The Existence of Microstates in a Large World

7/29/2019 The Existence of Microstates in a Large World

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9. Hcgcrio Fgtra`ueag :

:. Erftcrfi 3

5. Lferastitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags :3

0. Lferastitcs ig` Fgtcrgiagio Uceurfty 50

3. Eageousfag ig` Zceallcg`iags 0>

Iieblcgts 0:

9

Fg`cx


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Fg :>>3 tbc JJE jraièistc` i scrfcs wftb tbc toc; Baw ta stirt yaur awg eaugtry. Fg tbc àeulcgtiry, tbc

Jrfsb wrftcr/ealc`fig @iggy Xiooiec trfc` ta stirt bfs awg eaugtry, ruoc` jy bflscom. Pbfs dfghàl, eiooc`

Pbc Dfghàl am Oavcoy eagsfstc` am i it is savcrcfhg tcrrftary, milfoy, mrfcg`s ig` migs is iljissiàrs

ig` jc`raals, eoascts ig` bioowiys is cljissfcs. @urfgh tbc scrfcs bc hcts bcop mral virfaus iei`clfes

ig` fg tbc cg` bc trivcos ta Gcw Vard ta ippoy mar SG lcljcrsbfp. Ft wfoo jc ga surprfsc, jut i eaugtry wbfebcxfsts fg agoy ig ipirtlcgt fg Cist Oagàg, `f` gat quiofmy is fg`cpcg`cgt eaugtry, bcgec tbc SG `ceofgc`

bfs lcljcrsbfp ippofeiag. Gcvcrtbcocss tbfs scrfcs sbawc` i ofoc jft ijaut tbc mugìlcgtio qucsags

tbit surraug` stitcbaa`, ofdc; baw jfh sbauo` tbc tcrrftary am i stitc jc, ar baw ligy pcapoc a yau gcc` ta

quiofmy is i stitc1 @a yau gcc` ta jc rceahgfzc` jy atbcr stitcs fg ar`cr ta ajtifg i savcrcfhg stitus1 Ig`, ag

jcbiom am tbc pbysfeio tcrrftary, à yau gcc` agc, ar eig i stitc iosa jc saocoy vfrtuio19Fg tbc waro` am taìy

agc eauo` irhuc tbit agofgc saefccs ofdc Uceag` ofmc ar Xaro` am Xireri eig jc sccg is vfrtuio stitcs,

fgeou`fgh lcljcrs (efzcg), ig awg eurrcgey ig` (vfrtuio) prapcrty. Is taìy, Pbc Dfghàl am Oavcoy soo

cxfsts ig` fs quiofc` is i lfera giag:

, gat ta jc eagmusc` wftb i lferastitc. Pbc fgtcrcsgh pirt, ig` tbcrcisag wby F lcgag ft bcrc, fs tbit fg tbc scrfcs ft turgs aut tbit ietuiooy ft fs vcry ugeocir wbit fs gcc`c`

ta quiofmy is i stitc. Ig` am eaursc, tbc qucsag am wbit fs gcc`c` ta quiofmy is ig fg`cpcg`cgt stitc, fs i

vcry scrfaus agc is tbc eisc am Dasava sbaws us. Pbc qucsag am stitcbaa` quiofeiag eig cvcg turg

fgta i (efvfo) wir. Aefiooy ioo yau bivc ta a ta jc rceahgfzc` is fg`cpcg`cgt fs ta lcct wftb tbc stigìr

is ihrcc` upag ùrfgh tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag.5Ieear`fgh ta tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag am 9655 tbc

maooawfgh erftcrfi sbauo` jc lct;

I pcrligcgt papuoiag

I `cgc` tcrrftary

I havcrglcgt

Eipiefty ta cgtcr fgta rcoiags wftb atbcr stitcs

Oagh jcmarc tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag taad poiec tbcsc maur pafgts wbcrc iorci`y i dfg` am ugwrfcg oiw.

Liyjc tbc last flpartigt pafgt am tbc maur ijavc lcgagc` wis tbc passfjfofty ta `cmcg` tbc tcrrftary.

Pbcrc wis i lc tbit cvcry trfjc fg Curapc rcprcscgtc` salc dfg` am giag, ugftc` fg eoigs.0Iosa dgawg

irc tbc buggh hraug`s am tbc scvcrio Givc Ilcrfeig trfjcs ig` am eaursc tbcrc irc i oat larc cxilpocs ta

lcgag. Icr tbc eaooipsc am tbc Zalig Clpfrc, Curapc wftgcssc` i sbirp fgercisc fg urjigfziag. Pbfgd

am tbc Hcrlig Docfgstiitcrcf3, tbc Ftiofig efty stitcs ùrfgh tbc lc am Liebfivcoof ig` tbc rst rcpujofe fg

tbc waro`; Pbc Sgftc` @uteb ^ravfgecs.

9 Uaug`s rf`feuoaus1 Eurrcgtoy tbc pcapoc am Puviou irc tbrcitcgc` ta oaasc tbcfr tcrrftary ùc ta eoflitc ebighc, tbcy

eagsf`cr eaggufgh tbcfr giag agofgc. Pbfs wfoo jrfgh gcw ebioocghcs ta tbc quiofeiags am stitcbaa`.

: Ig cgty tbit rcscljocs i giag ar i stitc tbit mar tbc last pirt cxfsts agoy ag pipcr, ag tbc fgtcrgct, ar fg tbc lfg` am

fts ercitar. bp;//cg.wfdagiry.arh/wfdf/lferagiag ag 95.8.:>9>.

5 Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag ag tbc rfhbts ig` ùcs am stitcs, 9655 ea`fmyfgh tbc `ceoirivc tbcary am stitcbaa`.

0 Bughiry wis marlc` jy scvcg eoigs fg tbc ao` ìys.

3 Hcrligy cxfstc` am ga ocss tbig 590 sa eiooc` docfgstiitc ar slioo stitcs fg tbc sceag` biom am tbc 92tb ecgtury. Ucc [wiig

:>>9 mar murtbcr `ctifos.

:

9. Hcgcrio Fgtraùeag


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Pbc guljcr ig` pawcr am tbcsc efty stitcs ig` slioo giags rciebc` fts pcid it tbc stirt am tbc 90tb ecgtury.

Pfgy ]cgfec bi` tbc silc havcrglcgtio ju`hct is tbc Dfghàl am Upifg ig` agoy :>% ocss tbig tbc Dfghàl

am Mrigec! Pbfs pcrfa` am wciotb wis ieealpigfc` wftb i rcoivc bfhb stigìr` am `claeriey. Lferastitcs

wbcrc dgawg mar tbcfr slioo apcg typc am havcrglcgts. Hcgcrio surihc `f`gt cxfst, jut acg tbc tri`fgh

coftc wcrc vcry fgucgio. Pbfs cri cg`c` ijrupt fg 9060 wbcg tbc Ftiofig pcgfgsuoi wis fgvi`c` jy Ebirocs

]FFF am Mrigec. Xftb tbfs tbc Hrcit Ftiofig Xirs bi` stirtc` ig` tbc eurtifg mar tbc lferastitcs fg Uautbcrg

Curapc bi` mioocg. Gatcwartby fs tbit tbc Mrcgeb fgvisfag wis cgeaurihc` jy Ouàvfea Umarzi, @udc am Lfoig

(it tbit lc iosa i efty stitc) wba sauhbt ig iooy ihifgst tbc Zcpujofe am ]cgfec=. Lcigwbfoc tbc Hcrlig

Dfghàl `fspcrsc` ig` tbc waro` wis eaoagfzc` jy Curapc. Pbfs ioo ieeuluoitc` ugo fg 96>> wbcg tbc

waro` eagsfstc` am kust i mcw pawcrs; tbc Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei, tbc Sgftc` Dfghàl am Hrcit Jrftifg ig`

Frcoig`, tbc Dfghàls am Garwiy ig` Uwc`cg, tbc Zussfig Clpfrc, tbc Hcrlig Clpfrc, Iustrfi-Bughirfi,

tbc Aalig Clpfrc, tbc Mrcgeb Zcpujofe ig` tbc Dfghàl am Ftioy. Gatc tbit ligy fgvisfags am tbc marlcr

lferastitcs wcrc `rfvcg jy tbc hrcc` mar tbcfr wciotb. It tbc stirt am tbc :>tb ecgtury tbcrc wbcrc iolast

ga lferastitcs oc.

Xbit maooawc` wis i ecgtury pcrecfvc` jy ligy bfstarfigs is tbc joaa`fcst ecgtury cvcr84 twa waro` wirs

tarc tbc waro` ipirt ig` eiusc` tbc `citb ig` jfrtb am ligy giags. Atbcr eaugtrfcs wcrc ruoc` jy jrutio

`fetitars wba dfooc` ligy am tbcfr awg pcapoc.2Icr tbit i eao` wir maooawc`, wbfeb wisgt rciooy tbit eao`

jy praxy. Iraug` tbrcc tbfr` am tbc ecgtury tbcrc wis i wivc am `ceaoagfziag, ieealpigfc` wftb fg ligy

eiscs vfaocgt wirs. It tbc cg` am tbc :>st ecgtury wc wftgcssc` tbc rst twa bfhb tceb wirs cvcr mauhbt; tbc

Mfrst Huom Xir ig` tbc Dasava Xir.

Xbcrc tbcrc iolast ga lferastitcs oc it tbc stirt am tbc :>tb ecgtury, it tbc cg` am oist ecgtury tbcy wbcrc

jied ig` bcrc ta stiy! Ua, tbc :9st ecgtury fs ijaut tcg ycirs yaugh, wbit huirigtccs tbc lferastitcs tbit

tbcy wfoo survfvc tbfs ecgtury1 Icr ioo bfstary bis pravcg tbit tbc fgtcrgiagio ircgi eig jc wbflsfeio.

Fg tbfs rcscireb F wauo` ofdc ta cxpoarc tbc pbcgalcgi am tbc lferastitc. Fg ar`cr ta a tbfs fg ig ar`crc` ig`

maeusc` wiy F marluoitc` i wardfgh toc ig` i rcscireb qucsag. Pbc wardfgh toc fs;

Pbc cxfstcgec am lferastitcs fg i oirhc waro`

Pbc rcscireb qucsag fs;

Xbit `cgcs i stitc is i lferastitc1

Irc tbc eurrcgt `cgfags usc` ta `ctcrlfgc wbctbcr i stitc fs i lferastitc suefcgt ig` wardijoc, ar irc

tbcy fgsuefcgt ig` irjftriry1

= Lfoig wis, ofdc ]cgfec, i lferastitc.

8 Ucc Gfioo Mcrhusags Xir am tbc Xaro`, :>>=

2 Kascm Utiofg, âo ât, Lia [càgh c.h.

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Fg tbc rst ebiptcr F wigt ta put marwir` i sct am erftcrfi am wbfeb F jcofcvc ta jc uscmuo fg `cgfgh lfera-

stitcs. Liyjc tbc usc` erftcrfi (Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag ig` SG erftcrfi) irc taa oflftc`, maeusfgh ag agoy

salc ispcets am i stitc ofdc papuoiag, tcrrftary ar lfoftiry ar ceagalfe pawcr. Fg tbc sceag` ebiptcr F wfoo

maeus ag lferastitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary ig` prixfs. Baw acs tbc tbcary pcrecfvc lferastitcs

ig` baw fs tbc prcscgec am lferastitcs dgawg fg tbc waro`1 Fg tbc tbfr` ebiptcr F wigt ta tidc i eoascr oaad

it sceurfty fssucs. Jy tbcfr giturc, lferastitcs irc larc vuogcrijoc tbig last atbcr stitcs, lidfgh tbcl ig

cisy prcy fg ig igirebfse waro`. F wfoo rcvfcw tbcfr lfoftiry strcghtb ig` raoc fg pawcr paofes. F wfoo iosa

`fseuss i eisc stu`y ta fooustritc lferastitc sceurfty. Fg tbfs eisc stu`y F wfoo fseuss tbc stritchfe viouc am Aec-

igfi fg tbc ^ZE/ Pifwig `fsputc. F wfoo eageou`c ly rcscireb wftb i eageousfag ig` salc rceallcgìags.

Fg tbfs cssiy F wfoo usc tbc tcrls stitc, giag ig` eaugtry fgtcrebighcijoc. F dgaw tbit tbcrc irc `fm-

mcrcgecs fg tbc `cgfags am tbcsc war`s, jut mar ly rcscireb tbasc `fcrcgecs irc frrcocvigt. Xbcg F tiod

ijaut tcrrftary F cftbcr `cserfjc tbc tatio irci am i giag ar F tiod ijaut gag fg`cpcg`cgt ircis (ofdc avcr-

scis tcrrftarfcs ar `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs). Xbfeb agc wfoo ioou`c mral tbc eagtcxt.

Eageou`fgh tbfs hcgcrio fgtraùeag F wauo` ofdc ta gatc tbit F à rciofzc tbit ta i ecrtifg cxtcg` `cgfgh

lferastitcs fs i licr am fgtcrprctiag ig` mar tbit rcisag ritbcr irefio. Fg ercigh ig autofgc tbcrc

wfoo iowiys jc salc hrcy ircis. Bawcvcr, fm wc usc tbc erftcrfi F marwir` fg tbfs wrfgh wc wfoo bivc i larc

eabcsfvc hraup am stitcs tbit bivc larc fg eallag ig` irc larc ealpoctc tbig tbc eurrcgt hraup am lfera-

stitcs.

Iirt-Kig vig `cr ]ofcs

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@cgfgh tbc tcrl lferastitc fs gat is cisy is ft sccls. Baw à wc quigmy tbc tcrl lfera ig` baw

strfet, ar oaasc, à wc usc tbc tcrl stitc1 Pa rceahgfzc i lferastitc wc irc fg tbc gcc` ta rcscireb jatb

war`s; lfera ig` stitc. Pbc cgfag am jcfgh i stitc fs hfvcg fg tbc prcvfausoy lcgagc` Lagtcvf`ca Eag-

vcgag. Pbc lfera pirt fs `cgc` jy tbc SG is i stitc wftb agc lfoofag fgbijftigts ar ocss. Pbfs `cgfag

sccls ta lc ta jc ritbcr irefio ig` tbcarceio wftb ofoc usc fg tbc rcio waro`. Mar cxilpoc, ieear`fgh ta

tbfs cgfag, Ufghiparc wftb fts =28 squirc dfoalctrcs ig` 0,=38,30: fgbijftigts fs gat i lferastitc. Yitir

wftb 99,32= squirc dfoalctrcs jut i papuoiag am agoy 255,:23 fs.6 Fg ly prcoflfgiry rci`fgh F gatc` tbit

ilagh iei`clfes, is wcoo is stitc ig` arhigfziag aefios, tbc cgfag am i lferastitc fs it jcst fgeageou-

sfvc. Jcoaw Fvc ofstc` salc am tbc erftcrfi usc` ta `cgc tbc lfera pirt fg tbc tcrl lferastitc;

Pbc SG `cgfag9>

9,3 Lfoofag fgbijftigts99

I tcrrftary am lixflul 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrcs (bijftijoc, last irebfpcoihas mar cxilpoc

eagtifg larc witcr tbig oig`liss)9:

Guljcr am fg`fvfùios pcr squirc dfoalctrc (79>> pcr squirc dfoalctrc)95

Pbc paofeio pawcr am i stitc (wcid stitcs jcfgh lferastitcs)90

Ga pirilctcrs it ioo, is rcmcrcgec ta slioo stitcs93

Is yau eig scc ijavc, tbc pirilctcrs viry quftc `rilieiooy4 pcapoc usc guljcrs am fgbijftigts, surmiec,

pawcr ig` lfxc` marls am tbfs ta `ctcrlfgc lferastitcs. Dcy coclcgt fg ioo tbcsc `cgfags fs tbit fts

oaadc` upag mral i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc. Xbit fs tbc stiseio ieeaugtijfofty am tbc guljcr agc lfoofag

ar agc ig` i biom lfoofag1 Ar, fm fts gat i licr am litb, wbit atbcr cxpoigiag fs tbcrc mar tbc guljcrs1

F maug` ft bir` ta jcofcvc tbit i eaugtry wftb agc lfoofag efzcgs fs vcry `fcrcgt mral i eaugtry tbit bis

agc ig` i biom, ar cvcg twa lfoofag efzcgs. Pbc oig`liss erftcrfag fs ug`crstigìjoc ta i ecrtifg cxtcg`,

bawcvcr, ft wauo` jc larc earrcet ta usc ft fg `cgfgh fsoig` lferastitcs. I tatiooy `fcrcgt wiy fg `cgfgh

lfera fs tbc lcisurclcgt am paofeio pawcr. Fm yau usc paofes is erftcrfi, yau eig cisfoy ijigàg slioogcss

is i rcscireb erftcrfag is ealpirc` ta tbc straghcst stitcs ioo atbcrs irc wcid. Igatbcr eagscqucgec wauo`jc tbit lissfvc eaugtrfcs ofdc Eigiì eig jc quiofc` is lferastitcs, usfgh tbc paofeio pawcr erftcrfag. Mar

surc tbfs àcsgt ercitc i rciofse partrift am tbc rciofty.

