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“The Future of Democracy: Hanover, Pennsylvania at the Crossroads”

John Shadle April 15, 2007

Doctor Richardson POL 380

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Introduction

Ever since the area that is now called Hanover was settled in the early 1700’s; it

has been considered at the crossroads. In fact, Hanover was founded as an important

crossroads between the two much bigger cities of York, Pennsylvania to the north and the

busy port of Baltimore, Maryland to the south. Hanover could be considered at another

important crossroads in not only regional history, but also national history. Hanover is

just a mere five miles from the Mason-Dixon Line dividing Maryland from Pennsylvania

as well as the North from the South. This small area fact could be trivial except for

because of Hanover’s location as a crucial crossroads of a sort between Gettysburg and

advancing Confederate forces, which possibly affecting not only the outcome of the

battle, but also possibly the war. One might ask himself what Hanover’s historic position

as crossroads has anything at all to do with the future of democracy of the town, but

Hanover’s future is at a crossroads itself. In this paper, one will see how the people of

Hanover believe today, their town is at this crossroad, transforming from the quaint

community that is fresh in their memory to the bustling economic business sector that

developers want it to be. The arising conflict between these two notions and the future of

my hometown are undoubtedly intrinsically linked.

History

Well before the town of Hanover was officially founded; it was first settled by in

the early 1700’s by German immigrants to whom the rich fertile landscape reminded

them of home. It was not until Colonel Richard McAllister bought a tract of land called

“Digg’s Choice” in 1750, which was then considered part of Maryland that the seeds

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were officially planted for founding Hanover.1 Shortly after this, due to major land

disputes between Pennsylvania and Maryland; the Mason-Dixon Line was established

firmly placing the area now known as Hanover in Pennsylvania in 1755.2 In 1763,

McAllister had drawn a formal town plan for “Hanover” which was named for Hannover,

Germany, and placed it as mentioned previously as a crossroads on the “trade route”

between York and Baltimore.3 Also, it is interesting to note that by the time of the

Revolutionary War for the brief period of which neighboring York was the nation’s

capitol; Hanover had hosted numerous important historic figures, including Benjamin

Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Both of these men apparently had had enough time to

stop by Hanover’s taverns before continuing on their way to York.4 Within a century of

the area of Hanover’s settlement of Europeans; it had already been re-districted into

another state, seen a rise in settlement and commerce, and even entertained some of our

nation’s “founding fathers.”

Hanover also is well deserving in its place as a historical footmark to one of the

most decisive battles of the history of the United States. On June 30th, 1983, Maj.

General JEB Stuart’s cavalry; the famed “eyes and ears” of General Lee’s army got into a

small skirmish with Union forces under the collective efforts of Brigadier General

George Custer, of “Custer’s Last Stand” and also General Farnsworth, who was later

killed in the Battle of Gettysburg a few days later.5 The skirmish ended with Stuart’s

men retreating to the local town of Jefferson, only to arrive to Gettysburg “late in the

afternoon” on July 2nd, which put the Confederate forces at a significant disadvantage,

1 McAllister Family Papers (1775-1850) PA State Archives- MG81 www.phmc.state.pa.us 2 “History of Hanover, Pa” Sheppard Mansion Website www.sheppardmansion.com 3 Community Profile/Visitor Info. Hanover Area Chamber of Commerce www.hanoverchamber.com 4 “History of Hanover, Pa” Sheppard Mansion Website www.sheppardmansion.com 5 “Hanover” CWSAC Battle Summaries The American Battlefield Protection Program www.cr.nps.gov

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possibly resulting in the North winning not only the battle, but also the war.6 In Hanover

today, the assorted artillery pieces in the Hanover Square and the monument of a

mounted cavalry soldier are only the reminders of the small skirmish that possibly

changed the course of the Civil War.

