We need to rethink & readjust the
relationship of man and machine – andmake society at large algorithmicallycompetent“
The Ethics of EdTech
The Ethics of EdTech
Dr. Jörg Dräger | @joergdraeger