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The formats The formats of scientific articlesof scientific articlesThe formats The formats of scientific articlesof scientific articles
How to write a scientific paperHow to write a scientific paper
Paola De Castro
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
NECOBELAC ModuleNECOBELAC Module
22
FIRST STEPS: basic questions
WHAT are my resources? (budget and time)
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
WHY shall I write an article? (select target)
WHICH information will I share? (select information)
WHERE shall I publish it? (select journal)
WHOM shall I write it with? (select co-authors)
HOW shall I write an article?
33
SELECTION
•Journals
(national, international, high IF, online,high rejection rate…)
•Books or chapters therein•Technical reports, conference proceedings•Leaflets•Posters•Conference papers/communications, PPTs•Web “documents” (blogs, wikis, answers, etc.)
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Scientific content, authors, target…Track the latest results
Basic editorial rules and best practices applying to all publications Specific rules per publication type or discipline
Editorial style of the journal
Publication types BE FAMILIAR WITH RULES
44
Contributions within a journal
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
• Editorials• Comments• Correspondence• Viewpoints• Original, research articles• Review articles • Case histories• Book reviews
Instructions to authorsTable of contentsPublished articles
REFER TO THE JOURNAL
55 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
NECOBELAC Topic maps
66 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
WRITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE…
TitleAbstractKey wordsStructure
IllustrationsReferences
AuthorshipConflicts of interestCopyrightPrivacy
Be aware of the responsibilities of editors, authors, referees, editorial staff
TECHNICAL ISSUES
ETHICAL ISSUES
ROLES
77
Instructions to authors for over 6,000 journals in the health and life sciences
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORSFirst and last step for article writing.Submit to the right journal!
88 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Authors’ guideswithin the journal
What can I deposit in a repository?
99
BASIC SOURCESNECOBELAC pre-course reading
“Vancouver style”
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
WHY?
ConciseComplete
Easy
Last up-dating April 2010
EASE guidelines for Authors
in 19 languages
1010 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
“ICMJE and Vancouver style”
In Vancouver
a SMALL GRUOP OF EDITORS (NEJM, BMJ, Ann Int Med, Lancet, etc.)met in 1978
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF MEDICAL JOURNAL EDITORS (ICMJE)
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Medical Journals:Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication
“Vancouver style”
1111 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
What isthe “Vancouver style”?
INITIALLY…
Guidelines on standard formats of manuscripts and, in particular, bibliographic references
TODAY
“de facto” standard shared by the most prestigious medical journals (700)…
It includes both manuscript preparation, and ethical issues
1212 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Instructions for authors refer to the Uniform requirements (ICMJE)or “Vancouver style”
1313 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Contents of “Vancouver style”
I. Statement of Purpose
II. Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research
III. Publishing and Editorial Issues related to Publication in Biomedical Journals
IV. Manuscript preparation and submission
1414
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Ethical considerations
A. Authorship
B. Editorship
C. Peer-review
D. Conflict of interest
E. Privacy
F. Protection of Human Subjects and Animals in Research
1515 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Ethical considerations
A. Authorship
Authorship credit should be based on
1) Substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis
and interpretation of data
2) Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content
3) Final approval of the version to be published.
Who can be defined as author in the by-line?
Funding , data collection or supervision does not allow authorship
Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.
1616 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
WHICH ORDER for authors?
• Alphabetic order• First, the project leader or person in charge of the Dpt• Last , the person in charge• Other order
There must be agreement among authors
II. Ethical considerations A. Authorship
Guest, ghost, gift authors
1717
PubMED - Advanced searchallows search for last author
1818 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Considerazioni etiche. A. Authorship
Examples of “Group Authorship”
Name, surname, on behalf of the HPVPathogen-ISS StudyGroup*
IndicateALL names of the group membersin the Footnote or Appendix
On behalf of the... Study group
XXXXStudy group
1919 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Domino effect in error duplication
If group author is not clearly defined• wrong publication• wrong indexing• wrong citation
CREATE AWARENESS AMONG• authors• editors• indexers
II. Ethical considerations. A. Authorship
2020 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Ethical considerations. A. Authorship Searching Group authors in PubMed
Insert CN (collective name) In your query for group author
2121 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Ethical considerations
B. Editorship
Editorial Board – Advisory Board Collaborate with editors to establish and maintain the journal editorial policy
Editor (editor in chief)Person responsible for its entire content
Editorial Freedom– The editor in chief has full authority of the editorial content
Referees
2222 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Ethical considerations
C. Peer Review
“Extention” of the scientific procesIt applies to both traditional and OA journals
Peer review is widely debated topic, BUT there is no doubt that it helps - editors deciding which manuscripts are suitable for the journals -improving the quality of reporting
DEFINITION