6 bp;//www.pbaus.eal/rigdfghs/hcahripby/oig`QirciQsqQdlQ:>9>Q>.btlo ig` bp;//www.pbaus.eal/rigdfghs/

papuoiag/papuoiagQ:>9>Q>.btlo ag 90.3.:>9>

9> www.ug.arh

99 Labillc` :>>:, p99: Uf`frapauoas :>>6, p0=

95 Fjf`., p02

90 Pbalis :>9>, p68

93 Ig`rfiligigkiri & Uebf 9662, p:

3

:. Erftcrfi

:.9 Fgtraùeag


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Pbc sceag` pirt am tbc tcrl lferastitc fs tbc stitc pirt. Pcrrftarfcs ofdc tbc Eiylig Fsoig`s, Gctbcroig`s

Igoocs ig` Bagh Dagh irc acg rcmcrrc` ta is lferastitcs. Iotbauhb tbcy lfhbt jc lfera fg oig`liss ig`/

ar papuoiag, tbcy irc gat stitcs ieear`fgh ta tbc erftcrfi am tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag am 9655. Pbcy irc

gat fg`cpcg`cgt, ig` is tbcy à gat bivc tbc eipiefty (wbfeb fs fg tbfs eisc tbc passfjfofty) ta lifgtifg rcoi-

ags wftb atbcr stitcs. Upadcg am tbc oist erftcrfi, rcoiags wftb atbcr stitcs4 ligy lferastitcs jircoy bivc,

ar agt bivc tbc eipiefty it ioo, ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb atbcr stitcs tbigds ta tbcfr rclatcgcss, slioo ig`

ugtrifgc` papuoiag ar oied am gigefio rcsaurecs.9=Fm i lferastitc mifos fg lifgtifgfgh rcoiags wftb atbcr

stitcs ag ig fg`fvfùio ocvco, fs ft soo i stitc1 Xftb baw ligy stitcs àcs i lferastitc bivc ta lifgtifg rcoi-

ags, ig` fg wbit marl1 ]fi cljissfcs ar fs SG lcljcrsbfp suefcgt1 Pbc stitc pirt fs i `feuot agc, ig`

quftc passfjoc cvcg bir`cr ta `cgc tbig tbc lfera pirt am lferastitc. Pa `cgc tbc rst pirt wc eig oaad

ta stises, ebirietcrfses ig` trcg`s. Pbc oicr agc bis jccg `ctcrlfgc` jy bfstary ig` tri`fag. Is wc

siw fg tbc hcgcrio fgtraùeag, tbc eurrcgt `cgfag am stitc, is sct aut fg tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag, fs

ijaut ta miec scrfaus ebioocghcs.

Pbc oist qucsag ofgdc` ta `cgfgh lferastitcs fs wbit erftcrfi àcs lferastitcs jugòc is i hraup, atbcr

tbcg papuoiag ig` tcrrftary sfzc1 Xbit bis Ouxcljaurh fg eallag wftb Pbc Lio`fvcs atbcr tbig bivfgh

i rcoivcoy slioo papuoiag ig` i slioo tcrrftary1 Fsgt tbc wbaoc f`ci am hraupfgh stitcs jisc` ag tbcfr

papuoiag ig`/ar oig`liss muoc1 Cvcg fm yau tidc twa scclfghoy cquio eaugtrfcs fg sfzc, papuoiag ig`

sart tbcrc lfhbt gat jc lueb fg eallag. Pidc mar cxilpoc tbc Eirfjjcig ig` Aecigfi. Jatb irc fsoig`

hraups, jatb hoajiooy bivc tbc silc papuoiag ig` oig`liss. Bawcvcr tbc Eirfjjcig irc lastoy cx Jrftifg

eaoagfcs oaeitc` asbarc tbc Ilcrfeis fg tbc Itoige Aecig wbfoc Aecigfi wis aeeupfc` jy virfaus pawcrs

(SUI, Mrigec, Iustriofi ig` Gcw [cioig`) ig` strctebcs mral asbarc Iustriofi ta tbc rclatc vistgcss am tbcîefe Aecig. Cvcg fm wc àgt tidc euoturc fgta ieeaugt, tbc `fcrcgecs jctwccg, ig` tbc (ceagalfe) pas-

sfjfofcs mar, jatb ircis irc vcry `fcrcgt.98Pbfs rcscireb ifls ta g` tbc ofgd tbit hraup lferastitcs, atbcr

tbcg ag tbc ocvco am papuoiag ar tcrrftary sfzc. Xc wfoo scc tbit gcxt ta sfzc, lferastitcs bivc atbcr tbfghs

fg eallag.

Ua tidcg ioo tbfs fgta ieeaugt, baw àcs agc ieeuritcoy `cgc tbc tcrl lferastitc fg i wiy tbit tbfs `c-

gfag eig jc ippofc` ta rciofty ritbcr tbig kust pipcr1 Fg tbfs ebiptcr F wfoo rcvfcw wbit `cgcs i stitc is

i lferastitc. F wfoo rcvfcw tbc maur erftcrfi am stitcbaa` is `cgc` fg tbc Lagtcvf`ca eagvcgag. F wfoo iosai`` ig cxtri pirilctcr, jisc` ag trcg`s fg tbc ivifoijoc oftcriturc; Ceagaly. Fg ebiptcr tbrcc F wfoo rcvfcw

lferastitc lfoftiry. Pbc rst maur irc;

Pbc stitc is i pcrsag am fgtcrgiagio oiw sbauo` passcss tbc maooawfgh quiofeiags;

i) i pcrligcgt papuoiag4

j) i `cgc` tcrrftary4

e) i pcrligcgt havcrglcgt4 ig`

`) eipiefty ta cgtcr fgta rcoiags wftb tbc atbcr stitcs. (Irt 9., Lagtcvf`ca 9655)

9= Labillc` :>>:, p=-90

98 Eaggco 9669, p:=>/ ]ig Masscg :>>2, p3

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Pbc rst twa erftcrfi irc uscijoc mar stise rcscireb, gilcoy baw jfh fs tbc pcrligcgt papuoiag ig` baw

vist fs tbc `cgc` tcrrftary. Fg tbfs rcscireb wc wfoo scc i trcg` fgeou`fgh i laùs. Fg ig fgerclcgtio seioc,

cvcrytbfgh oc mral tbc laùs fs slioocr ig` cvcrytbfgh rfhbt mral tbc laùs fs oirhcr tbig tbc laùs. Pbc

tbfr` erftcrfag fs dfg` am trfedy. Xbit havcrglcgt fs lcigt bcrc1 Fts flpartigt ta cgc tbfs, is ioo tcrrftarfcs,

`cpcg`c` ig` avcrscis tcrrftary bivc i havcrglcgt, wbctbcr ar gat fg`cpcg`cgt. Fg ly rcscireb F wfoo erc-

itc stises mar jatb hraups, f.c. fgtcrgiagiooy rceahgfzc` fg`cpcg`cgt giags (ioo SG lcljcrs pous tbc

]ieig Efty ig` Dasava) ig` ioo tcrrftarfcs fgeou`fgh stitcs ig` avcrsccs tcrrftarfcs. Pbc laviag mar iosa

tidfgh avcrsccs tcrrftarfcs fgta ieeaugt fs tbit tbcy salclcs poiy ig flpartigt raoc fg virfaus fgtcrgiagio

iifrs. Agc eig tbfgd am tix bivcgs (Eiylig Fsoig`s, Fsoc am Lig), ceagalfe flpartigec (Bagh Dagh), ig`

lfoftiry fssucs (Pifwig, Miodoig` Fsoig`s). Pbc oist erftcrfag fs tbc eipiefty ta cgtcr fgta rcoiags wftb atbcr

stitcs. F wfoo igioysc tbfs erftcrfag larc fg `cptb fg tbc gcxt ebiptcr, is ft fs i ritbcr spcefe ebioocghc mar

salc lferastitcs.

Gcxt ta tbc pirilctcrs `cserfjc` fg tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag ig` tbc dgawg SG erftcrfag F wfoo put

marwir` twa atbcr pirilctcrs tbit eig jc usc` mar stise rcscireb4 H@^ ig` H@^ pcrecgtihc spcg` ag

lfoftiry. Bawcvcr gat ta `fsooitc i laùs jut ta rceahgfzc trcg`s. Pbcsc eigt jc erftcrfi is cosc tbc flihc

wauo` jc fgearrcet, salc oirhc stitcs (Gfhcrfi, [fljijwc) bivc i ritbcr slioo H@^. Pbc silc ippofcs mar tbc

pcrecgtihcs am tbc H@^ spcg` ag lfoftiry. Pbc SUI spcg`s i oawcr pcrecgtihc am tbcfr H@^ ag lfoftiry tbig

Vclcg, bawcvcr tbc SUI H@^ fs ulptccg lcs jfhhcr tbig Vclcgs H@^ sa tbc lfoftiry strcghtb am tbc SUI

fs lueb hrcitcr. Fg igioysfgh jatb erftcrfi F ifl ta rcvcio i trcg`, ebirietcrfse mar lferastitcs is `cgc` jy

erftcrfi agc, twa ig` maur.

It tbc cg` am tbfs ebiptcr wc wfoo bivc i sct am erftcrfi tbit `cgc i hraup am stitcs tbit bivc larc fg eal-

lag tbig kust tbcfr papuoiag sfzc. Ft wfoo tbcg jc passfjoc ta usc tbfs hraup ta prc`fet jcbivfar am tbfs hraup

(jisc` ag stises) ig` ta igioysc tbc flpartigec am hraup lcljcrs fg `fvcrsc sftuiags jisc` ag sflfoir

eiscs atbcr lferastitcs bi` ta `cio wftb fg tbc pist. F à rciofzc tbit tbc `cgfag wfoo bivc i oflftc` usc. Ft

soo stig`s tbit mar cxilpoc Ouxcljaurh bis vcry ofoc fg eallag wftb Pbc Lio`fvcs cxecpt fts papuoiag

sfzc. Gcvcrtbcocss wfoo tbc ealpoctc pfeturc jc larc eocir.

8


10/50

Pbc rst erftcrfag F wigt ta usc ta `cgc lferastitcs fs tbc sfzc am fts papuoiag.

Pijoc 992 96

]iouc I J E @ C M H B F K D O

Patio 90 92 90 :0 9: 00 55 53 :: 9: 6 :

SG > 8 8 9= 99 0> 5: 50 :: 9: 6 :

Gag SG 90 99 8 2 9 0 9 9 > > > >

I ? 9>,>>> H 3,>>>,>>9 - 9>,>>>,>>>

J 9>,>>9 - 3>,>>> B 9>,>>>,>>9 - :3,>>>,>>>

E 3>,>>9 - 9>>,>>> F :3,>>>,>>9 - 3>,>>>,>>>

@ 9>>,>>9 - 3>>,>>> K 3>,>>>,>>9 - 9>>,>>>,>>>

C 3>>,>>9 - 9,>>>,>>> D 9>>,>>>,>>9 - 3>>,>>>,>>>

M 9,>>>,>>9 - 3,>>>,>>> O 7 3>>,>>>,>>9

92 www.pbaus.eal ig` bps;//www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/ ag 9>.=.:>9>

96 Fg tbc eitchary Gag SG ioo tcrrftarfcs, fsputc` tcrrftarfcs ig` gag SG lcljcrs irc fgeou`c`. Gat fgeou`c` irc tbc Iree

Zchfag ig` Fsoig`s wftbaut i pcrligcgt papuoiag.

2

:.: ^apuoiag


11/50

Fg Mfhurc 9 wc eig scc tbit last giags fg tbc waro` bivc i papuoiag jctwccg tbc agc ig` vc lfoofag

fgbijftigts. Ajvfausoy tbcrc irc larc eaugtrfcs tbit bivc larc tbig vc lfoofag fgbijftigts, jut ta ercitc i

jioigec` ig` kust avcrvfcw wc bivc ta scpiritc tbcl fg `fcrcgt eitcharfcs. Pbfs lcigs tbit tbcy irc gat

ealpirijoc. Fg ly rst iclpt ta ercitc papuoiag hraups F hraupc` eitcharfcs B ig` F tahctbcr, marlfgh i

hraup tbit strctebc` mral 9> ta 3> lfoofag fgbijftigts. Bawcvcr, ft turgc` aut tbit tbfs hraup wis taa oirhc

ta `crfvc igy trcg` mral ft. Mar cxilpoc Jcohful (9>,090,55=) ig` Upifg (0>,3:3,>>:) wauo` jc fg tbc silc

hraup. âpuoiag wfsc, jatb àgt bivc lueb, ar cvcg gatbfgh, fg eallag. I rclirdijoc `fseavcry fs tbit

tbcrc irc ga eaugtrfcs wftb i papuoiag jctwccg 3>> lfoofag ig` agc jfoofag.

Pbc SG `cgcs i lferastitc is igy stitc bivfgh agc lfoofag fgbijftigts ar ocss. Cvcrytbfgh cosc fs garlio,

euolfgigh fg i mcw rcio rceahgfzc` oirhc stitcs. F àgt ihrcc wftb tbfs jceiusc tbfs erftcrfag fs mral tbc

piri`fhl am jcfgh i oirhc stitc. Pbc stirgh pafgt am tbc SG erftcrfag irc fg miet stitcs ofdc tbc SUI, Ebfgi

ig` Zussfi.:>Jut ealpirc` ta tbasc stitcs iolast cvcry atbcr stitc fs slioo. Pbit lidcs tbc hraupfgh ug-

eocir ig` lcigfghocss. Mar tbfs rcisag F prcmcr ta lidc ig atbcr `fvfsfag, jceiusc baw eig wc ealpirc c.h.

Jcohful (9>,0 lfoofag) ig` Jatswigi (9,3 lfoofag)1 Ig` murtbcrlarc wc sbauo` lidc i scpiriag jctwccg

slioo stitcs ig` lferastitcs.

Jceiusc i papuoiag am agc ta vc lfoofag fs tbc last aeeurrfgh eitchary, tbfs wfoo jc tbc laùs. Mral tbfs

stirgh pafgt agc eig eageou`c tbit eaugtrfcs wftb ocss tbig agc lfoofag fgbijftigts irc slioocr tbig tbc

laùs ig` eaugtrfcs wftb larc tbig vc lfoofag fgbijftigts irc oirhcr tbig tbc laùs. Ua baw a wc cgc

lfera fg tbfs eisc1 Last eaugtrfcs wftb ocss tbig agc lfoofag fgbijftigts bivc i papuoiag jctwccg 9>>,>>>

ig` agc lfoofag fgbijftigts (eitcharfcs @ ig` C). Pbcrc irc :8 SG Lcljcrs wftb i papuoiag jctwccg9>>,>>> ig` agc lfoofag ig` 6 gag SG Lcljcrs, i tatio am 5=. Mral tbfs miet wc eig eageou`c tbit lfera,

jcfgh slioocr tbig tbc typfeio slioo, eagtifgs tbc eitcharfcs I,J ig` E.

