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The French Revolution
Liberty Leading The People by Delacroix
It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…
-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities
Why The French Revolution Is Important
French Revolution
Trouble is brewing in France
Why it matters:• The French Revolution became the model for revolution in the modern world.
• The power of nationalism was first experienced during the French Revolution and it is still powerful in existing nations and emerging nations today.
• The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty and equality, which are held dear by many nations and individuals today.
What Happened When in the French Revolution
student outline1.Rule of kings until 17892. Estates general called in 17893.Fall of Bastille July 17894.New Constitution 1789-17915.Republic 17926.Extremists in power 17937.Reign of Terror 1793-17948.The Directory 17959.Napoleon First Consul 1799
The French Revolution of 1789
What Life Was Like Before the French Revolution Began
Louis XVI Marie Antionette
The Rulers of France
Let them eat cake
• When she was 14 years old, her mother sent her to Paris to marry the Dauphin and become France's future Queen. Maria Teresa thought her a silly girl ("Her age craves indulgence," she wrote father-in-law Louis XV)--and only sent her when her other daughters defaulted and she had no other choice (beautiful Marie Elizabeth, for example, contracted small pox and became too ugly to qualify). Indeed, Marie Antoinette had been a lousy student, didn't like to read, and could barely write.
• Her 15-year-old husband, the future Louis XVI, was a shy, gawky boy who most loved hunting, reading history, and working in his little locksmith shop. Whereas womanizing Louis XV immediately examined his daughter-in-law's breasts (and was disappointed--she was, after all, only 14), the future Louis XVI was not able to complete the sex act with his bride for a whole 7 years and 3 months after the wedding.
Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her
For 7 years and 3 months, then, Marie Antoinette filled her life with other gay pursuits--dancing, music, gambling; theatricals, buying things, gambling; riding horses, frisking with dogs, gambling--and she shocked the pants off France when she made an outing with courtiers and her household one morning to watch daybreak--the so-called l'lever d'Aurore. Positively Rousseau-esque! Decadent and unqueenly! It prompted the first of thousands of vitriolic pamphlets written against her specifically.
In 1774, Louis XV died, and King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ascended to the throne.
•Finally in 1778, thanks to the intervention in 1777 of Marie Antoinette's brother Joseph (the future Holy Roman Emperor) in the role of sex therapist, the King and Queen delivered a healthy baby girl...followed by a son in 1781, the coveted Dauphin and future King...another son in 1785...and daughter Sophie in 1786. These were the Queen's happiest years--so fulfilled as a mother, by her own account, that she packed on weight and mostly gave up her antic behavior. But sad days followed fast: Sophie died in 1787. The Dauphin, always a sickly boy, became hideously diseased, crippled, and feverish as he slipped into advanced tuberculosis. And, with the treasury empty, bread riots everywhere, and the fear of war rampant, the Queen got the blame.
Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her
Marie Marie AntoinetAntoinet
te te and the and the Royal Royal
ChildrenChildren
Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”
Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”
The Necklace The Necklace ScandalScandal
Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de RohanCardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan
Y The Countess de LaMotteThe Countess de LaMotte
1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres
[$100 million today][$100 million today]
Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!
Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!
Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”
Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”
What will happen to her next?
Wait and see….
Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her
What Are The Conditions That Lead to a Revolution?
The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of Income Spent on Bread
1787
1788
a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:
– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%
a King’s King’s Budget:Budget:
– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%
Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789
What Is French Society Composed Of Before the
French Revolution?
The Three Estates
The Estates General is the French body of lawmaking
2nd estateNobility
1st EstateClergy
3rd EstateBourgeoisieCommonersPeasants
The Three Estates
First and Second Estates
First Estate: Clergy (1% population)-control lots of land-operated the schools-aided the poor-lived in great luxury – chateaux-doesn’t have to pay tax (taille) to King (common people pay tax to King and tithe to church)Second Estate: nobles-Nobles had almost complete authority over peasants-Nobles did not have to do military service-Nobles were exempt from most taxes-Nobles collected tolls from people using roads and markets-
The Three Estates
The Third Estate
-Workers (sans culottes) -Bourgeoisie (businessmen)-Peasants were forced to do military service- Peasants could not hunt or fish on noble’s estates--Peasants had to pay taxes to their lord, the king, and the Church--Peasants had to use the lord’s mill, oven and winepress, and pay for them-- Peasants made up 90% of the population
What were the causes of the What were the causes of the French Revolution?French Revolution?