Hanover’s history extends well beyond the watering-holes of “founding fathers”

and the possible place of the most important skirmish in U.S. history as it also is known

for its rich history in businesses. Most notably, Hanover is known as the “snack food

capitol,” because of it’s plethora of snack brands including Utz Quailty Foods and

Snyder’s of Hanover.7 What began in 1921 with William and Sallie Utz making home-

made potato chips in their summer kitchen has turned into the “largest independent

privately held snack brand in the United States,” providing snack food to a large

consumer base from North Carolina to Maine.8 Snyder’s of Hanover, another snack food

company that specializes in making pretzels tradition is equally rich, going back to

founder Harry Warehime in 1909.9 The town is also renowned for producing the

company that is considered “the greatest name in harness racing;” the Hanover Shoe

Farm.10 This company is arguably one of the most successful investments that outlived

the original proprietary under the Hanover Shoe Company, including the local hospital,

newspaper, and the other civic projects including the waterworks and impounding

dams.11 Within the past decade, Hanover Shoe Farms set a record for “all-time record

earnings regardless of breed” with the astounding twenty-one million-plus figure.12

6 Slaugh, Thomas “Battle of Hanover” Archives of the Hanover Public School District 7 “Hanover” Profile York County Economic Development Corporation www.ycedc.org/hanover.html 8 “Our History” Utz Quality Foods Timeline www.utzsnacks.com.abouthistory/ 9 “The History of Snyder’s” Company History www.snydersofhanover.com 10 “The History of Hanover” Hanover Shoe Farms Official Website 11 “History of Sheppard Mansion” Sheppard Mansion Official Website 12 “The History of Hanover” Hanover Shoe Farms Official Website

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These notable hometown businesses have added a great deal of pride and prestige to our

town, but also instilled a sense of community because of the civic-minded efforts of these

native business-owners.

Demographics

A walk down the streets of Hanover will give one a pretty accurate idea of the

demographics of the town. According to the 2000 Census, the population of the Bureau

of Hanover and its outskirt considered Greater Hanover is 46, 205. Of these, over 98% of

the population of the town is Caucasian, with the next nearest minority group; Hispanics

coming in at 1.3%.13 The 2000 Census also records Hanover’s unemployment rate at

4.5%, which was reflective of the state at the time, but since then Pennsylvania and the

York-Hanover area’s unemployment rate has been hovering around 4%.14 This number

is very good as it suggests “prefect employment” and also is a state record. Hanover’s

job growth rate was projected at 1.73 % according to the 2000 Census, but now this

figure has almost doubled to 3.4% in the seven years since the Census.15 Hanover is also

traditionally Conservative in its voting, as is also recorded by 2000 Census with almost

64% of the population listing themselves as Republican, while only 35% considered

themselves Democrats.16 From the facts gained from demographic profile of Hanover,

two things are very evident; Hanover is not now nor ever has been a very diverse town

and has traditionally been a stronghold of Conservative-Republicanism. One can see

evidence in the latter as there was a civic group formed before the 2004 election in

Hanover called “Hanover for Bush 2004.” This group has done many things to promote

13 2000 Census of Hanover, Pennslyvania 14 “Current Unemployment Rates for States Historic Highs/Lows” US Department of Labor www.bls.gov 15 “Hanover, PA Economy” Sperling’s Best Places www.bestplaces.net/Hanover 16 2000 Census of Hanover, Pennsylvania

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the Conservative-Republican cause including with shortly before the election forming the

“Hanover Bush/Cheney Victory Center” to rally support.17

Theories of Democracy

Of the four theories of the Democracy that are outlined throughout the beginning

of Ronald Terchek and Thomas Conte’s book of the same name; I choose the theories

that most immediately stood out as applying to my hometown of Hanover. The first I

choose was “Participation.” I selected this aspect, because it constantly came up as an

issue among the townspeople of Hanover that I had interviewed, especially the youth.

The second aspect of democracy I chose to focus on was “Performance.” I did so,

because even though I believe that Hanover’s “performance” compared to neighboring

towns in the socio-economic sector are astounding on paper. However, in recent years

myself as other townspeople that I had interviewed have wondered at what costs have we

rendered to see these performances happen and, additionally, if our sense of community

has been lost in pursuit of these ends.

Through my research, I have found that “participatory” aspect of the “theories of

democracy” set forth in the book, in particular by Benjamin Barber are very applicable to

my hometown. In selections from his 1984 book; Strong Democracy, Barber outlines

how notions of community and active citizenship are the foundations for a strong

democracy where “it is self-government by citizens rather than representative

government in the name of citizens” that defines participation.18 However, I contend that

these parameters that are set forth by Barber, especially notions of community have

diminished in recent years, which will be highlighted in the following section on interest

17 “Hanover’s Bush/Cheney Victory Center is Now Open” Hanover for Bush 2004 Official Website 18 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg. 174