Pbcrc irc 90 SG Lcljcrs wftb ocss tbig 9>>,>>> fgbijftigts ig` 55 gag SG lcljcrs, i tatio am 08. Uccg

wbit F eageou`c` cirofcr, tbfs irhulcgtiag sccls eagtri`fegh, is ocss tbig 9>>,>>> fs laùs bcrc. Baw-

cvcr agc lust tidc fgta ieeaugt tbit wcrc gat tiodfgh ijaut twa fcrcgt eitcharfcs jut vc. Is wc eig scc,

tbc jfhhcst hraup bcrc fs I, eaugtrfcs bivfgh ocss tbig 9>,>>> fgbijftigts. Bawcvcr gag am tbasc eaugtrfcs

irc SG lcljcrs ig` agoy agc am tbcl fs fgtcrgiagiooy rceahgfzc` is fg`cpcg`cgt4 tbc ]ieig Efty (2:=fgbijftigts). Ioo atbcrs irc, ieear`fgh ta tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag, fg miet ga stitcs, is tbcy irc gat fg`c-

pcg`cgt jut bivfgh i stitus ipirtc fg tbc SG wbfeb oijcos tbcl rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs. Jcsf`cs tbfs, tbcrc irc

salc fsputc` ircis ofdc mar cxilpoc Hizi ig` @bcdiofi. Fm wc tidc tbfs fgta ieeaugt, su``cgoy tbc eitcharfcs

I, J ig` E eagtifg agoy 93 eaugtrfcs (fgeou`fgh tbc ]ieig Efty). Xc eig tbus eageou`c tbit, papuoiag wfsc,

i lferastitc fs i stitc wftb 9>>,>>> fgbijftigts ar ocss. I stitc bivfgh i papuoiag jctwccg tbc 9>>,>>>

ig` agc lfoofag fgbijftigts eig jc sccg is i slioo stitc. Last stitcs mioo fg tbc eitchary am agc ta vc lfoofag

fgbijftigts. Fg Pijoc : wc bivc ig avcrvfcw am ioo stitcs ig` tcrrftarfcs tbit irc i lferastitc ieear`fgh ta

tbcfr papuoiag.

:> Jicbr 9683, Ulioo Utitcs- I Paao mar Igioyscs1 fg Xaro` âofes :8(5) p. 03= ig` murtbcr stitcs tbit ft fs lcigfghocss ta

`fvf`c eaugtrfcs fg eitcharfcs jceiusc tbcrc irc agoy i mcw stitcs wftb rcio fgucgec ag tbc waro` stihc.

6


12/50

Pijoc :, lferastitcs jy papuoiag sfzc.

SG Lcljcrs Gag SG Lcljcrs

Igàrri Idrarf ]ieig Efty

Ighui ig` Jirjuì Ilcrfeig Uilai Fsoc am Lig

@alfgfei Ighufooi Kcrscy

Hrcgiì Jcrluì Lagtscrrit

Ofcebtcgstcfg Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcr-

rftary

Gfuc

Ouxcljaurh Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s Garmaod Fsoig`

Lirsbioo Fsoig`s Eiylig Fsoig`s Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fs-

oig`s

Lagiea Ebrfstlis Fsoig` ^fteifrg Fsoig`s

Giuru Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s Uifgt Jirtbcocly

îoiu Eaad Fsoig`s Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag,

ig` Prfstig ì Eugbi

Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs @bcdiofi Uifgt Lirg

Uig Lirfga Miodoig` Fsoig`s (Fsois

Liovfgis)

Uifgt ^fcrrc ig` Lfquc-

oag

Ucyebcoocs Mirac Fsoig`s Uviojir`

Puviou Hfjriotir Padcoiu

Hrccgoig` Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s

Hucrgscy Xioofs ig` Mutugi

Pbc sceag` erftcrfag F wigt ta usc ta `cgc lferastitcs fs tbc agc am tcrrftary sfzc. Pbfs erftcrfag fs fg ly

apfgfag ritbcr ug`cr ipprcefitc`, jut gcvcrtbcocss mral i vftio flpartigec. Mar cxilpoc, Lagiea bis mir

ocss fgbijftigts tbig Ufghiparc. Jut fm wc oaad it tbcfr sfzc am tcrrftary tbcy lfhbt bivc lueb fg eallag ag

ig i`lfgfstrivc ocvco (ajvfausoy Ufghiparc ag i oirhcr seioc). Murtbcrlarc jatb eig jc quiofc` is efty

stitcs lccgh tbc silc ebioocghcs ig` i`vigtihcs typfeio mar tbcsc dfg` am stitcs. Fg tbc maooawfgh hurc,

tbc usc` ìti fs fg squirc dfoalctrcs ig` eagtifgs tbc oig`liss agoy. Pbfs ta ercitc i rcofijoc avcrvfcw. Fm

yau wauo` usc tbc Cxeousfvc Ceagalfe [agc (oitcr ag CC[:9) fg ercigh ìtiscts, tbc avcrvfcw wauo` jc miosc

is ligy slioo fsoig` irc lferastitcs ig` acg bivc oirhc CC[s. Mar cxilpoc, Dfrfjis bijftijoc irci fs 299

squirc dfoalctrc, wbfoc fts CC[ fs ig istagfsbfgh 5.33 lfoofag squirc dfoalctrcs!::

:9 Pbc CC[ fs lastoy rchir`c` ta is cxeousfvc giagio sci rfhbts

:: bp;//www.lmit.havt.gz/Eaugtrfcs/îefe/Dfrfji.pbp ag 90.=.:>9>

9>

:.5 Pcrrftary sfzc ig` hcahripby:.5.9 Pcrrftary sfzc


13/50

Mfhurc :

Pijoc 5:5

]iouc I J E @ C M H B F K

Patio 32 2 = 52 :5 33 :5 :: 3 9

SG :0 3 0 50 :: 30 :: :9 3 9

Gag SG 50 5 : 0 9 9 9 9 > >

I ? 9,>>> M 9>>,>>9 - 3>>,>>>

J 9,>>9 - 3,>>> H 3>>,>>9 - 9,>>>,>>>

E 3,>>9 - 9>,>>> B 9,>>>,>>9 - 3,>>>,>>>

@ 9>,>>9 - 3>,>>> F 3,>>>,>>9 - 9>,>>>,>>>

C 3>,>>9 - 9>>,>>> K 7 9>,>>>,>>>

Is wc eig scc bcrc, fg Mfhurc :, tbcrc irc twa hraups searfgh sfhgfeigtoy bfhbcr tbig tbc atbcrs4 tcrrftarfcs

wftb ocss tbcg 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ig` tbc hraup am tcrrftarfcs jctwccg 9>>,>>> ig` 3>>,>>> squirc dfoa-

lctrc. Fm wc wauo` tidc tbc Patio hripb is rcmcrcgec, tbc hraup am 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ig` ocss wauo`

:5 Fg tbc eitchary Gag SG ioo tcrrftarfcs, fsputc` tcrrftarfcs ig` gag SG lcljcrs irc fgeou`c`. Gat fgeou`c` fs tbc Iree

Zchfag ig` tbc Fsoig`s wftbaut i pcrligcgt papuoiag.

99


14/50

jc girrawoy tbc laùs (32 vcrsus 33). Bawcvcr tbfs wauo` ercitc i miosc flihc am tbc rciofty jceiusc fg tbfs

hraup irc i oat am tcrrftarfcs gat rchir`c` is fg`cpcg`cgt. Mral tbfs hraup ietuiooy gat ocss tbig 55 tcrrfta-

rfcs irc gat fg`cpcg`cgt eaugtrfcs jut, mar cxilpoc sa eiooc` avcrscis tcrrftarfcs:0ctectcri. Pbc ]ieig

Efty fs tbc agoy stitc jcfgh fg`cpcg`cgt wftbaut jcfgh lcljcr am tbc SG:3. Ua fm wc tidc tbc SG hripb is i

stirgh pafgt, i``fgh ]ieig Efty ta hraup I, wc hct i mir larc kust eagecpag am rciofty is hraup M fs tbc

laùs. Ua cvcry stitc ar tcrrftary oirhcr tbcg 3>>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc eig jc sccg is oirhc, ioo stitcs ig`

tcrrftarfcs slioocr tbig 9>>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc eig jc sccg is slioo. Ioo eaugtrfcs tbit bivc 9>,>>> squirc

dfoalctrc bijftijoc tcrrftary ar ocss, eig jc sccg is lferastitcs. Fg eageou`fgh tbfs, F rckcet tbc erftcrfag sct

jy salc iutbars ofdc Uf`frapauoas (:>>6), wba irhucs tbit 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ar ocss fs tbc erftcrfag mar

lferastitcs. Ft fs cvf`cgt ta scc wby bc irhucs tbit, jceiusc am tbc hrcit guljcr am tcrrftarfcs fg tbfs eitcha-

ry. Jut ihifg, last am tbcl irc gat rceahgfzc` is fg`cpcg`cgt jy tbc SG. Icr earrcegh tbc guljcrs wftb

tbc gat fg`cpcg`cgt tcrrftarfcs, :3 rceahgfzc` stitcs mioo fg hraup I. Jut tidfgh I is tbc pafgt am `cpirturc,

tbfs wauo` mar cxilpoc cxeou`c Ouxcljaurh ig` Uilai am jcfgh i lferastitc. Pidfgh tbc SG hripb is rcmcr-

cgec wc eig scc tbit hraup @ (9>,>>>-3>,>>> Dl:) fs tbc laùs mar slioo eaugtrfcs. Fg eageousfag, tcrrftary

sfzc wfsc, stitcs wftb i 9>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ar ocss irc lferastitcs. Fg Pijoc 0 ig avcrvfcw am ioo stitcs

ig` tcrrftarfcs tbit irc i lferastitc ieear`fgh ta tbcfr tcrrftary sfzc.

Pijoc 0, lferastitcs jy tcrrftary sfzc.


Igàrri Lagiea Ilcrfeig Uilai Kcrscy

Ighui ig` Jirjuì Giuru Ighufooi Lieiu

Jibilis, Pbc îoiu Iruji LiyacJirjiàs Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs Jcrluì Lagtscrrit

Jrugcf Uifgt Ouefi Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcr-

rftary

Gctbcroig`s Igoocs

Eipc ]cr`c Uifgt ]fgecgt ig` tbc

Hrcgi`fgcs

Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s Gfuc

Ealaras Uilai Eiylig Fsoig`s Garmaod Fsoig`

Eyprus Uig Lirfga Ebrfstlis Fsoig` Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fs-

oig`s

@alfgfei Uia Palc ig` rfgefpc Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s ^fteifrg Fsoig`s

Hiljfi, Pbc Ucyebcoocs Eaad Fsoig`s ûcrta Zfea

Hrcgiì Ufghiparc Mirac Fsoig`s Uifgt Jirtbcocly

Dfrfji Paghi Mrceb aoygcsfi Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag,

ig` Prfstig ì Eugbi

Ofcebtcgstcfg Prfgfì` ig` Pajiha Hizi Utrfp Uifgt Lirg

Ouxcljaurh Puviou Hfjriotir Uifgt fcrrc ig` Lfquc-

oag

Lio`fvcs Hucrgscy Padcoiu

Lioti ]ieig Efty Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s

Lirsbioo Fsoig`s Bagh Dagh ]frhfg Fsoig`s

:0 C.h. tbc @uteb Igoocs ig` Iruji ar tbc Miodoig` Fsoig`s.

:3 Pbc Baoy Ucc fs tbc iutbarfty am tbc ]ieig jut ga stitc, Pbc ]ieig bis i stitc wftb ga iutbarfty.

9:


15/50


Liurfus Fsoc am Lig Xioofs ig` Mutugi

Lferagcsfi, Mc`crio

Utitcs am

Kig Liycg Xcst Jigd

Igatbcr flpartigt mietar fs tbc hcahripby am Lferastitcs. Xftb tbc hcahripby F gat agoy lcig ta tiod ijaut

wf`tb, ocghtb ig` sfzc am tbc stitc jut, liyjc cvcg larc flpartigt, ijaut tbc sftuiag. Jatb tcrrftary sfzc

ig` oaeiag irc eoascoy rcoitc` ta (tbc sfzc am) papuoiag, ceagalfe hrawtb ig` stritchfe viouc. Pbc sftc am

i giag fs baw fts hcahripbfeio pasfag fs. Pbc sftuiag am i giag fs baw tbc sftc fs euovitc`. Pbc sftc

`ctcrlfgcs ta i ecrtifg cxtcg` tbc euoviag am i giag ar tcrrftary. Uf`frapauoas `fsghufsbcs vc typcs

am sftcs, gilcoy;

Pcrrftarfcs wftb ga cxft ta tbc sci (c.h. Ig`arri)

Pcrrftarfcs wftb cxft ta sci (c.h. Jrugcf)

^cgfgsuoir tcrrftarfcs (c.h. Yitir)

Fsoig`s (c.h. Giuru)

Fsoig` ealpocxcs (c.h. Lio`fvcs)

Fg cgfgh sftuiags Uf`frapauoas cgcs tbrcc eitcharfcs;

Efty (Lagiea)

Ihhoalcriag (Ufghiparc)

Zchfag (Bagh Dagh)

Fm wc oaad agoy it tbc tcrrftary sfzc is erftcrfi fg `ctcrlfgfgh lferastitcs wc eig eageou`c tbit last lfera-

stitcs irc cftbcr fsoig`s ar fsoig` ealpocxcs ig` irc sftuitc` is i rchfag. Ajvfausoy sftc ig` sftuiag eigt

jc erftcrfi, jut wc eig usc ft fg suj`fvf`fgh lferastitc ta ercitc i jccr eabcsfag am tbc hraup lferastitcs fm

wc eig eoissfmy lferastitcs ieear`fgh ta tbcfr sftc ig` sftuiag. Pbus ft wfoo jc passfjoc ta usc agc lferastitc

is ig cxilpoc fg ar`cr ta, mar cxilpoc, prc`fet tbc muturc mar igatbcr lferastitc. Zchir`fgh tbcsc spcefe

ebirietcrfses, F tcg` ta eageou`c tbit tbcsc irc bfstarfeio `ctcrlfgc`. Am eaursc ft fs larc oahfeio ta stiy

fg`cpcg`cgt mar i slioo fsoig` fg tbc lf`st am tbc piefe (c.h. Giuru) tbig mar slioo eaugtrfcs surraug`c` jy

straghcr stitcs (c.h. tbc Hcrlig Docfgstiitcrcf ). Vau lfhbt jc ijoc ta eageou`c tbit mar jcfgh i lferastitc

ft fs gcecssiry ta jc i ofoc jft fsaoitc` fg ar`cr ta stiy fg`cpcg`cgt. Am eaursc tbcrc irc salc cxecpags ofdc

c.h. Lagiea ar ]ieig Efty, jut tbcy stiyc` fg`cpcg`cgt jy tbc hriec am tbcfr gcfhbjaurs.

95

:.5.: Hcahripby


16/50

Xcvc sccg fg tbc pist sceags baw jfh tbc papuoiag am i typfeio lferastitc fs ig` baw vist tbc tcrrftary

am i typfeio lferastitc fs. Ua wbit acs tbc havcrglcgt am i typfeio lferastitc oaad ofdc1 Xc iorci`y gatc` fg

tbc fgtraùeag am tbfs pipcr tbit tbcrcs i `feuoty wbcg ft ealcs ta tbc fgtcrprctiag am tbc tcrl stitc.