1. Louis XIV and France need $
2. The Seven Years war was expensive
3. American Revolution was expensive and the French supported the Americans (anything to get back at the British!)
4. Harvest was bad!
5. Clergy and nobles won’t pay more taxes
6. Enlightenment ideas are spreading and influencing the people
Louis XIV calls the Estate Louis XIV calls the Estate General into legislation to ask General into legislation to ask
for moneyfor money
Last time it was called into session was 1614!Last time it was called into session was 1614!
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives
in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300
300
648
““The Third Estate Awakens”The Third Estate Awakens”
Y The commoners finally upset they don’t get fair The commoners finally upset they don’t get fair representationrepresentation
Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.
““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”
by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789June 20, 1789
The causes of the French RevolutionThere was a revolution in _ _ _ _ _ _ in 1789. The ruler of France before the
Revolution was King _ _ _ _ _ XVI. His wife was Queen _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ King Louis XVI lived in his palace at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ near Paris.
One of the reasons why there was a revolution in France in 1789 is that the king ran out of _ _ _ _ _. He spent lots of money on two wars with _ _ _ _ _ _ One was in 1756 and another one was in 1778. In the second war the French were helping the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ break away from British control.
Another cause of the French Revolution was the problems faced by the _ _ _ They were so poor that they did not have enough money to feed their families. This was made worse when the crops failed to grow.
The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ failed in 1787 and 1788.Another cause of the French Revolution was that the two _ _ _ _ __groups in
France would not give the king more money. The _ _ _ _ _ and the _ _ _ _ _ had lots of land and money but would not pay more _ _ _ _ _. This left the king unable to find more money.
A final reason why the French had a revolution in 1789 was ideas. A new set of ideas called the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ attacked the power of the king and the church. These made lots of ordinary French people think that they should have some of the power of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
I am a lord. I have lots of money and do not want to pay any extra taxes to the king!
I am a bishop of the church. I have lots of money but I do not want to
give the king any extra taxes either!
I am a peasant. I have nothing. When the crops fail to grow the prices rise and I starve.
I am King Louis XVI. I have run out of money fighting the British. Perhaps the lords and the church could give me some more taxes?
1789 The French Revolution Begins
Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789
Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.
Y 18 died.18 died.
Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.
Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.
Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].
Quiz on Three EstatesKnow your estates and its divisions
Know the economic situation of the time
What did the King need?
What was the result of the Estate General meeting?
The Creation of the National Assembly
and the new Constitution
National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791
August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789
(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)
Liberté!Liberté! Egalité!Egalité!
Fraternité!Fraternité!
The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of
the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,
17891789
V Liberty!Liberty!
V Property!Property!
V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!
The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenof Man and of the Citizen
Fr had high regard for American documents such as 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, Declaration of Independence, American Bill of Rights, etc.
Among all American documents the only document to include "all men are created equal" was D of I. No other American doc held that phrase nor did any French declaration.
The Fr echoed George Mason's phrase, "men are born and remain free and equal in rights" which TJ changed in the Dec of I to "all men created equal"...
The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenof Man and of the Citizen
Still the French Declaration was unique to Fr experience and situation.
The American Bill of Rights, like English Bill of Rights, were expressed in phrases that limited the government. Americans, and British, had long practice in understanding rights.
The French Declaration served as a national "catechism" (teaching) intended to show French citizens what their rights and duties were.
Thus the French Declaration has 4 parts: 1) educate Fr citizens on their rights and duties 2) set forth principles on which entire constitution of Fr was to be founded 3) to outlaw specific practices of the Old Regime of Fr 4) to serve as a preamble for the completed Fr constitution in 1791
What the new French Republic didEstablished the National Assembly to run the gov’t
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen1. Rights for all men (abolish of feudal ways)2. Public office open to all who are qualified (granted not by birth anymore)3. No one is exempt from taxes4. Freedom of press and speech5. Every citizen has a right to participate in the making of laws
Olympe de Gouges said this includes women!
Citizens marched on palace of Versailles, forced concessions from King Louis XVI, and the royal family become prisoners of palace
Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)
Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of
WomanWomanand of the and of the
Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)
Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of
WomanWomanand of the and of the
Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)
V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.
V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.
The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)
The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED
& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.
Citizen!Citizen!
The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!