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groups. Also, I believe there is a growing feeling among two groups especially; ethnic

minorities such as Hispanics and young adults that feel they are being disenfranchised by

the local government. Dr. Carol Vidal, a local doctor explained her findings in a 2006

report; she found that, “the Hanover area is perceived as poor in terms of services offered

to the Hispanic population. Hispanics tend to go to Gettysburg and York City for

services.”19 The other group, most notably the young adults in the area (voters between

the ages of 18-26) feels that while Hanover provides them numerous employment

opportunities; little else is offered in terms of social outlets.20 While Barber contends

that,

“Community grows out of participation and at the same time makes participation possible; civic activity educates individuals how to think publicly as citizens even as citizenship informs civic activity with the required sense of public-ness and justice”21

Two very important groups to the community; the youngest voter population, which is

literally “the future of democracy” in Hanover and the largest (and growing) ethnic

minority; Hanover has particularly isolated these groups to the point where not only do

they not vote, but also seek services from neighboring communities.

While Barber’s notion of “every citizen his own politician” is idealistic; I still

believe many Hanoverians do care about the happenings of their town and have exercised

their citizenship at certain points in near history. A great example of this is when in

March 2004; a vast majority of the people of Hanover collectively stood up, petitioned,

formed civic alliances and ultimately won in a battle over a “Ten Commandments”

monument in the local Wirt Park in a suit filed by the American Union for the Separation

19 Vidal, Carol “Hispanic Empowerment in the Greater Hanover Area” Hanover Hospital August 8, 2006 20 Collective information gathers from interviews with Hanover’s youth population 21 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg. 175

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of Church and State.22 There is another more recent example of the town of Hanover

standing up to decisions in their local government surrounding the issue of “eminent

domain.” Moul Field has been the scene of community gatherings for close to fifty years

now, most notably the yearly Fourth of July fireworks. However, recent measures by the

Hanover Public School District to use the property to build an elementary school in the

existing park have not gone unnoticed.23 The bureau council originally turned down

requests by land developers, and then tried to claim “eminent domain,” “saying they were

trying to preserve recreation.” The York County District Judge ruled against them stating

that “eminent domain” can only be claimed when a private entity is involved, but not

when a public entity, such as the area school district is involved.24 These two recent

incidents show not only how the citizens of Hanover have taken an active role to preserve

physical manifestations of community ideals (i.e. public parks,) but also how the

government represents this active citizenry.

While I wished to also gauge participation in Hanover’s local government through

voter turnout; I searched a myriad of sites and sources and could not find anywhere on

Hanover Bureau’s Official Website or Pennsylvania State Government reports the local

voter participation. However, the elected officials of the Bureau, especially Mayor

Maggie Hormel are reflective of the conservative-Republican ideals of the community.

Hormel, acting Mayor of Hanover for over fourteen years; has just been selected as a

recipient of the local YMCA’s “People Who Make A Difference Award” for “her

extensive political involvement in and community service has enriched the quality of life

22 “Save Ten Commandments” Hanover Area Heritage Association www.savetencommandments.org 23 Adams, Ashley & Steve Marroni “Judge Denies Hanover on Moul” April 11, 2007 The Evening Sun 24 Ibid.

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for the Hanover area and York County residents”25 This award also demonstrates the fact

that Hanover citizens have recognized the contributions of their local representative

government.

Throughout the section of the Theories of Democracy reader on “performance;”

there are many statements and implications especially the works of Anthony Downs,

which can be applied to Hanover. While Downs’ contention that “political parties in a

democracy formulate policy strictly as a means of gaining votes,”26 some could very well

take issue with, I do believe that it supports political framework of Hanover. In the

previously mentioned cases of Moul Field and Wirt Park, I firmly believe that the Bureau

Council backed the local people, because they knew that there would be some sort of

voter backlash. It seems to make common sense. If there is an issue that the people of

your town care deeply about and there are no particular lobbying interest-groups, what

else could prevent you from backing your own constituents?