Ligy am tbc pcrecfvc` lferastitcs fg taìys oftcriturc irc ig ijugìgt lfx am fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs, avcrscis

tcrrftarfcs, rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs ig` fsputc` tcrrftarfcs. Fg ar`cr ta dccp tbfghs eocir F wfoo hfvc ig avcrvfcw pcrlferastitc virfigt ag jcbiom am fts havcrglcgtio marl.

Pbcrc irc 50 fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs it tbc lalcgt. Fg Pijoc 3 ig avcrvfcw am tbc fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs,

tbcfr havcrglcgt marl, ig` rigdfghs eagecrgfgh paofeio ig` efvfo mrccàl.

Pijoc 3:=:8:2:6

Utitc Havcrglcgt Utyoc Upcefc` ^Z EZ MZ

Igàrri* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey LE 9 9 9

Ighui ig` Jirjuì* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L : : :

Jibilis, Pbc* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9

Jirjiàs* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9

Jrugcf Fsoilfe Ijsaoutc Lagireby - = 3 3.3

Eipc ]cr`c* Zcpujofe L 9 9 9

Ealaras* Mc`crio Zcpujofe LE 5 0 5.3

Eyprus* ^rcsf`cgio Zcpujofe E 9 9 9@alfgfei* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9

Hiljfi, Pbc Zcpujofe - 3 0 0.3

Hrcgiì* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 : 9.3

Dfrfji* Zcpujofe LE 9 9 9

Ofcebtcgstcfg* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey LE 9 9 9

Ouxcljaurh* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey LE 9 9 9

Lio`fvcs ^rcsf`cgio Zcpujofe - 0 0 0

Lioti* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9

Lirsbioo Fsoig`s* @claerie rcsf`cgioZcpujofe

L 9 9 9

Liurfus* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe LE 9 : :

Lferagcsfi, Mc`crio Utitcs am* @claerie Mc`critc` rcsf-

`cgio Zcpujofe

E 9 9 9

Lagiea* Eagstuagio Lagireby LE : 9 9.3

Giuru* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9

îoiu (Jcoiu)* @claerie rcsf`cgio

Zcpujofe

E 9 9 9

:= Utitcs irc ieear`fgh ta tbc âpuoiag ig` Pcrrftary Ufzc erftcrfi. Ucc ebiptcr :.: ig` :.5

:8 Havcrglcgt Utyoc ieear`fgh ta www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/ ag 93.=.:>9>

:2 Havcrglcgt Utyoc Upcefc` ieear`fgh ta Igedir :>>2, p8:. Fg Ftiofe awg ajscrviag.

:6 ^Z, EZ ig` MZ ieear`fgh ta www.mrccàlbausc.arh ag 93.=.:>9>

90

:.0 Havcrlcgt Utyoc

:.0.9 Fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs


17/50

Utitc Havcrglcgt Utyoc Upcefc` ^Z EZ MZ

Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9

Uifgt Ouefi* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9

Uifgt ]fgecgt ig` tbc Hrcgi`fgcs* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L : 9 9.3

Uilai* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L : : :

Uig Lirfga* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9

Uia Palc ig` rfgefpc* @claerie Uclf rcsf`cg-io Zcpujofe

LE : : :

Ucyebcoocs* Zcpujofe E 5 5 5

Ufghiparc îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe - 3 0 0.3

Paghi Eagstuagio Lagireby - 3 5 0

Prfgfì` ig` Pajiha* îrofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L : : :

Puviou* îrofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9

]ieig Efty Ceeocsfiseio Uiecràtio

Lagireby

GI GI GI GI

Cxpoigiag am ijjrcvfiags fg Pijoc 3;

Ijjrcvfiag Cxpoigiag

* Cocevc @claeriey

L Likarfty Zuoc

E Eagscgsus Zuoc

^Z âofeio Zfhbts

EZ Efvfo Zfhbts

MZ Mrccàl Zitc

]iouc cxpoigiag Pijoc 3;

Pbc vioucs mar ^Z, EZ ig` MZ irc jisc` ag ig fgerclcgtio seioc. I viouc am 9 rcprcscggh tbc last mrcc ig`

i viouc am 8 jcfgh tbc ocist mrcc righ.

Pijoc 3 sbaws us tbit jy mir last lferastitcs irc wcoo cxceutc` `claerie stitcs. Pbcy searc, wftb maur

cxecpags ioo bfhbcr tbig i 5 fg tbc mrccàl ritc eitchary ig` irc tbus ofstc` is mrcc eaugtrfcs ieear`fgh ta

Mrccàl Bausc5>. Fg last eiscs, sfx cxecpags bcrc, paofeio ig` efvfo rfhbts irc wcoo fgstutc` ig` huirig-

tcc`. Xc eig eageou`c mral tbfs tbit i typfeio lferastitc fs ig cocevc claeriey fg wbfeb paofeio ig` efvfo

rfhbts irc am bfhb stigìr`.

Xbcg wc tidc i eoascr oaad it tbc havcrglcgtio marl am tbc cocevc claerie lferastitcs wc eig scc twa

trcg`s4

Last `claeriefcs irc îrofilcgtiry @claeriefcs (99) ig`,

Last `claeriefcs irc likarfty ruoc`. (9=)

Baw ealc last lferastitcs irc pirofilcgtiry `claeriefcs, ig` baw ealc last am tbcl irc likarfty

5> Mrccàl Bausc fs ig fgtcrgiagio gag-havcrglcgtio arhigfziag jisc` fg Xisbfghtag, @.E. tbit eagùets rcscireb ig`

i`vaeiey ag fts eagecpags am claeriey, paofeio mrccàl ig` bulig rfhbts.

93


18/50

ruoc`1 Ucvcrio stu`fcs fg`feitc tbit lferastitcs irc larc cihcr ta lifgtifg claeriey tbig oirhc eaugtrfcs.

A, Eoihuc, Hocisag, Dgied, @filag` ig` Psiofd59ioo eageou`c fg virfaus stu`fcs avcr larc tbig :> ycirs

lc tbit sfzc fs pasfvcoy rcoitc` ta `claeriey. Igedir tbcrcmarc eageou`cs tbit slioo eaugtrfcs irc larc

pragc tbig oirhcr eaugtrfcs ta bao` `claeriey fg bfhb cstccl.(Igedir :>>2). Iocsfgi ig` Upaoiarc hfvc ig

ceagalfe rcisag wby slioo eaugtrfcs bivc mcwcr `fetitarsbfps tbig oirhc eaugtrfcs. I `fetitar, ar ta usc i

Bajjcsfig tcrl, i Ocvfitbig5:sccds lixflul rcgt mar bfs ar bcr awg jcgct fgstci` am giagio jcgct. I

oirhcr eaugtry hfvcs larc fgtcrcst tbig i slioo eaugtry, tbcrcmarc jy tbcfr giturc slioocr eaugtrfcs irc ocss

irievc ta jcealc i `fetitarsbfp is tbcy wfoo jc larc `feuot, fm gat flpassfjoc, ta jc scom sustifgfgh, oct

ioagc ercitc prat mar tbc Ocvfitbig.55Pbc cxpoigiag hfvcg jy Iocsfgi ig` Upaoirc fs, iotbauhb poiusfjoc,

gat tatiooy mcisfjoc is ft àcs gat tidc tbc pcrsagiofty am i Ocvfitbig fgta ieeaugt. Icr ioo, igy eaugtry, jfh

ar slioo, eig arfhfgitc i patcgio `fetitar. Ua, jcst yau eig siy fs tbit i tatioftirfig systcl jisc` fg i slioo

eaugtry bis vcry ofoc ebigec am survfvio.

I rcisag wby tbc papuoiag am lferastitcs irc larc eabcsfvc fs iosa maug` fg ceagalfes. Liyjc tbc lfera-

stitcs irc larc eabcsfvc is tbcy irc ocss luomarl fg tbcfr papuoiag strueturc. Mar cxilpoc, fg Lagiea

iolast cvcry efzcg fs rfeb ig` paofeiooy rfhbt arfcgtitc`. Ig` (gat jy ebigec) fts iolast flpassfjoc ta

jcealc i efzcg am Lagiea fm yau irc gat vcry rfeb. Ag tbc atbcr big` wc scc tbc appasftc bippcgfgh fg

paar lferastitcs; gaja`y wigts ta jcealc i efzcg is tbcrcs gatbfgh ta hct. Pbfs fs iosa suppartc` jy sti-

ses, spcefiooy tbc îefe lferastitcs bivc ta `cio wftb ig fgercisfgh pirt am tbc papuoiag ofvfgh ijrai`.

Bivfgh cxpoifgc` wby slioocr eaugtrfcs irc larc ofdcoy ta jc i `claeriey wc eig tidc i oaad it tbc marl am

`claeriey.

Agc eig irhuc tbit fg slioo eallugfcs fts larc ofdcoy tbit tbcrc fs larc eagscgsus ag fssucs ig` tbcrcmarc

i likarfty ruoc. Bawcvcr, ag tbc eagtriry agc eauo` irhuc tbit fg slioo eallugfcs `fusc pafgts am vfcw

irc larc ofdcoy ta paoirfzc. Igedir eageou`cs fg bfs ireoc Lferastitc @claeriey; Likarfty ar Eagscgsus;

@fusfag ar ^rajocl-Uaovfgh tbit likarfty `claeriefcs fg last eiscs bivc i Jrfsb Eaoagfio pist. Pbcrc-

marc tbcy sflpoy sueecc` tbc Jrfsb likarftirfig la`co, jisc` ag tbc Xcstlfgstcr la`co.50Pbfs fg`feitcs

tbit likarfty `claeriey fs gat sa lueb tbc rcsuot am tbc sfzc am lferastitcs is wcoo is tbcfr pist. Fg`cc`,

wbcg wc tidc i oaad it tbc `claerie lferastitcs (Eyprus, Lferagcsfi, îoiu, Ucyebcoocs) tbit irc gat li-

karfty ruoc`, wc eig scc tbit gag am tbcl wbcrc i Jrfsb Eaoagy fg tbc pist.

Last am tbc lferastitcs tbit bivc i lfx am likarfty ig` eagscgsus irc tbc tri`fagio Curapcig lferastitcs4

Igàrri, Ofcebtcgstcfg, Ouxcljaurh ig` Lagiea. Pbc ealjfgiag fs cxpoifgc` is last am tbcl soo bivc i

tri`fagio `ygisty tbit bis paofeio pawcrs, ealjfgc` wftb i havcrglcgt marlc` jy i luo pirty systcl.

Fg ly pafgt am vfcw, tbfs fs ioo cxpoifgc` jy bfstary.

59 Igedir :>>2 p=8 ig` murtbcr

5: Bajjcs 9=33, Ocvfitbig

55 Iocsfgi & Upaoiarc :>>3, Ebiptcr 3

50 Igedir :>>2, p8=

9=


19/50

Pbc last `feuot Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag erftcrfi ta muoo irc tbc erftcrfi am savcrcfhg havcrglcgt ig` tbc

ijfofty ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb mcooaw stitcs. Zclirdijoc fs tbit, fm wc agoy usc papuoiag ig` tcrrftary

sfzc is erftcrfi ig` ocivc aut tbc atbcr erftcrfi last avcrscis, rcoitc` ig` `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs eig jc sccg

is lferastitcs. Sp ta ig istagfsbfgh 05 lferastitcs irc gat fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs. Fg eitcharfzfgh tbasc stitcs

wc eig `crfvc twa hraups4 Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh tcrrftarfcs tbit irc tatiooy havcrgc` jy tbcfr i`lfgfstcrfgheaugtry, tbc atbcr hraup fs fg`feitc` jy tbc Mrccàl Bausc is Zcoitc` Pcrrftarfcs. Pbasc tcrrftarfcs irc gat

fg`cpcg`cgt jut tbcy à bivc salc ocvco am scom havcrgigec. F lust gatc bcrc tbit Mrccàl Bausc agoy

gatcs Bagh Dagh ig` ûcrta Zfea is rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs. Bawcvcr, tbc SG bis rclavc` tbcl, ig` atbcr tcr-

rftarfcs mral tbc ofst am Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh tcrrftarfcs. Jut tbc rclavio bis atbcr rcisags tbcg fg`cpcg`cgec

is tbcy irc gat rciooy fg`cpcg`cgt (c.h. Bagh Dagh, ûcrta Zfea cte.). Pbcrcmarc wc eig eageou`c tbit tbasc

tcrrftarfcs tbit `f` gat hifg fg`cpcg`cgec, ar lcrhc` wftb atbcr `cpcg`cgt ar fg`cpcg`cgt tcrrftarfcs eig

jc ofstc` is rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs (mar cxilpoc, Lieiu bis tbc silc stitus is Bagh Dagh wftbfg tbc ^ZE).

Pijoc = sbaws ioo tbc lferastitcs wba ircgt fg`cpcg`cgt, jut wba irc gcftbcr Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh Pcrrfta-

rfcs (oitcr ag GUH Pcrrftarfcs). Fg flftiag am tbc Mrccàl Bausc F wfoo eioo tbasc lferastitcs Zcoitc` Pcrrfta-

rfcs. Fg Pijoc 8 F hfvc ig avcrvfcw am ioo tbasc lferastitcs tbit irc Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh. Pbfs lcigs tbit tbcy

bivc ga marl am scom havcrgigec, wftb cxecpag am salc oaeio paofes, acg fg trfjio marl. Pijoc 2 ofsts tbc

lferastitcs tbit irc lirdc` is `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs.

Pijoc =53, Zcoitc` Pcrrftarfcs

Pcrrftary Utitus

Iruji Eagstucgt eaugtry am Pbc Gctbcroig`s

Eaad Fsoig`s Uavcrcfhg Utitc fg mrcc issaefiag wftb Gcw [cioig`

Mrcgeb Cstijofsblcgts fg Aecigfi* Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec

Hrccgoig` Balc Zuoc fg eallugfty wftb @cglird

Bagh Dagh Upcefio I`lfgfstrivc Zchfag am tbc ZE

Lieiu Upcefio I`lfgfstrivc Zchfag am tbc ^ZE

Gctbcroig`s Igoocs Eagstucgt eaugtry am Pbc Gctbcroig`s

Gfuc Uavcrcfhg Utitc fg mrcc issaefiag wftb Gcw [cioig`

ûcrta Zfea Sgfgearparitc` arhigfzc` eallagwciotb am tbc SUI

Uifgt fcrrc ig` Lfqucoag Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec

Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s Mc`crio Eagstuagio Lagireby

Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fsoig`s Eallagwciotb fg paofeio ugfag wftb tbc SUI

Mirac Fsoig`s îrofilcgtiry @claeriey wftbfg tbc Dfghàl am @cglird

Hucrgscy Erawg @cpcg`cgey am tbc Sgftc` Dfghàl

Fsoc am Lig Erawg @cpcg`cgey am tbc Sgftc` Dfghàl

Kcrscy Erawg @cpcg`cgey am tbc Sgftc` Dfghàl

Garmaod Fsoig`s Ucom-havcrgfgh tcrrftary wftb Iustriofi

Uifgt Jirtbcocly Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec

53 bp;//www.ug.arh/@cpts/`pf/`ceaoagfziag/trust:.btl ag 98.=.:>9>

98

:.0.: Avcrscis, rcoitc` ig` `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs


20/50

Pcrrftary Utitus

Uifgt Lirg Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec

* Mrcgeb âoygcsfi ig` Xioofs ig` Mutugi

Pijoc 85=, Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh Pcrrftarfcs

Pcrrftary I`lfgfstriag

Ilcrfeig Uilai Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei

Ighufooi Sgftc` Dfghàl

Jcrluì Sgftc` Dfghàl

Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfghàl

Eiylig Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfghàl

Miodoig` Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfghàl

Hfjriotir Sgftc` Dfghàl

Huil Sgftc` Utitcs am IlcrfeiLagtscrrit Sgftc` Dfghàl

Gcw Eiocàgfi Mrigec

^fteifrg Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfghàl

Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag, ig` Prfstig i Eugbi Sgftc` Dfghàl

Padcoiu Gcw [cioig`

Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfghàl

]frhfg Fsoig`s Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei

Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcrrftary Sgftc` Dfghàl

Ebrfstlis Fsoig` Iustriofi

Idratarf Sgftc` Dfghàl

@bcdiofi Sgftc` Dfghàl

Liyac Mrigec

Uviojir` Garwiy

Pijoc 258, @fsputc` Pcrrftarfcs

Pcrrftary Utitus

Hizi Utrfp Aeeupfc` ar fsputc` tcrrftaryXcstjigd Aeeupfc` ar fsputc` tcrrftary

I girraw likarfty am gag fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs irc fgtcrgiagiooy sccg is Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh-Pcrrfta-

rfcs (:9), 96 gag fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs irc Zcoitc` Pcrrftarfcs is tbcy cgkay i hrcit marl am fg`cpcg`-

cgec. Pwa lferastitcs irc `fsputc` tcrrftary, tbc Hizi Utrfp ig` tbc Xcst Jigd. @cpcg`fgh ag wba yau isd

tbcy irc cftbcr aeeupfc` jy Fsrico ar `fsputc` oig`. Pbc iutbar mccos tbit ft fs gat gcecssiry ta ha fgta `ctifo

rchir`fgh tbfs licr is ft àcs gat i`` ta tbfs cssiy. Gatc wartby fs tbauhb, tbit salc am tbc GUH Pcrrftarfcs

irc iosa `fsputc`, tbc Miodoig` Fsoig`s, ar Fsois Liovfgis, jcfgh milaus. Am eaursc fts gat gcecssiry mar i`fsputc ta jc aefiooy rchfstcrc` is i `fsputc.