The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge
Revolutionary SymbolsRevolutionary Symbols
CockadeCockade
Revolutionary Revolutionary ClockClock
La RepublicLa RepublicLibertéLiberté
Revolutionary Playing CardsRevolutionary Playing Cards
March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.
The “October Days” (1789)The “October Days” (1789)
In October angry market women marched the 11 miles from Paris to Versailles, hoping to assassinate the Queen.
Marie Antoinette escaped from her bedroom by a secret staircase leading to the King's quarters. Moments later the mob broke in and pierced her bed with their great pikes.
The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries PalaceTuileries Palace..
The Creation of the New France
and How Do They Pay For It?
1791
Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution
& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791
The Creation of the New Constitution
• The Assembly adopted its Constitution of 1791, which set up a limited monarchy with a king and a legislative Assembly with the power to make laws
• Only the most affluent members would be elected.
• Only men over 25 who paid a specified amount in taxes could vote. This keeps the mob from running the gov’t.
•Many people–Catholic priests, nobles, and lower classes hurt by economic hard times–opposed the new order.
•The king tried to flee France, but he was recognized and returned to France.
How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?
Confiscate and sell Confiscate and sell Church Lands Church Lands (1790)(1790)
One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.
New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &
StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.
V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized:
The pope had NO voice in the The pope had NO voice in the appointment of appointment of
the French clergy.the French clergy.
V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!
Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]
How is the new gov’t of France designed?
Constitution of Constitution of 17911791
Montesquieu anyone?
Meanwhile the rest of Europe watches
Revolutionary France prepares a new army
Europe on the Eve of theEurope on the Eve of theFrench RevolutionFrench Revolution
French Expansion: 1791-1799French Expansion: 1791-1799
During the revolution in France other countries are scared. They are frightened the revolution will spread to their lands. Some offer support to Louis XVI and nobles of France.
New French army (made up of commoners) expands Fr territory.
Out of this Napoleon will arise.
1792 1792 The rest of Europe The rest of Europe gathers to stop the gathers to stop the French Revolution. French Revolution.
They call themselves They call themselves the The First Coalition the The First Coalition
they sign they sign thethe Brunswick Brunswick
ManifestoManifestoEveryone fears: “when France sneezes all of Europe catches a cold”
The Creation of the Republic
and Wars• The French revolutionary army changed the nature of
modern warfare and was an important step in creating modern nationalism.
• Previously, small armies fought wars between governments and ruling dynasties.
• The new French army was a people’s army fighting a people’s war on behalf of a people’s government. Warfare also became more destructive.
FRANCEFRANCE1792
-1797
1792-
1797AUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONT
This military crisis undermines the This military crisis undermines the new new
Legislative Assembly.Legislative Assembly.
__ 1. the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
__ 2. obligations of peasants to noble landlords that survived into the modern era
__ 3. “without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches)
__ 4. one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate), and the townspeople (third estate)
A. estate
B. relics of feudalism
C. bourgeoisie
D. sans-culottes
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
C
B
D
A
Checking for Understanding
The French Revolution and the Radical Phase
1793-1794
The Jacobins (a group from Paris, France) rise to power
in the new French governmentThey will establish the Committee of Public Safety which watches the actions of others. Now it isn’t safe to trust anyone!
The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum
JacobinJacobinss
MontagnarMontagnardsds
(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)
GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe
nn(Royalists)(Royalists)
1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain
(swing (swing votes)votes)
TODAY:TODAY:
The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution
People wonder if the King should be People wonder if the King should be allowed to live…allowed to live…
The Political Chaos
• The Girondins (rural) wanted to keep the king alive.
• The Jacobins (especially the Mountain -left branch) wanted the King killed.
The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution
The National Convention:The National Convention:
Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793
Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]
Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-17951795
The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799
Things Go Wild
There is murder and mayhem and chaos in the streets.
The Jacobins take over.
The Reign of Terror begins.
The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792
Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.
Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] over over 1000 1000 killed!killed!
It It discredited the Revolution among its remaining discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.
Who were the leaders in the chaos of this time?
1792-1795
1. The 1. The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working
ClassClass WorkersWorkers
Small Small shopkeepers.shopkeepers.
Tradesmen.Tradesmen.
Artisans.Artisans.They felt the gov’t They felt the gov’t
should make sure they should make sure they had wage increases had wage increases and the price of food and the price of food
was fixed!was fixed!
They were the voice of They were the voice of the common man!the common man!