His contention could also explain the seeming inaction of the local government in

the face of their two biggest disenfranchised inhabitants that were discussed earlier in the

paper. Since the one group, young people ages 18-26 are notorious for not having a

substantial voter-turnout on Election Day for many years now. In fact, according one

study from 1992 to 2000 national voter turnout among 21-24 year olds dropped by nearly

half to 24%.27 Keeping in mind that this study was for turnout in Presidential elections,

and presidential elections almost always turn out more voters than local elections; this

easily explains the concerns of the young voters in Hanover feeling they are not being

heard. Their concerns are not being heard because not enough of them are voting. Also,

25 Adams, Ashley “Mayor to receive Make a Difference Award” April 13, 2007 The Evening Sun 26 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg.155 27 “Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections by Age” www.lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/COW/archive/2002/

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the other disenfranchised group, a growing ethnic minority of Hispanics in the area could

also be explained using Down’s explanation. According to Dr. Vidal’s report, some of

these minorities entertain an “illegal status,” which would automatically isolate them

from the possibility of voting, and hence according to Downs’ assertion explain why their

concerns are not being addressed.28 By using examples from Hanover’s own populace, I

have determined that Downs’ assertion is supported by the isolated groups in my

community.

Downs’ also asserts many notions about social welfare that also applicable to the

local workings of Hanover. His primary assertion that it is extremely hard for officials

and decision-makers to determine and define what their duties are “to maximize social

welfare” is interesting. As a public official on the local level in Hanover, I believe many

questions arise, particularly “Is what is good for Hanover’s social welfare, be good for

Hanover in the future?” and considering Hanover’s booming commercial investments,

“While these businesses may be good for Hanover’s economy, will they be good for the

Hanover community at large?”

A primary example of this of which almost all interviewees regardless of age or

part affiliation shared concerns about was the greater Hanover area’s development or

possibly “over-development” in the areas of commercial business and housing

development. This is right in tune with Downs’ statement about consumers being

“systematically exploited” by producers.29 While the town of Hanover enjoys quite a

substantial amount of funds coming into the community via these ventures, most notably

being the “Golden Mile” on Eisenhower Drive. This small stretch of over forty

28 Vidal, Carol “Hispanic Empowerment in the Greater Hanover Area” Hanover Hospital August 8, 2006 pg 26 29 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg.161

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businesses is the seventh largest retail area in Pennsylvania.30 There have been many

complaints places local citizens pertaining to “noise pollution,” overabundance of traffic

and increasing wear on roads, as well concerns about younger populations racing on the

“Golden Mile” on weekend nights.31 Many of the people I have interviewed have also

expressed concerns about the overwhelming number of new housing developments

arising in the Greater Hanover area within recent years. In fact, many interviewees stated

in some form or another, “Where have all the farmlands gone?’’32 While the bureau

council and surrounding local governments of the area may see the benefit of more

businesses and housing. These things inevitably will lead to more money coming into

town; hence justifying the bureau’s mindset that this is for the betterment of the greater

community and reinforcing Downs’ point about “maximizing social welfare.”

Critiques of Democracy

While examining ways to critique democracy in the town of Hanover; I found two

critiques which are the most applicable. The first, which is quite obvious when

examining Hanover’s demographics and history, is “diversity.” In a town where over

98% of the population is Caucasian and has even had a “race-riot” that I can still

remember, “diversity” seems like a very important topic to talk about. The next critique

that I will emphasize on is the “realist/neo-realist” aspect, whereby I will argue that the

power of the citizen in the community has been usurped in recent years by the power of

the “super-citizens” of businesses and developers.

Diversity is an issue that Hanover should be very much concern with; although

there doesn’t seem to be much progress on behalf to local government towards inclusion

30 “Retail ProfilesGolden Mile” Home Accents Today www.homeaccentstoday.com/community 31 “Hanover-McSherrystown: Boom Car Terrorism” Travel News: PR www.ttgweb.com 32 Information gathered from interviews with Hanoverians

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of ethnic minorities. The majority population of Hanover has always been and still is

traditionally White. The town has also faced its share of problems with integrating

minorities and making them feel welcome in town. In the summer of 1991, the simple

act of a number of young African-Americans males talking to some White females in the

Hanover Square led to what is now known as the “Hanover Race Riots.”33 After this, a

number of agitated white males confronted the African-Americans resulting in a night-

long skirmish that involved well over five hundred townspeople.34 This ultimately led to

the Ku Klux Klan applying for a parade permit later that year, but due to a community

outcry, while the Klan came, the townspeople did not.35 These events show two things.

First, that the town has had some trouble in the past adjusting to minority populations and

secondly, when push comes to shove, the town does not want to be associated with hate

groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, which are numerous and high in numbers in York

County, Pennsylvania.