5= bp;//www.ug.arh/@cpts/`pf/`ceaoagfziag/trust5.btl ag 98.=.:>9>

58 bps;//www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/co`s/:>8>.btlo ag 98.=.:>9>

92


21/50

Fg eageousfag, rchir`fgh lferastitc havcrgigec, wc eig siy tbit i likarfty am lferastitcs irc muooy, ar ta i

oirhc cxtcg`, fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs. Last am tbasc stitcs irc cocetario likarfty claeriefcs wftb i Jrfsb Eaoa-

gfio pist. Pbc lferastitcs tbit irc gat muooy fg`cpcg`cgt irc fg last eiscs GUH Pcrrftarfcs, i`lfgfstritc` jy

tbcfr balc eaugtry. I rclirdijoc autealc am tbc tijocs fs tbit last GUH Pcrrftarfcs irc ug`cr Jrfsb Zuoc,

ug`crofgfgh tbc hrcit flpcrfio pist am Jrftifg ig` fts marlcr waro` pawcr.

Pbcrc fs i oat ta à ijaut lferastitc ceagaly. Baw à sueb slioo sfzc` eaugtrfcs, wftb vfrtuiooy ga giturio

rcsaurecs, acg sftuitc` fg cscrtc` pirts am tbc waro`s survfvc1 Jcsf`cs tbfs tbcrc fs acg (jut mar surc gat

iowiys) i slioo givc papuoiag wftb ig irrcihc fg dgawoc`hc. F wfoo rst tidc i oaad it tbc H@^ pcr eipfti

^^^ am lferastitcs. Maooawfgh F wfoo `cserfjc tbc ceagalfeio ealpasfag am lferastitcs fg wbfeb F wfoo iosa

i``rcss tbc pbcgalcgi am tbc fooustrfaus tix bivcgs.

Pbc rst tbfgh wc fllc`fitcoy gatc mral Pijoc 6 fs tbit mral tbc tap 9> rfebcst eaugtrfcs fg tbc waro`, ig

istagfsbfgh sfx eaugtrfcs eig jc eoissfc` is lferastitcs. Ajscrvfgh tbfs, wc eig iorci`y eageou`c tbit ippir-

cgtoy jcfgh slioo fg tcrrftary ig` papuoiag fs gat gcecssirfoy, ugofdc agc lfhbt cxpcet, i fsi`vigtihc wbcg

iflfgh it tbc jfhhcst wciotb mar tbc papuoiag.52Gcftbcr fs tbc oied am giturio rcsaurecs.

Pijoc 656

Zigd Eaugtry H@^ - pcr eipfti (^^^) (SU@)

9 Ofcebtcgstcfg 992,>>>

: Yitir 23,=>>

5 Ouxcljaurh 86,=>>

0 Jcrluì =6,6>>

3 Kcrscy 38,>>>

= Garwiy 30,6>>

8 Jrugcf 30,0>>

2 Duwift 30,5>>

6 Ufghiparc 02,3>>

9> Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei 0=,5>>

Xbcg wc tidc i oaad it Pijoc 9> ig` 99 wc eig ajscrvc tbit tbcrc irc larc gag fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs

tbit bivc i H@^ am 7$9>,>>> pcr eipfti tbcg fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs. Bawcvcr tbc bfhbcst H@^ pcr Eipfti fg

tbc Gag SG Lcljcrs hraup (Jcrluì, $=6,6>>) fs agoy i ofoc bfhbcr tbig biom am tbc H@^ am tbc bfhbcst

H@^ pcr eipfti fg tbc SG Lcljcrs hraup (Ofcebtcgstcfg $992,>>>). Xbit wc eig murtbcr gaec, fs tbc vist

`fcrcgecs fg jctwccg lferastitc H@^s, ilagh SG Lcljcrs is wcoo is Gag SG Lcljcrs, fg tatio righfgh

mral $992,>>> (Ofcebtcgstcfg) ta i paar $9>>> (Padcoiu), i hip am ig istagfsbfgh 992 lcs! Ua, iotbauhb

slioogcss fs gat gcecssirfoy i bfeeup fg lidfgh i giag wciotby, fts gat ig i`vigtihc cftbcr. 0>Pbcrc lust

52 Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico, Of & Zci` 9662, p=33

56 bp;//www.fg`cxlug`f.eal/h/r.ispx1t&v

0> Lfogcr & Xcstiwiy 9665, fg Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico & Of 9662, p=0:

96

:.3 Ceagaly


22/50

jc igatbcr cxpoigiag mar ft.

Pijoc 9>09

SG Lcljcrs H@^ pcr eipfti (^^^) fg SU@

Igàrri 52,2>>

Ighui ig` Jirjuì 92,9>>Jibilis, Pbc :6,=>>

Jirjiàs 92,3>>

Jrugcf 30,0>>

Eipc ]cr`c 5,0>>

Ealaras 9,9>>

Eyprus :9,:>>

@alfgfei 6,=>>

Hiljfi, Pbc 9,:>>

Hrcgiì 9:,5>>

Dfrfji 3,5>>

Ofcebtcgstcfg 992,>>>

Ouxcljaurh 86,=>>

Lio`fvcs 0,0>>

Lioti :5,5>>

Lirsbioo Fsoig`s :,6>>

Liurfus 99,9>>

Lferagcsfi, Mc`crio Utitcs am :,5>>

Lagiea 5>,>>>

Giuru 3,>>>

îoiu (Jcoiu) 8,=>>

Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs 92,=>>

Uifgt Ouefi 9>,6>>

Uifgt ]fgecgt ig` tbc Hrcgi`fgcs 6,0>>

Uilai 0,8>>

Uig Lirfga 09,6>>

Uia Palc ig` rfgefpc 9,5>>Ucyebcoocs 92,6>>

Ufghiparc 02,3>>

Paghi 0,8>>

Prfgfì` ig` Pajiha :9,3>>

Puviou 9,=>>

09 bp;//www.fg`cxlug`f.eal/h/r.ispx1e0rigd.btlo ag :9.=.:>9>

:>


23/50

Pijoc 990:

Gag SG Lcljcrs H@^ pcr eipfti (^^^) fg SU@

Idrarf GI

Ilcrfeig Uilai 3,2>>

Ighufooi 2,2>>

Iruji :9,2>>Jcrluì =6,6>>

Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcrrftary GI

Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s 52,3>>

Eiylig Fsoig`s 05,2>>

Ebrfstlis Fsoig` GI

Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s GI

Eaad Fsoig`s 6,9>>

@bcdiofi GI

Miodoig` Fsoig`s 53,0>>Mirac Fsoig`s 59,>>>

Mrceb âoygcsfi 98,3>>

Hizi Utrfp 9,9>>

Hfjriotir :8,6>>

Hrccgoig` :>,>>>

Hucrgscy 00,=>>

Bagh Dagh 0>,3>>

Fsoc am Lig 53,>>>

Kcrscy 38,>>>

Lieiu :2,0>>

Liyac 0,6>>

Lagtscrrit 5,0>>

Gctbcroig`s Igoocs 9=,>>>

Gfuc 3,2>>

Garmaod Fsoig` GI

Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fsoig`s 9:,3>>

^fteifrg Fsoig`s GI

ûcrta Zfea 92,8>>

Uifgt Jirtbcocly GI

Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag, ig` Prfstig ì Eugbi :,3>>

Uifgt Lirg GI

Uifgt fcrrc ig` Lfqucoag 8,>>>

Uviojir` GI

Padcoiu 9,>>>

Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s 99,3>>

]ieig Efty GI]frhfg Fsoig`s 90,3>>

0: bp;//www.fg`cxlug`f.eal/h/r.ispx1e0rigd.btlo ag :9.=.:>9>

:9


24/50

Gag SG Lcljcrs H@^ pcr eipfti (^^^) fg SU@

Xioofs ig` Mutugi 5,2>>

Xcst Jigd :,6>>

Ft fs bcrc fg igioysfgh lferastitc ceagalfes wc scc tbc sceag` ebisl fg `cgfgh lferastitcs (tbc rst

ebisl jcfgh sftuiag ig` sftc, scc :.5). Zauhboy agc eig `fvf`c lferastitcs, jisc` ag H@^, fg maur hraups

mioofgh ioagh hcahripbfe ofgcs; Ilcrfeig (Eirfjjcig), Curapcig, Imrfeig ig` îefe/ Isfig lferastitcs. Ft fs

ga eafgef`cgec tbit tbcsc hraups maooaw i hcahripbfeio picrg. Fg bfs ireoc Fsoig` Lferastitcs; Pbc Lf-

rihc am @cvcoaplcgt (Pbc Eagtclpariry îefe, vaoulc 5, guljcr : 9669), Kabg Eaggco fgvcshitcs wby

`cvcoaplcgt fg lferastitcs fg tbc îefe (ig` Imrfei) ug`crpcrmarl fg ealpirfsag wftb Curapcig, ig` ta

i hrcitcr cxtcg` (jceiusc am sflfoir hcahripbfe eag`fags) Ilcrfeig lferastitcs. Bc `cserfjcs tbc virfaus

ceagalfe ievfcs i lferastitc eig `cpoay fg ar`cr ta hifg ceagalfe hrawtb. Xbcg lferastitcs jceilc

fg`cpcg`cgt, fg tbc lc am `ceaoagfziag, icr tbc Uceag` Xaro` Xir, bcop ig` ceagalfe if` wis iflc`

it eoissfeio ceagalfe prfgefpocs4 Fm yau wfsb mar fgùstrfiofziag, prcpirc ta `cvcoap ihrfeuoturc.(Ofptag

9688, p:0)05. Pbfs prfgefpoc bi` jccg ippofeijoc mar Curapc ùrfgh tbc 92tb ig` 96tb ecgtury ig` oitcr ag

mar tbc gcwoy fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs fg Imrfei. Bawcvcr tbfs prfgefpoc `f` gat ward aut quftc is wcoo mar tbc gcw

fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs, wba wcrc wftb iolast ga cxecpag fsoig`s ar cvcg warsc (spadcg mral i cvcoap-

lcgtio pcrspcevc)4 fsoig` hraups. Pbc rcisag wby pralagh ihrfeuoturc ig` fgùstrfiofziag mifoc` ta sue-

ecc` fg fsoig` lferastitcs irc gulcraus. Pa gilc i mcw, rclatcgcss, fsaoiag, slioo surmiec, oied am giturio

rcsaurecs, ig` ig ugsdfooc` oijaur marec. Is tbc oci`crs am tbc gcw jarg giags ig` tbc if` hfvcrs (acg fg

marl am i marlcr eaoagfio pawcr) fseavcrc` tbc hrcit prajocls fg cvcoapfgh ihrfeuoturc ig` fgùstrfcs, tbc

maeus sbfc` ta spcefiofzc` praùeag (mar cxilpoc pbaspbitc (Giuru) ar waaocg hirlcgts (Liurfus ig`Paghi) bawcvcr tbfs oci` ta wbit fs eiooc` Pbc @uteb @fscisc4 tbc ceagalfeio lagaeuoturc rcsuotc` fg ig

ugstijoc ceagaly `cpcg`fgh bcivfoy ag waro` `clig`. Fg eisc tbc hoajio `clig` mar tbfs sfghoc praùet ar

scrvfec eaooipscs, tbc ceagaly fs iolast fllc`fitcoy fg hrcit prajocls. Fg atbcr eiscs am fgùstrfiofziag,

riw litcrfios gcc`c` ta jc flpartc`. Fg cxpoarfgh lfgfgh, tbc rcsaurecs `rfvfgh tbc ceagaly irc oflftc`.

Gcxt ta ihrfeuoturc, lfgfgh ig` fgùstry wc bivc sbcry is ig apag mar lferastitc fsoig`s ta `cvcoap tbcfr

ceagaly. I prajocl wftb sbcry fs tbit last lferastitc fsoig`s bivc ig iutirdfe tri`fag fg wbfeb sbcry

wis saocoy i lcig ta pravf`c maa` mar tbc pcapoc, gat mar cxpart ar ta jc praecssc` fg atbcr praùets. Pbcrc-

marc, ligy lferastitc fsoig`s bivc ig ug`cr`cvcoapc` sbcry `cspftc tbcfr oirhc Cxeousfvc Ceagalfe [agc.00

Igatbcr prajocl wftb jcfgh `cpcg`cgt ag sbcry fs tbit tbcrc irc agoy twa wiys ta scoo tbfs praùet; cftbcr

mrcsb (wftb prajocls is `fstigec cte.) ar praecssc` (wftb prajocls is tbc gcc` mar mietarfcs, sdfooc` wardcrs

cte.) Pbc last sueecssmuo jrigebcs fg `cvcoapfgh ceagaly ig` ercigh i sustifgijoc ig` rcofijoc ceagaly

irc fg tbc scrvfefgh scetar. ^ravc` irc pireuoiroy taurfsl ig` gigefio scrvfecs. Fg ar`cr ta `cvcoap tbasc

ceagalfe ievfcs i stijoc ig` wcoo arhigfzc` havcrglcgt fs csscgio.

^rfar ta tbcfr fg`cpcg`cgec fg last Eirfjjcig lferastitcs tbc taurfsl fgùstry wis iorci`y wcoo cstijofsbc`.

Bawcvcr, fg tbc iefe, taurfsl wis sccg is i jifo aut apag fg eisc atbcr lcigs ta sct up i stijoc ceagaly

wauo` mifo. Ft wis mcirc` tbit taurfsl wauo` bivc gchivc euoturio flpofeiags tbrcitcgfgh tbc tri`fagio

05 Eaggco 9669, p:35

00 Mifrjifrg 9623, p2:

::


25/50

wiy am ofmc.(Oci 962>)03. Pbc last sueecssmuo jusfgcss ievfty clpoayc` fg lferastitcs fs acrfgh gigefio

scrvfecs, mugeagfgh is ig Asbarc Mfgigefio Ecgtrc (oitcr ag AME) ar tix bivcg. Pbfs dfg` am gigefio scrvfec

fs saocoy sccg fg Lferastitcs ag tbfs vcry seioc. ]ig Masscg gaecs fg Ulioo ceagalfcs ig` Hoajio ceagal-

fes tbit tix bivcgs irc cgbigefgh savcrcfhgty fg slioo stitcs wbfoc ft cra`cs ft fg lctrapaoftig stitcs (]ig

Masscg :>>2, p0). Pbfs eig bippcg jceiusc am tbc fgcri0=, ar cxtigsl08am tbc fgtcrgiagio systcl.