2. The Jacobins2. The JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House
Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.
Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class unlike the Sans-Collotes class unlike the Sans-Collotes who were more peasant and who were more peasant and working classworking class..
Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.
Important Jacobins
A. One of the more important radical leaders was Jean-Paul Marat, who published the radical journal Friend of the People.
• He argued that the poor had a right to take from the rich whatever they needed, even by violence!
““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,
17931793
Who were the important Jacobins?
• Robespierre was a lawyer and activist, so known for his honesty that he was called “The Incorruptible.”
• He followed Rousseau’s ideas in The Social Contract, and he believed that anyone who would not submit to the general will as he interpreted it should be executed.
B. To respond, the National Convention formed the 12-member Committee of Public Safety, led first by Danton and then by Maximilian Robespierre.
Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety
Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.
The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!
A French physician, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, was instrumental in having a law
passed requiring all sentences of death to be carried out humanely
by “means of a machine.” Use of the guillotine, named for Guillotin,continued in France through the 1970s. In 1981, France outlawed capital punishment.
The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre
Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of
the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary
Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.
c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!
Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, (January 21, 1793)1793)
c The trial of the king The trial of the king was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of Tuilieres of a cache of documents.documents.
c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.
c The National The National Convention voted Convention voted 387 387 to 334to 334 to execute the to execute the monarchs.monarchs.
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,
17931793
Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed
28%
31%
25%
8%
7%
More Changes Under the Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (cont.) • A new calendar was adopted. Years were
numbered from September 22, 1792, the first day of the French Republic, and not from Christ’s birth.
• The calendar contained 12 months with each month having three weeks of 10 days, with the tenth day a day of rest. This practice eliminated Sundays.
• Robespierre realized, however, that France was too Catholic to be dechristianized.
The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period
Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21
Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20
Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20
Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19
Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18
Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20
Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19
Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19
Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18
Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18
Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17
Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21
Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization
(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked
withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.
Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.
Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..
Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!
The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram
2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion wasbanned.banned.
3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up their encouragement of the clergy to give up their
vocations.vocations.
4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”
5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.
The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,
Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.
The Festival of The Festival of Supreme BeingSupreme Being
A new secular holidayA new secular holiday
The The Radical’s Radical’s
Arms:Arms:
No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!
No King!No King!No No
Constitution!Constitution!
The Response to the Reign of Terror
The Thermidoran Reaction
1794
The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” Reaction,” 17941794
P the Convention arrests Robespierre.the Convention arrests Robespierre.
P Robespierre is tried & guillotined!Robespierre is tried & guillotined!
The Arrest of Robespierre
The “Thermidorean Reaction,” The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 17941794
The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes
Its Own Children!Its Own Children!
Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793
Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, him to be guillotined,
1794.1794.
The Revolution Comes to an End
What was the impact anyway?
The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by the Conventionthe Convention
It was It was based upon Enlightenment based upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.principles of rationality.
The The metric system of weights and metric system of weights and measuresmeasures
Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.
It replaced weights and measures that had It replaced weights and measures that had their origins in the Middle Ages.their origins in the Middle Ages.
The The abolition of slavery within France in abolition of slavery within France in 17911791 and throughout the French colonies and throughout the French colonies in 1794.in 1794.
The Convention The Convention legalized divorcelegalized divorce and and enacted enacted shared inheritance laws [even for shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities.eradicate inequalities.
So the Thermidorean Reaction causes the French Revolution to end.
Now the Directory (5 men) will lead
Meanwhile the wars with the rest of Europe continue
The Directory
The Directory
New ruling gov’t of France 1795-1799Elector choose legislatorsThey choose 5 men to direct the country – They are called the Directory
The Directory
• The National Convention of 1795 created a new constitution reflecting the desire for stability.
The Directory
• The period of the Directory (1795 to 1799) was one of government corruption.
• People reacted against the Reign of Terror’s time of deprivation, some making great fortunes from graft.
The Directory
• It could not solve the country’s economic problems, and it was fighting the wars begun by the Committee of Public Safety.
• The Directory relied more and more on military might to stay in power.
• In 1799 a coup d’état–a sudden overthrow of the government–led by the popular general Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the Directory. Napoleon took power.
__ 1. an individual qualified to vote in an election
__ 2. a dissenting group
__ 3. a sudden overthrow of the government
A. faction
B. elector
C. coup d’état
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
B
A
C
Checking for Understanding