While this could just be an isolated incident, I have heard first-hand reports from

interviewees about racial tensions in the town. One interviewee stated that he had

personally seen police from the Greater Hanover area pullover an SUV of young African-

American males and harass them at a local convenience store for no apparent reason.

Also, another interviewee informed me of an incident that happened at a Hispanic-owned

business near his residence within the last few months. Apparently, an irate local woman

threatened the owner of the business with a knife, vandalized the outside of the store, and

then defaced a flag of Mexico that was hanging outside. While I could not find

33 “Showing Hanover in PA” Sundown-town Collection www.uvm.edu 34 “Our Congregation Can Make A Difference: Hanover” Mission Moment: United Church of Christ www.ucc.org 35 Ibid.

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collaborating evidence for these accounts in newspapers or public records; if the incidents

are accurate; they are very disturbing. It would be also be more disturbing that the local

officials have not addressed these concerns, provided they are true and were reported.

The writer on “diversity” that would be most applicable would be Cornel West

and the selection from his book,Race Matters (1993). While his contention that

integrating minority communities is a lot harder than it seems is on point, because

according to the 2000 Census, many of the minorities in the Greater Hanover community

also make up those are impoverished in the region.36 He suggests that “one step essential

step is some form of large-scale public intervention to ensure access to basic social

goods-housing, food, health care, child care and jobs.”37 These are many of the same

suggestions outlined in Dr. Carol Vidal’s work of steps towards further inclusion of the

Hispanic minority.38 West also advocates changes in leadership, which interesting enough

a significant number of interviewees, mostly young, but some old mentioned, since

Maggie Hormel has been the Mayor for over fourteen years now.39 It also just so

happens that in the coming months Mayor Hormel is stepping down from her position to

retire, so maybe there is will be hope in the new blood.

Hanover’s local leadership also demonstrates how engendered diversity is quite

active in our town. For one, as fore mentioned, our Mayor is a woman who has been

deemed successful and praised by the local community. There are also other women

involved in local government who have prominent positions including Vice President

36 2000 Census 37 37 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg.267 38 Vidal, Carol “Hispanic Empowerment in the Greater Hanover Area” Hanover Hospital August 8, 2006 pg 26 39 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg.267

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Linda Stonsifer and Planning Commissioner Hiedi Hormel.40 Due to these reasons the

argument set forth by Anne Phillips in her selection, Endangering Democracy (1991)

cannot be applied.

The other critique of democracy that is most relevant to Hanover is the

“realist/neo-realist” aspect as argued by Norberto Bobbio in his selection from “The

Future of Democracy” (1984). I really have no idea where else to put the fact that in

times past it seems that those who had the money and power in Hanover had the

community’s interest akin to theirs, such as the proprietors of the Hanover Shoe

Company, aforementioned. However, now it seems as though many businesses and

developers throughout the Greater Hanover region do not have the community’s best

interest at heart, but rather are concerned only with continued growth and how it will

make them more money. Many people mentioned in their interviews, what’s happening

in Hanover is happening in every other small American town. Still, this is no reason to

allow wanton development to destroy the notions of community that the townspeople still

cling to. The only thing that read that could apply to this issue that must be addressed is

Bobbio’s mention of “the survival of oligarchies.41” Its implication is clear. While the

few who end up winning in this aspect are the “super-citizens” of the business world,

whose development over the course of the last decade or so has caused many

Hanoverians to question now not only where their farmlands went, but where the quaint

town they remember went. I believe, a great example of this is the “eminent domain”

issue of Moul Field, whereby the few of the School Board have made it so that a

generations-old tradition in Hanover is lost, further adding to the loss of community. All

40 “Bureau of Hanover Welcome page” Official Site of the Bureau of Hanover www.borough.hanover.pa.us 41 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader pg. 192

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of this happening while the Bureau tried to stand up for the people of Hanover, but its

hands were tied once the issue was turned over to the court.

Future of Democracy in Hanover

The Future of Democracy in Hanover could go one of two ways. It could slowly

back-peddle from the overdevelopment and seemingly unchecked power given to

businesspeople to embrace the older values of community, which will further instill civic

virtue and pride that was once very prevalent in the town. Or it could continue on this

path that it is on now and lose the very community values that made Hanover the strong

town that is was and developers are making the best of now. Many interviewees

expressed concerns that Hanover “is going to become another York,” which when asked

to elaborate they said many things they saw coming in Hanover’s future; most notably

more crime and loss of community identity among the townspeople.