Agec i slioo stitc ar tcrrftary hifgc` iutagaly ig` fg`cpcg`cgt pawcrs, fts ucroy flpassfjoc ta rceioo

tbcsc ar tidc tbcl iwiy.02Pbc flpiet am tix bivcgs waro` wf`c fs eagsf`crijoc oirhc4 Disbgcr pujofsbc`

fg Lireb :>>8 fg tbc Yuirtcroy Juoocg am Pbc Jigd mar Fgtcrgiagio Ucoclcgts i rcpart eagecrgfgh tbc

cxtcrgio eurrcgey isscts am jigds fg rcpargh asbarc gigefio ecgtrcs. Fg Ucptcljcr :>>=, am ioo rcpartc`

cxtcrgio eurrcgey isscts, AMEs ieeaugtc` mar ijaut :=% ($=,6 trfoofag). Xcrc tiodfgh bcrc ijaut 9: stitcs,

wbctbcr fg`cpcg`cgt ar gat, mral wbal 9> irc lferastitcs. Pbc rcisag wby tbcsc AMEs irc cspcefiooy sa

sueecssmuo fg lferastitcs fs tbigds ta tbc lfera fg lferastitc. Pbigds ta tbcfr slioo papuoiag ft fs passfjoc

ta piss oiws tbit mivaur rfeb luogiagios quftc cisy. Ag tap am tbit tbc fgucgec am oajjy hraups, eagsfst-

fgh am oirhc ealpigfcs ig` wciotby fg`fvfùios fg i lferastitc irc vcry pawcrmuo. Gat scoàl irc paofeio

oci`crs iosa tbc ECA ar jair` lcljcr am AMEs. @cspftc fgtcrgiagio erfquc ag tix bivcgs, tbc ACE@ ig-

tix bivcg eilpifhg, wis am ofoc sueecss ig` fg salc eiscs tbc jcsfchc` lferastitcs sueecc`c` fg rcvcrsfgh

lcisurclcgts tidcg ta stap luogiagios am wbit oirhc stitcs scc is tix cvisfag.06Ajvfausoy tbc tix bivcg

jusfgcss bis i gchivc fgucgec ag tbc `claerie systcl wftbfg lferastitcs jceiusc am fgtcrtwfgfgh fg-

tcrcsts. Bawcvcr, tbc pcapoc à gat cisfoy ealpoifg ijaut tbfs is ft jrfghs wciotb ig` sueecss ta tbcfr stitc.

Mar cxilpoc, mar Hucrgscy ft fs dgawg tbit ijaut agc-tbfr` am ioo hriùitcs cg` up wardfgh mar tbc oci`fgh

AMEs ag tbc fsoig`.3>Ihifg, i eruefio mietar fg scgh up ig ccevc AME sccls ta jc, gcxt ta am eaursc i

ecrtifg ocvco am eallag `cvcoaplcgt, hcahripbfe oaeiag. Aecigfi dgaws vcry ofoc sueecssmuo AMEs ig`pirtoy tbfs fs eiusc` jy fts rclatc oaeiag. Pbfs lfhbt ebighc fg tbc (gcir) muturc, is àfgh jusfgcss ig`

trigsmcrrfgh lagcy agofgc jcealcs larc eustal ig` tbc fgtcrgct spcc`s irc fgercisfgh ripfòy, `fstigec fg

dfoalctrcs jcealcs ocss prajoclie.

Pbc `fcrcgecs jctwccg ceagalfe pcrmarligecs ilagh lferastitcs irc buhc, mral supcr rfeb (Ofcebtcg-

stcfg) ta ucroy paar (Ealaras). Fg eageousfag wc eig scc tbit tbc lferastitc ceagaly fs gat vcry `fvcrsc.

Last clpoayc` ceagalfe ievfcs irc spcefio praùeag fg lfgfgh ar fgùstry, sbfgh, taurfsl ig` gig-

efio scrvfecs. Bawcvcr, `cspftc tbcfr oflftc` ceagalfe passfjfofcs, i ritbcr oirhc guljcr am lferastitcs`cvcoapc` tbclscovcs ta jc tbc rfebcst eaugtrfcs fg tbc waro`, ar fg eisc am tbc ^rfgefpiofty am Ofcebtcgstcfg,

tbc rfebcst am tbc waro`. Ualc prajocls eiusc` jy lferastitc ceagalfe ievfcs fs tbit oirhc stitcs miec

tix cvisfag jy jfh ealpigfcs wftb bcop am AMEs jisc` fg slioo eaugtrfcs. Pbigds ta tbc eurrcgt fgtcrgiagio

systcl ft fs gat passfjoc ta tidc ieag, ar suefcgt ieag. Is Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico, Of & Zci` eageou`c,

tbc i`vigtihc am jcfgh slioo fs flpassfjoc ta quigmy is ft wauo` cri`feitc tbc i`vigtihc ftscom.39

03 Eaggco 9669, p:30

0= Jioìeebfga :>>3, p0>

08 Jirtligg :>>:, p589-58:02 ]ig Masscg :>>2, p9:

06 Ubirlig :>>=

3> ]ig Masscg :>>2, p9:

39 Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico, Of & Zci` 9662, p=09

:5


26/50

Fg tbfs ebiptcr F bivc appasc` tbc SG erftcrfag usc` ta `cgc lferastitcs ig` igioysc` tbc Lagtcvf`ca

Eagvcgag ta `ctcrlfgc tbc fg`cpcg`cgec am i stitc. Jy stise cvf`cgec Fvc sbawg tbit i papuoiag am

9,>>>,>>> pcapoc fs gcftbcr ieeuritc gar earrcet ta `ctcrlfgc wbctbcr i stitc fs i lferastitc. Mfrst am ioo, i

stitc fs gat agoy `cgc` jy fts pcapoc, tbc rfebcst stitcs am tbc waro` bivc i surprfsfghoy slioo papuoiag.

Ig` tbc last pawcrmuo stitc fs gat tbc stitc wftb tbc last pcapoc, tbc silc ippofcs mar tbc stitc wftb tbcoirhcst tcrrftary. Mral tbcsc miets ft jcealcs eocir tbit papuoiag ioagc eig gcvcr jc tbc saoc erftcrfag fg

`ctcrlfgfgh wbctbcr i stitc fs i lferastitc. Pbcrcmarc larc erftcrfi gcc` ta jc i``c`. Uceag`oy, lfera fl-

pofcs cxecpag. Fm ft wis gat cxecpagio ft wauo` gat bivc jccg eiooc` lfera, jut garlio ar eallag. Ssfgh

papuoiag, stises sbaw us tbit stitcs wftb i papuoiag am 9>>,>>> ar ocss eig jc sccg is i lferastitc.

Gcxt ta papuoiag wc bivc tcrrftary sfzc, is tbfs bcivfoy fgucgecs tbc i`lfgfstrivc ebirietcr am i eaugtry

is wcoo is fts ceagalfe pcrspcevc ig` sceurfty. Utises sbaw us tbit wc eig eageou`c tbit stitcs wftb i

bijftijoc (is oig`liss) tcrrftary sfzc am 9>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ar ocss eig jc sccg is lferastitcs. Pbasc

twa erftcrfi irc tbc jisfe erftcrfi agc eig usc fg cgfgh i lferastitc. Xc tbcg igioysc` havcrglcgtio marlig` ceagalfes. Mar tbc rst agc wc eig eageou`c tbit lferastitcs last ofdcoy irc ta jc ig cocevc, likarfty

ruoc`, claeriey wftb i Xcstcrg eaoagfio pist. Pbfs mivaurs tbc stitclcgt tbit stitcs wftb i slioo papuoiag

wfoo tcg` ta jc larc `claerie is tbcy bivc i larc eagvcrhcgt apfgfag ag tbc `fvcrsc fssucs tbit irc fl-

partigt wftbfg tbcfr giag. Zchir`fgh ceagaly wc eig eageou`c tbit lferastitcs hcgcriooy bivc oflftc` ap-

ags wbcg ft ealcs ta `cvcoapfgh tbcfr ceagaly. Paurfsl ig` tbc gigefio scrvfec scetar pravc` ta jc tbc

last sueecssmuo ig` rcofijoc wiy fg ercigh wciotb. Bawcvcr, slioogcss fg papuoiag ig`/ar tcrrftary sfzc

fs gat gcecssirfoy i `riwjied fg rciebfgh hrcit ceagalfe wciotb. Pbc tap 9> rfebcst eaugtrfcs fg tbc waro`,

lcisurc` jy H@^ pcr eipfti, eagtifgs sfx lferastitcs. Pbc scrvfec scetar bis oci` ta ig fooustrfaus pbcgal-

cgag appasfgh oirhc stitcs; tix bivcgs. Pbc systcl am Fgtcrgiagio oiw tbit sbauo` jc ijoc ta hbt tbasc tix

bivcgs fs iosa tbc systcl tbit prcvcgts tix bivcgs mral jcfgh sbut `awg, is lferastitcs irc savcrcfhg. Iosa

mral aur rcscireb wc eig eageou`c tbit tbc last alfgigt ajstieocs mar i wciotby giag irc ta jc maug` fg

cftbcr i ysmugeagio havcrglcgt, i rclatc oaeiag ar i oied am dgawoc`hc. Pbcsc irc tbc rcisag wby salc

lferastitcs mifo fg rciebfgh tbc ivcrihc H@^ pcr eipfti.

:0

:.= Eageousfag


27/50

Fg tbc pist ebiptcr wcvc sct up ig autofgc fg baw ta `cgc lferastitcs. Fg tbfs ebiptcr wc wigt ta oaad it

baw tbfs wards aut fg tbc rcio waro`. Icr ioo, lferastitcs irc `wirms fg i waro` muoo am hfigts. Fm wc oaad it ft

mral i Zciofst pcrspcevc, lferastitcs irc tbc agcs ta jc citcg is tbcy irc slioo ig` tbcrcmarc acg vcry

wcid. Bawcvcr tbcy soo cxfst, ig` surprfsfghoy, tbcy bivc i ritbcr oirhc fgucgec wftbfg virfaus fgtcrgiag-

io arhigfziags. Ua, eig wc eageou`c tbit lferastitcs irc ig alcg am tbc ìwg am tbc Zciofst cri ig` prco-u`c i (larc) Ofjcriofst cri1 Fg tbc rst pirihripb F wfoo rccet lferastitcs ihifgst tbc (Gca)Zciofst ig` (Gca)

Ofjcriofst pcrspcevc fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary, usfgh eargcrstagc oftcriturc. Fg tbc sceag` pirihripb

F wfoo tidc i oaad it tbc marcfhg iifrs am lferastitcs. Baw à tbcy sbipc tbcfr paofey ig` lifgtifg rcoiags

wftb atbcr stitcs, ig` wbit ijaut fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags1 Fg àfgh sa F wfoo rcvfcw tbc oist erftcrfag am

tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag.

Pbc Zciofst pcrspcevc ag Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags bis jccg tbc last àlfgigt tbcary sfgec tbc Uceag`

Xaro` Xir. Cvcg tbauhb tbfs tbcary `f`gt prc`fet, ar marcscc, tbc cg` am tbc Eao` Xir, ligy eaugtrfcs

eagguc ta marl tbcfr marcfhg paofey jisc` ag Zciofsl, ar agc am fts marls. Dcy ebirietcrfse am tbfs tbcary

fs tbit tbc savcrcfhg stitc fs tbc bfhbcst iutbarfty fg tbc waro`, sbipfgh ig igirebfse waro` ar`cr fg wbfeb

ga stitc fs jaug` jy ruocs ar oiws atbcr tbcg tbc ruoc ig` oiws ft scts ft scom. Pbc jcst wiy ta sullirfzc tbc

rciofst pcrspcevc ag fgtcrgiagio rcoiags fs wftb tbc war`s am Lfgas; Zfhbt, is tbc waro` hacs, fs agoy fg

qucsag jctwccg cquios fg pawcr, wbfoc tbc stragh à wbit tbcy eig ig` tbc wcid sucr wbit tbcy lust.3:

Fg tbfs quatc ft fllc`fitcoy jcealcs eocir tbit fgtcrgiagio rcoiags fs gatbfgh larc jut i hoajio stitc am

igireby fg wbfeb survfvio am tbc cst fs tbc agoy rchuoiag. Pidfgh tbfs fgta ieeaugt ft fs agoy giturio tbit

Zciofst iei`clfes bivc spcg` last am tbcfr lc ag stu`yfgh pawcrmuo stitcs, is tbcy irc tbc dcy poiycrs fg ig

igirebfse waro` saefcty. Pbcrc fs ofoc oftcriturc ivifoijoc spcefe ag tbc raoc am slioo stitcs ar slioo stitcs

is pbcgalcgi sccg mral i Zciofst pcrspcevc. Iggcc Jidcr Max wis tbc rst ta wrftc ag slioo stitcs fg

Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags. Ubc wratc ig ireoc toc`; Pbc âwcr am Ulioo Utitcs; @fpoaliey fg Xaro` Xir FF. Fg

bcr ireoc sbc cxilfgcs tbc `fpoalie carts am slioo Curapcig stitcs sueb is Uwc`cg ig` Uwftzcroig`

fg tbcfr carts ta rclifg gcutrio. Zclirdijoc fs tbit tbc sfzc am i stitc fs gat is lueb `cgc` bcrc jy papu-oiag ar tcrrftary ar ceagalfe pawcr, jut paofeio pawcr. Fg atbcr war`s, i slioo stitc fs i paofeiooy wcid

stitc. Pbfs stirgh pafgt fs ebirietcrfse mar Zciofst oftcriturc ag slioo stitcs ig` lferastitcs. Gat tbc sfzc

am igy tauebijoc miet eaugts, jut tbc paofeio strcghtb fs tbc lcisurclcgt taao. Gat surprfsfghoy iolast ioo

Zciofst oftcriturc ag slioo stitcs ig` lferastitcs fs wrfcg mral i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc, usfgh oirhc stitc

erftcrfi ta lcisurc paofes. Pbfs fs ajvfausoy jfisc` ig` partriys fg ga wiy i kust pfeturc am lferastitcs fg

fgtcrgiagio rcoiags. I Haa` cxilpoc fs maug` fg tbc jugòc` pipcr Ulioo Utitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoi-

ags. Fvcr J. Gculigg ig` Ufchofg`c Hstbo `cserfjc lferastitcs fg tbc fgtraùeag am tbfs jugòc` pipcr

is tbasc stitcs wbasc eoifl ta lifgtifg ccevc savcrcfhgty ag i tcrrftary fs fg salc `chrcc qucsagc`jy atbcr stitcs, ig` Ttbcy\ eiggat lifgtifg wbit oirhcr stitcs it igy agc hfvcg lc `cgc is tbc lfgflul

rcqufrc` prcscgec fg tbc fgtcrgiagio saefcty am stitcs (...) mar i pcrecfvc` oied am rcsaurecs.(Fghcjrftscg,

3: Pbuey`f`cs, Bfstary am tbc ^coapaggcsfig Xir.