Unbiased and independent assessment of manuscripts submitted to journals by experts (peers) who are not part of the editorial staff
TYPES
Blindeddouble blindedopen
VARIABLES
No. of refereesTimesProcedures (online)
2323
Pre-publication history of an article in BMC Public Health
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
SubmissionReview reportRe-submissions
Note on PRIVACY
Reviewers’ comments should not be published
without authors’, reviewers’ and editor’s consent
2424
REVISION: different levels of responsibility
2. INITIAL EDITORIAL REVIEW after submission (before peer review)
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
3. PEER REVIEW
after submissionread instructions to authorsread again after some time (one-two days)use check lists
A paper may be rejected if it is not compliant with journal scope and formatsit has poor English
1. AUTHORS’ REVISION before submission
Minor revisionsMajor revisions
Revision improves quality and guarantees a learning opportunity
Authors! Take it seriously!Be prepared to answer all points raised by reviewers
4. TECHNICAL EDITING
after acceptance
Journal editorial staff
2525 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
II. Ethical considerations
D. Conflicts of interestConflicts of interests exist when • an author• his/her institution• an editor• a reviewer• members of the editorial staff
have financial or personal relations
that inappropriately influence
their actions and decisions (bias)
These can have a negative influence on scientific judgement
EXAMPLE of“Disclosure of Conflicts”
2626P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Ethical considerations
E. Privacy and confidentiality
It not only applies to
PATIENTS and study participants Written informed consent
This picturewould not be suitablefor publication
but also to AUTHORS, EDITORS and REVIEWERS
2727 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
III. Publishing and Editorial issues
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Editors-authors and scientific fraud (COPE)
The number of Retractions is dramatically increasing(PubMed)
Obligation to publish negative studies
provided that they are statistically significant
2828 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
III. Editorial issues
COPYRIGHT
• Most scientific journals still ask for copyright transfer• OA journals follow a different policy• Authors should be able to negotiate their rights
Creative Commons Licenses
Copyright agreements strongly affects deposit in OA repositories
2929 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
USEFUL TOOLS to manage copyright
SPARC Author Addendum to secure your rights
SHERPA/ROMEOpublishers’ copyright policies & selfarchiving
3030 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
STRUCTURE of a scientific article
abstracttitle
introductionmaterials and methodsresultsdiscussionconclusions
plus acknowledgements, if anyreferencesappendices, if any
ATTENTION!Do not exceed the required number of words
IV. Manuscript preparation
3131 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
THE IMRAD STRUCTURE
IntroductionBackground informationState specific purpose of the study Limit referencesDo not include data or conclusions
Material and methodsDescribe (patients, animals, etc.)Define material and equipmentIllustrate proceduresCompare with other methods
And
Discussion and conclusionsStress only new aspectsDo not repeat what was written in the methodsAvoid conclusions which are not associated to reliable data
ResultsShow results in logical orderPoint out only relevant data
3232 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
IV. Manuscript preparation
Guidelines for the transparent reporting of health research
It includes the major reporting guidelines for scientific research and guides for authors
33 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
IV. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
Abstract and key words
ABSTRACT
Be carefully that it reflects the content of the article
Report background, basic procedures , main findings in logical way
KEY WORDS
Use MESH terms (MEdical Subject Headings)
ALWAYS FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
TYPES: Descriptive, informative, structured, graphical
3434 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
MESH terms from the NLM
MESH termsMEdical Subject Headings(NLM)
3535 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
IV. Manuscript preparation
Bibliographic referencesGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Include only essential references, “in press “papers may be accepted, but avoid “personal communications
Only some Journals check accuracy of the references
Authors are responsible for their correctness
REFERENCE STYLE AND FORMAT
Authors should consult NLM Citing in medicine
References should be numbered consecutively in the text
3636 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
EXAMPLES for•Articles in journals•Books•Other published material•Unpublished material•Electronic material
NLM – Citing in Medicine
3737 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Basic elements of citation
• Author (personal or group)
• Title of the cited document
• Container (journal, book, etc.)
• Year of publication• Other data
publisher, city for books vol. and pages for journals
3838 P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
Tables and figures
FOR ALL IMAGES• Comply with instructions to authors• Verify that they are mentioned in the text• Check consistency of data with text• Include them in separate files• Number them consecutively• Make captions self sufficient• Check copyright• ….
Units of measurement (IS)Abbreviations and Symbols
WHEN AND HOW TO USE THEM?
Tables details
Graphs trends
Include only necessary data
A figure is worth 1000 words
3939
The cover letteryour chance to speak to the editor
Editor name(s)Originality of submission
No competing financial interestsDesired reviewersCorresponding author
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012
BASIC INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED
Do not summarize the paper,
but say why it is special
for the journal
Last, but not least…
Any Question?Any Question?Any Question?Any Question?
Thank youThank you
Paola De Castro
P. De Castro • The formats of scientific articles • NECOBELAC T1 Course. Dublin - May, 9, 2012