However, the current Mayor Hormel and the local government have taken steps

enrich the community especially the downtown area. Besides backing the community on

such issues as the “Ten Commandments” in Wirt Park and the Moul Field fiasco; the

local government is currently planning a “downtown revitalization” program, which will

hopefully bring more badly needed businesses into the area. Also in the past, the local

government has made efforts to refurbish and offer once dilapidated buildings, such as

the old Hanover Shoe building and the Hotel McAllister into low-income housing

apartment, which are quite nice.

Diversity in Hanover in the future is going to be growing issue as the population

grows. As the population becomes more diverse, it will become a new opportunity for

Hanover to “revitalize” itself, embracing this new diverse community. While this might

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be a little idealistic, I believe that it will and could happen so long as the local

government in Hanover takes steps to reach out to its growing minority population.

Mayor Hormel stepping down in the coming months could also be a very pivotal

moment in the future of Hanover. While many interviewees suggested that it would be

nice to get some “new blood” in leadership positions in Hanover; there is no guarantee

that Hormel’s antecessor will be as community-oriented as she is. However, the exact

opposite is also true, as her replacement could extend the work that her and the local

government under her have been committed to for the past fourteen years, and hopefully

curb the development of the Bureau and the surrounding area.

In conclusion, the Bureau of Hanover is a town with a very rich history that has

now been undermined by overdevelopment. The community aspect of Hanover itself has

come to bear the brunt of the subtle attacks, such as the current Moul Field “eminent

domain” issue. Before writing this paper, I was under the influence that the local

government whole-heartedly supported the development of Hanover and subsequent loss

of communal identity. However, through my research I have found that almost the exact

opposite is true. Though, I have realized that the local government can only do so much.

Without a force to keep developers in check, it will not take very long for not only the

parents of Hanover, but also their children to realize how their once prized community

values have been traded for corporate greed and the prosperity of a few.

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Bibliography

Adams, Ashley “Mayor to receive Make a Difference Award” April 13, 2007 The Evening Sun Adams, Ashley & Steve Marroni “Judge Denies Hanover on Moul” April 11, 2007 The Evening Sun “Bureau of Hanover Welcome page” Official Site of the Bureau of Hanover www.borough.hanover.pa.us April 17, 2007 Community Profile/Visitor Info. Hanover Area Chamber of Commerce www.hanoverchamber.com Appril 17, 2007 Conte, Thomas & Ronald Terchek Theories of Democracy: A Reader Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. New York 2001 “Current Unemployment Rates for States Historic Highs/Lows” US Department of Labor www.bls.gov April 17, 2007 “Hanover’s Bush/Cheney Victory Center is Now Open” Hanover for Bush 2004 Official Website April 17, 2007 “Hanover” CWSAC Battle Summaries The American Battlefield Protection Program www.cr.nps.gov April 17, 2007 “Hanover-McSherrystown: Boom Car Terrorism” Travel News: PR www.ttgweb.com April 17, 2007 “Hanover” Profile York County Economic Development Corporation www.ycedc.org/hanover.html April 17, 2007 “History of Sheppard Mansion” Sheppard Mansion Official Website April 17, 2007 McAllister Family Papers (1775-1850) PA State Archives- MG81 www.phmc.state.pa.us April 17, 2007 “Our Congregation Can Make A Difference: Hanover” Mission Moment: United Church of Christ www.ucc.org April 17, 2007 “Our History” Utz Quality Foods Timeline www.utzsnacks.com.abouthistory/ April 17, 2007 “Retail ProfilesGolden Mile” Home Accents Today www.homeaccentstoday.com/community April 17, 2007

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“Save Ten Commandments” Hanover Area Heritage Association www.savetencommandments.org April 17, 2007 “Showing Hanover in PA” Sundown-town Collection www.uvm.edu Slaugh, Thomas “Battle of Hanover” Archives of the Hanover Public School District “The History of Hanover” Hanover Shoe Farms Official Website April 17, 2007 “The History of Snyder’s” Company History ww.snydersofhanover.com April 17,2007 Vidal, Carol “Hispanic Empowerment in the Greater Hanover Area” c/o Hanover Hospital August 8, 2006 April 17, 2007 “Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections by Age” www.lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/COW/archive/2002/ April 17, 2007