:3

5. Lferastitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags

5.9 Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary ig` lferastitcs

5.9.9 Zciofsl ig` Gcarciofsl


28/50

Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr (c`ftars) :>>=, p=). Is ig cxilpoc tbcy tidc tbc rckceag am Ofcebtcgstcfgs lcl-

jcrsbfp rcqucst am tbc Ocihuc am Giags fg 96:>. Ieear`fgh ta tbc Ocihuc am Giags (oitcr ag OaG), Ofceb-

tcgstcfg wis rckcetc` jceiusc ft bi` ebascg ta `cputc ta atbcrs salc am tbc irfjutcs am savcrcfhgtygar

`f` Ofcebtcgstcfg bi` ig irly.35Pbfs wiy am tbfgdfgh ijaut lferastitcs ig` tbc cxilpoc am Ofcebtcgstcfgs

`cgfc` lcljcrsbfp am tbc OaG pcrmcetoy fooustritcs tbc àlfgigt Zciofst pcrspcevc ag Fgtcrgiagio Zcoi-

ags (oitcr ag FZ).

Mfrst am ioo wbcg wc tidc i oaad it tbc cgfag am lferastitcs wc gatc tbit tbcrc lust jc salc dfg` am tcrrf-

tary fsputc, ig` tbcrc lust jc i oied am lfgflul prcscgec wftbfg tbc fgtcrgiagio saefcty is ofgc` aut jy

oirhc stitcs, eiusc` jy i oied am rcsaurecs. Upcefiooy gatc bcrc tbit ieear`fgh ta tbfs cgfag, ft irc tbc oirhc

stitc tbit pravf`c tbc huf`cofgcs. Murtbcr4 tbc tcrrftary `fsputc fs eociroy gat i eag`fag jut ritbcr i ebirie-

tcrfse. Ft fs fg`cc` truc tbit lferastitcs a gat gcecssirfoy bivc larc ar ocss `fsputcs tbcg gag lferastitcs.

Xbit wc eig scc mral tbc ivifoijoc iti fs tbit last am tbc `fsputcs irc ijaut fsoig` lferastitcs ig` cftbcr

fgvaovc sbfgh rfhbts ar ig fsoig` ar irebfpcoiha.30Pbc sceag` irhulcgt fs `cgftcoy i erftcrfi is ft tauebcs

tbc vcry jcfgh am i lferastitc qucsagfgh tbc savcrcfhgty am i lferastitc, tidcg tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag

fgta ieeaugt. Bawcvcr ft fs vcry vihuc wbit tbit lfgflul prcscgec fg FZ fs ig` wba tbc oirhcr stitcs irc. Fg

miet tbfs fs salcwbit strighc. Fm wc scc lferastitcs is paofeio wcid stitcs, irc tbcy tbcg tbasc stitcs tbit

oied i lfgflul prcscgec fg FZ sct aut jy oirhcr stitcs1 Irc oirhc stitcs tbcg stitcs tbit irc avcr-rcprcscgtc`

fg FZ, ig` lf`òc stitcs tbc stitcs tbit bivc tbc f`cio prcscgec fg FZ1 Jcsf`cs, fs ft fg igy wiy passfjoc ta

lcisurc prcscgec fg FZ fg i quigtivc wiy fg ar`cr ta `ctcrlfgc wbctbcr i stitc fs suefcgt prcscgt fg

FZ (tbc tcrl lfgflul suhhcsts tbit ft fs), is `fcrcgt stitcs bivc `fcrcgt gcc`s rchir`fgh Fgtcrgiagio

Zcoiags. Octs siy mar tbc sidc am irhulcgt, tbit lcljcrsbfp am tbc SG fs tbc lfgflul rcqufrc` prcscgecfg FZ, tbcg ft wauo` jc passfjoc tbit tbc SG fs ijoc ta prcvcgt stitcs mral hrawfgh mral lfera ta slioo. Pbfs

fs fooustritc` wftb tbc silc eisc lcgagc` ijavc. Jy `cgyfgh Ofcebtcgstcfgs lcljcrsbfp am tbc Ocihuc

am Giags, Ofcebtcgstcfg stiys lfera, ig` tbcrcmarc wcid. Pbfs fs i efreuoir rcisagfgh, is tbc lferastitc

eiggat tatiooy `ctcrlfgc fts awg carts ta hifg i jccr prcscgec fg FZ. Larc flpartigt fg tbfs eisc irc tbc

rcisags wby Ofcebtcgstcfg wis cgfc`. Pbc lifg rcisag sccls ta jc tbit Ofcebtcgstcfg fs gat sccg is tatiooy

savcrcfhg jceiusc ft `f`gt bivc ig awg irly ig` autsaurecs scvcrio savcrcfhg ievfcs. Pbfs jrfghs us ta

tbc Zciofst pcrspcevc ag tbc stitc. Xcjcrs eageousfag jcst sullirfzcs tbc eoissfeio rciofst pcrecpag

am tbc pbcgalcgi stitc is bc `cserfjcs i stitc is i sueecssmuo lagapaofst am tbc ochflitc usc am marecwftbfg i hfvcg tcrrftary.(Xcjcr 9632).33Pbfs `cgfag cxpoifgs wby Ofcebtcgstcfg wis `cgfc` jy tbc OaG.

Ft iosa jcealcs eocir tbit stitcs irc pcrecfvc` is savcrcfhg pawcrs bivfgh i lagapaoy ag tbc usc am marec.

Fg jcfgh sa, tbcy tahctbcr marl ig igirebfse waro` ar`cr fg wbfeb tbcy àgt bivc ta igswcr ta igy bfhbcr

iutbarfty (F agt rchir` tbc pcapoc (`claeriey) ar i ha` (rcofhfag) is bfhbcr pawcrs bcrc). Fghcjrftscg, Gcu-

ligg, Hstbo & Jcycr `cserfjc slioo (lfera) stitcs mral i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc, coijarigh ag tbc 96tb

ecgtury vfcw tbit slioo stitcs irc ioo tbasc stitcs wba irc gat hrcit pawcrs.3=Fm wc coijaritc ag tbc Zciofst

pcrspcevc ag stitcs, baw ealc tbit igga :>9> tbcrc irc soo lferastitcs1 Icr ioo, lferastitcs wfoo tbigds

35 Hstbo :>>9, p9>=

30 bps;//www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/co`s/:>8>.btlo ag :5.2.:>9>

33 Xcjcr fg Iocsfgi & Upaoirc :>>3, p98=

3= Fghcjrftscg, Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr :>>=, p3

:=


29/50

ta tbcfr oied am rcsaurecs ig` paofeio pawcr gat jc vcry sueecssmuo fg scom prcscrviag (tbc prfgefpoc am Ucom

Bcop, Xiotz), oct ioagc ta cg`civaur waro` bchclagy (Lcirsbcflcr)38. Ft sccls tbit rciofsl àcsgt rciooy

bivc ig igswcr ta tbfs, cxecpt mar `cserfjfgh slioo (lfera) stitcs is wcid stitcs, wbfeb fs prcy lueb cvcry

stitc cxecpt mar tbc mcw ag tbc tap.

Fg guljcr 5 am Xaro` âofes vaoulc :8 (Iprfo 9683, Ulioo Utitcs; Paao mar Igioyscs1) ^ctcr Z. Jicbr wratc

ig ireoc fg wbfeb bc rcvfcwc` tbc jaad ^rajc mar ^ciec; Ulioo-Utitc Basofcs jy C`wir` C. Izir (9685)

ig` Xcid Utitcs fg i Xaro` am âwcrs; Pbc @ygilfes am Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiagsbfps. Jy Lirsbioo Z. Ufghcr

(968:). Fg bfs ireoc bc `fsihrccs wftb jatb rcvfcwc` iutbars ig` bc giooy rciebcs tbc eageousfag tbit

hraupfgh eaugtrfcs jisc` ag sfzc fs muoc. Pa lidc ft cvcg larc ealpocx, Jicbr acs scc slioo stitcs is pas-

sfjoc fsturjfgh marecs wftbfg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags fm tbcy sueecc` fg ajtifgfgh Gueocir Xcipags. Ua, wbfoc

bc rckcets tbc f`ci am eoissfmyfgh stitcs ta sfzc, bc àcs scc slioo stitcs is patcgio `fsrupvc marecs wftbfg

FZ. Pbc rcisag wby Jicbr rckcets Ulioo Utitcs is igioyeio taaos oiy wftbfg bfs vfcw ag FZ. Fg bfs eageousfag bc

wrftcs; Fm ioo eirs wcrc joied, is Bcgry Mar` wigtc`, tbcrc wauo` jc ofoc purpasc fg stu`yfgh tbc eaoars am

iutalajfocs. Fm ioo stitcs, wftb tbc passfjoc cxecpag am twa, irc slioo, agc lfhbt is wcoo ijigàg slioogcss

is i maeus am stu`y.(Jicbr 9683). Ihifg wc scc tbit slioo stitcs, lferastitcs fgeou`c`, irc oaadc` upag mral

i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc, rcsuogh fg slioo stitcs jcfgh cquio ta wcid stitcs.

Fg i Zciofst waro` lferastitcs irc aalc` ta jc eagqucrc` jy tbcfr mcooaw jfhhcr stitcs. Pbc lferastitcs scom

bivc taa ofoc pawcr ig` irc gat eipijoc am `cmcg`fgh tbclscovcs. Pbc waro` iooaws tbc oirhcr pawcrs ta

eagqucr tbc slioocr pawcrs is igireby fs tbc garl ig` i mrilcward am fgtcrgiagio oiw ig` trcics àcs

gat cxfst, ar bis ga pawcr. Is lferastitcs soo cxfst ig` irc ritbcr wcoo pratcetc` jy fgtcrgiagio oiw ig`trcics wc lust eageou`c tbit tbc rciofse vfcw fs it ocist gat tbc trutb. Cvcg sa, F wauo` ofdc ta pafgt aut

tbit lferastitcs irc fg ofgc wftb Bajjcs vfcw ag tbc prfgefpoc am ofjcrty, gilcoy tbc ijscgec am rcstrifgt32. Is

@ih Igedir iorci`y irhuc`, lferastitcs irc tbigds ta tbcfr slioo papuoiag jaug` ta jc larc `claerie

tbcg atbcr stitcs. Pbc hurcs fg ebiptcr :.0 pravcs tbfs rfhbt. Bcrc wc scc tbit lferastitcs `clagstritc i

rciofst prfgefpoc.

Pbc last flpartigt eaugtcr tbcary ta Zciofsl ig` Gcarciofsl fs tbc tbcary am Ofjcriofsl ig` Gcaofjcriofsl.Fg tbfs tbcary tbcrcs ig flpartigt sbf eahgfzijoc wbcg ft ealcs ta ippraiebfgh slioo stitcs fg rcscireb

ig` stu`y. Mar tbc rst lc, slioo stitcs irc oaadc` upag mral tbcfr awg pcrspcevc, gat mral i oirhc stitc

pcrspcevc. Zajcrt A. Dcabigc, tahctbcr wftb Kascpb Gyc maug`crs am tbc Gcaofjcrio tbcary, ocivcs ft ta tbc

bci` am stitcs tbclscovcs wbctbcr tbcy rcedag tbclscovcs ta jc i slioo stitc ar gat. Fg bfs ireoc Ofoofpu-

igs @focllis, Ulioo Utitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio âofes bc `cgcs i slioo stitc is i stitc wbasc oci`crs

eagsf`cr tbit ft eig gcvcr, iegh ioagc ar fg i slioo hraup, lidc i sfhgfeigt flpiet ag tbc systcl.(Fghcj-

rftscg, Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr :>>=, p=>)36Dcy mietar fg tbfs cgfag fs lidfgh ig flpiet ag tbc systcl.

Yucsag fs4 wbit systcl. Mral tbc ireoc ft jcealcs eocir tbit Dcabigc ioou`c ta tbc paofeio systcl. Pbfs

38 Lcirsbcflcr :>>9, p:9

32 Xiotz 9630, p23

36 Fghcjrftscg, Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr :>>=, p=>

:8

5.9.: Ofjcriofsl ig` Gcaofjcriofsl


30/50

fs iosa sceag` jy i sflpoc cxilpoc mral rciofty. Pidc mar cxilpoc ]ieig Efty4 i truc lferastitc fg ioo miects.

Ft bis i slioo tcrrftary, i slioo papuoiag ig` fts rceahgfzc` is ig fg`cpcg`cgt stitc. Fg`cc`, ]ieig Efty

bis ofoc wcfhbt wbcg ft ealcs ta Fgtcrgiagio âofes, last eaugtrfcs eauo`gt eirc ocss fm tbc ]ieig Efty

tbrcitcgs ta `ceoirc wir ag tbcl. Bawcvcr, fm wc oaad it ig ceagalfeio ocvco ]ieig Efty lidcs i buhc

flpiet ag tbc Fgtcrgiagio Uystcl. ]ig Masscg `cserfjcs baw Pbc ]ieig Jigd (Fgstuta pcr oc Apcrc `f

Zcofhfagc ar FAZ) bis jccg ofgdc` ta lissfvc mriu`s, tix cvisfag, paofeio jrfjcry, foochio irls `ciofgh is wcoo

is lagcy oiug`crfgh mar tbc Lii ig` i pawcrmuo gca-Misefst scerct saefcty. (]ig Masscg :>>2 p9: ig` mur-

tbcr). Pbcy iosa eagtrfjutc` ta salc am tbc jfhhcst jigd eaooipscs sfgec tbc Uceag` Xaro` Xir. ]ieig Efty

bis ga `frcet pawcr ta fgucgec tbc (paofeio) systcl ag tbcfr awg, bawcvcr ceagalfeiooy spadcg tbcy eig

jc am hrcit flpartigec wftbfg fgtcrgiagio rcoiags ig` cvcg fgtcrgiagio paofes (ùrfgh tbc XX FF tbc

FAZ suppartc` tbc Gizf Eraiig rchflc). @cspftc ioo tbc carts ta marec ]ieig Efty ta tidc rcspagsfjfofty mar

tbc ieags am tbc FAZ, tbc FAZ soo eaggucs tbcfr eofcgtoc is tbcy irc pratcetc` jy tbc savcrcfhg stitus am

]ieig Efty.

Ofjcriofsl sccls ta à larc rfhbt ta tbc sftuiag am lferastitcs tbcg Zciofsl ig` fts virfigts. Xbcrcis jy

Zciofsl tbc stitc fs tbc lifg ebirietcr, Ofjcriofsl iosa eagsf`crs atbcr mietars tbit poiy fg flpartigt raoc fg

FZ. Pbfs hfvcs us tbc appartugfty ta cxpoifg wby lferastitcs eig ofvc wftbaut tbc mcir am jcfgh avcr rug jy igy

Ocvfitbig tbit put fts cyc ag ft. Ft iosa cxpoifgs wby tix bivcgs eig cxfst ig` wby ]ieig Efty fs ugtauebc`

`cspftc fgtcrgiagio prcssurc. Ofjcriofsl sccls ta bivc iàptc` tbc gcw ar`cr am tbfghs wftbfg fgtcrgi-

agio rcoiags. Iotbauhb, fg tbc uolitc, i savcrcfhg stitc fs fts awg bfhbcst iutbarfty ig` rcstrifg (scc tbc

Uceag` Huom Xir), fg ìfoy ofmc tbc rcoiags ig` ieags am stitcs irc wcoo arebcstritc` ig` havcrgc` jy tbc

mrilcward am fgtcrgiagio oiw ig` ar`cr. Ft fs fg tbfs mrilcward tbit lferastitcs eig cxfst (scc ebiptcr 0)ig` praspcr. Pbcrcmarc, ofjcriofsl bis i larc oahfeio cxpoigiag wbcg ft ealcs ta lferastitcs ig` fs ijoc ta

fgearparitc lferastitcs jccr fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary.

