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The French RevolutionChapter 22
1789-1815
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Europe 1750-1789
Holy Roman Empire
Revolution and France
• Old Regime – existing system of Feudalism
• People divided into three estates, or classes – First Estate– Second Estate– Third Estate
First Estate• Clergy of Roman
Catholic Church• Spurned
Enlightenment ideas
• Owned 10% of the land
• 2% of income to taxes
Second Estate• Rich nobles• Held high offices in
government• Spurned
Enlightenment ideas• Owned 20% of the
land• Paid almost no
taxes
Third Estate• Consisted of three
groups– Bourgeoisie– City Workers– Peasants
• 98% of population • 80% of France are
peasants
Third Estate• Peasants paid nearly half of
their income in taxes, dues to nobles, and tithes to the church
• Taxes on everyday items such as salt and soap.
• Growing resentment towards 1st and 2nd Estates
• Spreading of Enlightenment ideas
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of Income Spent on Bread
17871788
Weak Government• King Louis XVI inherited
debt• Borrowed to help American
colonies defeat the British• Crop failures and bread
shortages• Paid no attention to the
crisis• Marie Antoinette –
overspending and uncaring
Estates General
• France faced bankruptcy and Louis XVI called Estates General
• An assembly of representatives from all three estates
• Met on May 5, 1789 at Versailles
• First time in 175 years
Estates General
• Clergy and Nobles were always able to out vote the Third Estate – one vote per Estate
• Third estate wanted each delegate to have a vote – gives them the advantage
• The King ordered the vote the old way• Third Estate abolishes power and name
themselves National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
• June 17, 1789 Third Estate votes to establish the National Assembly proclaiming the end of monarchy and the start of representative government
• Tennis Court Oath – indoor tennis court where delegates would stay until they made a new constitution
The Bastille• Infamous Paris prison
• Mob storms the Bastille to get supplies and gun powder
• Great symbol of Revolution
• Bastille Day July 14 – similar to July 4
Great Fear --• Senseless panic spread through France
• Peasants became mobs and terrorized nobles
• Peasants storm Versailles to attack the King and Queen
• Royal family flees and power is changing hands
Reform• National Assembly
tries to ease the fears• Nobles say they
have always believed in life, liberty, property
• Feudal system abolished
• Now everyone is equal…?
Legislative Assembly
• Limited Constitutional Monarchy
• Legislative Assembly has power to make laws
• Power to approve or veto any action the monarchy may take
• Still same problems as before
Legislative Assembly
• Three divisions
• Radicals
• Moderates
• Conservatives
Radicals• Sat on the left side of the hall
• “Left-wing”
• Opposed the king and any monarchy
• Wanted sweeping changes and that people have full power
Moderates
• Sat the the center • “Centrists”
• Wanted some changes
• Not as many as radicals
Conservatives
• Sat on the right side• “Right-wing”
• Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy
• Wanted few changes in government
National Convention
• New name of Government
• Begins September 1792
French Politics During the First Years of the Revolution
• How would you describe them?
• What would life be like for the majority of the people?
• One paragraph answer supported by information from class
War with Austria 1792
• French radicals wanted to spread their ideas (girondins)
• Austria and Prussia wanted Louis XVI back on throne
• Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria
• Prussia joined Austria in war
King Louis XVI Executed• Political clubs – The
Jacobins – wanted to remove the King permanently
• National Convention officially abolished the monarchy
• Louis tried for treason and found guilty
• Guillotined January 21, 1793
The Terror• The Jacobins had
internal enemies as well as foreign wars
• Maximilien Robespierre assumes control
• Closes churches, changes calendar (no Sundays),
• “Republic of Virtue”
Committee of Public Safety• Robespierre – de facto Dictator• Reign of Terror• “Enemies of the state”• Tried in AM guillotined in PM• Marie Antoinette guillotined• Most afraid of other
revolutionaries• 30,000–40,000 killed – mostly
peasants
End of Robespierre• National Convention and
other leaders knew they were not safe
• Executed on July 28, 1794
• Public opinion shifted to the Right
• The Directory 1795
• Corruption is rampantDeath Mask of Robespierre
French Governments 1789-1795
• The Old Regime
• The National Assembly
• The Legislative Assembly
• The National Convention
French Governments 1789-1795 Assignment