Pbfs qucsag fs ritbcr bir` ta igswcr. Lferastitcs taìy bivc pravcg tbit fts gat ioo ijaut pawcr paofes

ig` tbit tbc fgtcrgiagio eallugfty irc gat tbit igirebfse is Xiotz ar Larhcgtbiu tbauhbt. Oirhc ig`

slioo stitcs à ajcy tbc ruocs, sct aut fg i mrilcward am fgtcrgiagio oiw. Is Kascpb Uhoftz irhuc` fg tbc

Huir`fig=>

, wir fs ji` mar tbc ceagaly, ig` taìy tbc ceagaly fs aur waro` rcofhfag. Am eaursc F à gat fh-garc ar gchocet tbc ispcet am irjftrirfgcss fg tbc Zciofst tbcary. Fm i stitc fs sct ag wihfgh wir, ft wfoo à sa

fm ft eig. Xftb ar wftbaut tbc eagscgt am tbc Fgtcrgiagio Eallugfty. Oaad it tbc SUI fg Friq ar it Zussfi

fg Ebcebgyi, ta tidc i ocss usc` cxilpoc. Bawcvcr, ritbcr tbcg sccfgh tbfs is i praam am tbc fgtcrgiagio

saefcty jcfgh igirebfe, F maug` ft ta jc sflpoy i hfvcg. Xbcg bis alcse oiw cvcr stappc` i lur`crcr mral

lur`crfgh1 Pbcrcmarc tbc rcisagfgh am tbc Itbcgs fg tbc cgcoapfsfig=9wir wis gat is lueb i cserfpag am

fgtcr stitc paofes is wcoo is i g`fgh am tbc miet tbit tbcrc irc stragh pcapoc ig` wcid pcapoc fg tbc waro`.

Vcs, lferastitcs irc larc pragc ta lfoftiry iieds, salc am tbcl àgt cvcg bivc i stig`fgh irly. Ga tbcy

à gat bivc ta mcir mar tbcfr cxfstcgec is tbigds ta i`vigec` fgtcrgiagio oiw ig` trcics taìys laa fs

pieti sugt scrvigì.

=> Uhoftz fg tbc SD Huir`fig ag Kiguiry ::, :>>5

=9 Gyc 9665, p2 ig` murtbcr

:2

5.9.5 @acs tbc tbcary licr1


31/50

Xbit cvcr pcrspcevc yau tidc ag lferastitcs, rciofst ar ofjcriofst, lferastitcs bivc ta prieec fgtcrgi-

agio rcoiags, ig` tbcy tbcrcmarc gcc` wiys ta eallugfeitc tbcfr marcfhg iifrs. Zauhboy tbfs eig jc àgc

fg tbrcc wiys4 vfi fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags, cljissfcs, ig` vfi eallugfeiag ebiggcos (prcss rcociscs,

stitc eallugfqu).

Is wc bivc gatc` scvcrio lcs fg tbc pist ebiptcr ioo fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs wftb cxecpag am ]ieig Efty

irc SG lcljcrs ig` bivc it ocist tbrauhb tbc SG tbc passfjfofty ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb tbc atbcr stitcs.

Is tbc SG hfvcs tbcl ig appartugfty ta oajjy mar tbcfr awg fgtcrcsts ig` lidc tbcfr awg gcc`s dgawg fg

tbc waro`.=:Gcxt ta tbc SG tbcrc irc i guljcr am wbit F sbioo gilc spcefio fgtcrcst hraups mar lferastitcs.

Gatc bcrc tbit tbcsc hraups irc gat cxeousfvcoy marlc` jy lferastitcs, jut tbcy rcprcscgt i hraup tbit cxfsts

am lastoy ar sujstigiooy lferastitcs. Jcoaw i jrfcm avcrvfcw am tbc jcst dgawg lferastitc spcefio fgtcrcst

hraup.

IE^, Imrfei-Eirfjjcig-îefe Hraup am Utitcs.Pbc IE^s lifg haio fs ta rcùec pavcrty, ercitc sustifgijoc

`cvcoaplcgt ig` jccr fgtchriag am tbc ceagalfcs am tbc lcljcr stitcs fg tbc waro` ceagaly. Fg prfg-

efpoc, tbc IE^ fs gat i hraup cxeousfvcoy mar lferastitcs. Bawcvcr, i eagsf`crijoc pcrecgtihc (+/-5>%) am tbc

lcljcrs fs i lferastitc.=5

IAUFU, Ioofigec am Ulioo Fsoig` Utitcs.Pbc IAUFU fs i eaiofag am slioo fsoig`s ig` oaw oyfgh eaistio stitcs

tbit miec tbc silc cgvfraglcgtio ebioocghcs. Fts lifg ievfty fs i` bae oajjyfgh wftbfg tbc SG mar slioo

fsoig` `cvcoapfgh stitcs.=0Pbc fgucgec am tbc IAUFU wftbfg tbc SG fs `cjitijoc. Iotbauhb tbcy `f` jaad

sueecsscs, fts tbc qucsag fm tbcy awc tbc sueecss ta tbcfr awg carts ar ta tbc efreulstigecs.=3

EIZFEAL, Eirfjjcig Eallugfty.Pbc EIZFEAL fs i poiarl mar tbc Eirfjjcig eaugtrfcs, wftb ig ceagalfe

cyc lird. Pbc Eallugfty ifls ta flpravc tbc ceagalfe eag`fags ig` rcoiags wftbfg tbc Eirfjjcig

irebfpcoiha jy ercigh i mrcc-tri`c zagc ig` i lutuio stig` pafgt ag ceagalfe fssucs autsf`c tbc Eirfj-

jcig.==Pbc arhigfziag eauo` jc sccg is i Eirfjjcig fgtcrprctiag am tbc Curapcig Sgfag. Pbc EIZFEAL

apcritcs ieear`fgh ta tbcfr awg fgsfhbts, tidfgh tbc SUI fgta ieeaugt jut gat jcfgh eagtraooc` jy tbcl. Pbfs

fs sbawg fg mar cxilpoc i`vigec` gchaiags wftb Euji ijaut lcljcrsbfp ig` fgercisc` eaapcriag

wftb ]cgczucoi.

^FM, îefe Fsoig` Marul.Pbc ^FM eilc ta cxfstcgec fg 9666 ig` fs jisfeiooy tbc Uautb îefe Marul gaw

iooawfgh gartb îefe stitcs ta jcealc lcljcrs am tbc arhigfziag. Pbc ^FM fs i paofeio hraup iflfgh ta

suppart ig` ward wftb tbc lcljcr havcrglcgts. Pbcy rcprcscgt ig` i`vaeitc mar tbc fgtcrcsts wftbfg tbc

=: Labilc` :>>:, p:==5 bp;//www.iepsce.arh/ ag 98.2.:>9>

=0 bp;//www.sf`sgct.arh/iasfs/ ag 98.2.:>9>

=3 Jctzao` :>9>, p99

== bp;//www.eirfeal.arh/ ag 98.2.:>9>

:6

5.: Lferastitcs wftbfg Fgtcrgiagio Arhigfziags


32/50

fgtcrgiagio eallugfty.=8

UÊ, Ucerctirfit am tbc îefe Eallugfty.Pbc UÊ fs ig fgtcrhavcrglcgtio arhigfziag pravf`fgh fts lcl-

jcr stitcs tcebgfeio ig` paofey i`vfec. Ft ifls ta `cvcoap tbc îefe Eallugfty ta i sceurc ig` praspcraus

poiec ig` ta pasfag tbc iefe Eallugfty wftb tbc fgtcrgiagio eallugfty.=2Pbc UÊ fs sccg is tbc likar

fgtcrhavcrglcgtio ja`y mar tbc îefe stitcs ig` bis tbc silc dfg` am iutbarfty ig` fgucgec is tbc EIZF-

EAL ig` ta i ocsscr cxtcg` tbc CS.=6

Gcxt ta tbcsc arhigfziag tbcrc irc ioo dfg`s am arhigfziags ig` eaapcrivc prahrils fg wbfeb lferastitcs

pirefpitc. Pbc ijavc lcgagc` arhigfziags irc ioo am eagsf`crijoc flpartigec wftbfg tbc fgtcrgiagio

eallugfty. Ft fs vcry bir`, fm gat flpassfjoc ta lcisurc tbc cxiet wcfhbt ig` fgucgec am tbcsc arhigfzi-

ag, ig` ft wauo` rcqufrc igatbcr stu`y ta lip tbcfr fgucgec. Last flpartigt ocssag wc eig `riw mral

tbfs ajscrviag fs tbit lferastitcs ug`crstig` tbc fgtcrgiagio ar`cr, ig` usc ft is haa` is tbcy eig, ta

tbcfr awg i`vigtihc. Uurprfsfghoy, ar ritbcr gituriooy, tbc Curapcig ig` Isfig lferastitcs irc gat arhigfzc`

wftbfg igy dfg` am spcefio fgtcrcst hraup jy ig` mar lferastitcs. Mar tbc Isfig lferastitcs, tbfs fs eiusc`

jy tbc fssuc am stitcbaa`. Jrugcf ig` Ufghiparc irc tbc agoy twa fg`cpcg`cgt Isfig lferastitcs ig` tbc

ceagalfe `fcrcgecs (ig` havcrglcgt styoc) irc ritbcr oirhc. Jcsf`cs tbfs jatb am tbcl irc (it ocist pirtoy)

ruoc` jy i tatioftirfig rchflc. Is mar tbc Curapcig lferastitcs, tbc CS lidcs igatbcr spcefio hraup aasc.

Cxecpt mar Eyprus ig` Lioti gagc am tbc Curapcig lferastitcs irc i muoo CS lcljcr, iotbauhb tbcy à ea-

apcritc ig` pirefpitc fg scocetc` ircis am tbc CS paofey. Pbit lferastitcs eig jc am hrcit fgucgec wftbfg

tbc arhigfziags tbcy pirefpitc fg fs sbawg jy tbc eisc am Lioti wftbfg tbc EUEC/AUEC. Iotbauhb Lioti

wis it tbit lc tbc slioocst ig` last sautbcrg lcljcr am tbc pirefpigh stitcs, ft rcmusc` ta ihrcc agtbc Bcosfgdf Mfgio Iet am 968:. Ft fgsfstc` ag stiyfgh autsf`c i lfoftiry ioofigec ig` wigtc` ta i`` i Lc`ftcr-

rigcig Ebiptcr ta cgsurc Liotis pasfag am CS (it tbit lc soo tbc CE) jar`cr oig`. Icr oagh ig` gat

scoàl bcitc` gchaiags (it tbc lc tbc `ciòfgc mar tbc ihrcclcgt wis ippraiebfgh, Lioti tbrcitcgc`

ta wftbbao` eagscgsus, trfhhcrfgh i murfaus rcieag mral tbc Uavfct `cochiag) tbc Lc`ftcrrigcig Ebiptcr

wis i``c` ig` Lioti ihrcc` wftb tbc Bcosfgdf Mfgio Iet.8> Xc bivc sccg tbit fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags

irc ig flpartigt lcig mar lferastitcs ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb tbc autsf`c waro`. Xby wfoo jcealc eocir

mral tbc gcxt pirihripb. Pbc i`vigtihcs am fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags irc jfh, ealjfgc` pawcr ig` vagh,

sbirc` cxpcrfcgec ig` easts ig` i scgsc am ugfty ilagh cieb atbcr.

=8 bp;//www.marulsce.arh./ ag 98.2.:>9>

=2 bp;//www.spe.fgt/ ag 98.2.:>9>

=6 IusIF@, Ga :8, Aetajcr :>>9

8> Lasscr 9666, p32-36

5>


33/50

Cxecpt mar jcfgh rcprcscgtc` fg ig fgtcrgiagio arhigfziag, ar wftbfg i rchfagio arhigfziag, i lferastitc

lust lifgtifg rcoiags wftb fts mcooaw stitcs ag ig fg`fvfùio ocvco. Is wc iorci`y siw fg tbc sceag` ebip-

tcr, tbfs lfhbt jc ritbcr prajoclie mar gulcrio rcisags. Kust ta gilc i mcw; oied am lagcy, oied am sdfooc`

pcrsagio ig` rclatcgcss marl scrfaus jirrfcrs fg lifgtifgfgh ccevc cljissfcs. Pbit cljissfcs poiy ig

flpartigt raoc fg tbc savcrcfhgty am giags fs gat agoy `clagstritc` jy tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag4 Lar-hcgtbiu sccs tbc cljissy is i ecgtrio coclcgt fg i giags giagio pawcr, is tbc cljissy rcprcscgts tbfs

pawcr.89Iof Gissccr Labilc`, Issfstigt @frcetar it tbc Lfgfstry am Marcfhg Iifrs am tbc Zcpujofe am tbc

Lio`fvcs pujofsbc` i rcscireb ag tbfs sujkcet mar Pbc Gctbcroig`s Fgstutc am Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Eofgh-

cgìco. Bfs rst eageousfag fs tbit last lferastitcs bivc salc dfg` am sbirc` pist wftb agc am tbc Curapcig

eaugtrfcs is marlcr eaoagfzcr. Pbfs jag` fs cspcefiooy stragh ilagh tbc marlcr Jrfsb Fsoig` eaoagfcs fg tbc

Eirfjjcig.8:Pbc scgsc am ugfty ilagh tbc Eirfjjcig giags fs ritbcr stragh is wcoo, is salc am tbcl, `c-

spftc tbc SUI cljirha, cstijofsbc` `fpoalie rcoiags wftb Euji fg 968:.85

Pbc lifg prajocl fg lidfgh ig ccevc marcfhg paofey ig` lifgtifgfgh cljissfcs ijrai` sccls ta jc

lastoy fgsuefcgt dgawoc`hc ig` tbc bfhb ivcrihc easts pcr eipfti ta lifgtifg ig cljissy, is i lferastitc

bis ocss efzcgs ta sbirc tbc easts wftb. Zchir`fgh tbc oied am dgawoc`hc, wc scc mar cxilpoc tbit last

lferastitcs a gat bivc ig awg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Fgstuag am salc dfg`. Pbfs lcigs tbit tbc havcrg-

lcgt fs cpcg`cgt ag avcrscis FZ sebaaos. Fg salc eiscs tbfs lfhbt gat jc lueb am i prajocl (tbc Curapcig

lferastitcs bivc cxecoocgt ieecss ta tbc Curapcig ugfvcrsfcs), jut fg eisc am tbc îefe lferastitcs tbfs

lfhbt jc i scrfaus ebioocghc. Ag tap am tbfs, tbc stitcs tbit oied cisy ieecss ta marcfhg fgstutcs ta trifg tbcfr

marcfhg iifrs sti irc iosa tbasc lferastitcs tbit irc ritbcr paar ealpirc` ta tbcfr eagspcefes fg Curapc,

Isfi ar tbc Eirfjjcig. Pbcrcmarc Labilc` eageou`cs tbit tbc marcfhg paofey fg last lferastitcs fs larc

jisc` ag tbc pcrsagio dgawoc`hc am i oci`cr tbcg ag iei`clfe sdfoos.80Pbfs `cvcoaplcgt ealcs wftb salc

scrfaus wcidgcsscs ig` eig oci` ta scrfaus prajocls. Mfrst am ioo tbc `fpoalits irc ocss sdfooc`, bivfgh ocss

dgawoc`hc ig` irc tbcrcmarc ocss pawcrmuo tbig tbcfr eaoocihucs am atbcr eaugtrfcs (agoy tidcg tbc trifgfgh

fgta ieeaugt, ajvfausoy tbc sfzc am i giag ig` fts fgtcrgiagio rcputiag poiy ig flpartigt raoc taa). Pbfs

ercitcs fljioigec wbcg ft ealcs ta marlfgh i paofey ar stig`pafgt am tbc scg`fgh giag ag i ecrtifg fssuc

ar prajocl fg tbc rcecfvfgh giag ar rchfag. Pbc miet tbit marcfhg iifrs cpcg` bcivfoy ag tbc pcrsagio sdfoos

am tbc oci`cr, ar oci`crs, eig jc

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The Existence of Microstates in a Large World