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United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Niklas Buehren
Africa Gender Innovation Lab, World Bank
The Size of the Gap, its Cost and Possible
Avenues for Programming
The Gender Gap in Agricultural
Productivity in Africa
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Why should we care about women farmers’ productivity?
• Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa hasn’t reached its full potential yet
• One enormous inefficiency is the pervasive gender gap in agriculture
• Women farmers… have unequal access to key agricultural inputs such as land, labor, knowledge
and fertilizer
… are consistently found to be less productive
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Malawi Tanzania Uganda
Increase in Crop Production 7.3% 2.0% 2.8%
Increase in agricultural GDP $90 million $85 million $58 million
Increase in total GDP $100 million $105 million $67 million
People lifted out of Poverty 238,000 80,000 119,000
Potential gross gains from closing the gender gap in three African countries
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
While each country’s gender gap is unique, there are some factors that cut across all countries
• Availability of agricultural labor
• Use of fertilizer
• Knowledge and information
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Thank you!
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Moving Women Up the Value
Chain in Agricultural Market
System
Challenges and Solutions
By Soukeyna Cisse DIOP
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Story of a young woman farmer
Imagine Mariama…
United States
Department of
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Agricultural
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African Women in Agriculture• Professor Mandivamba Rukuni, a Zimbabwean researcher and land policy
analyst. “Africa is still on average 60% rural in population.
• According to the World Farmers Organization, 80% of the agricultural production in Africa comes from small scale women farmers.
• The report of the Food and Agriculture and Organization in 2012 showed that in countries such as Senegal, Egypt and South Africa, female share of the agricultural labour force varied from 25% to 35%.
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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Challenges & Solutions• Land Acquisition
• Water Supply
• Training/Education/Access to Information
• Financing
• Lack of Empowerment
• Accessibility to lands and protection of land rights.
• Research and Development on affordable and simplified water systems. Ex: Wells.
• Training and Information centers on full agricultural value chain, business leadership and entrepreneurship.
• Loan programs and grants tailored to meet the funding needs of women farmers.
• Women Empowering Women, Youth Investment and Equal Opportunities.
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
A Social Impact
• Family
• Neighborhood
• Community/ Town/ Area
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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'To all the young Women in
Agriculture, we are the future.
Keep being agents of change
and keep empowering your
peers. Educate yourselves and
educate others. Sharing is
caring, and caring is our
nature.'
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
What works to empower women in
value chains?
Dr. Hazel Malapit
Research Coordinator
International Food Policy Research Institute
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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What is a value chain? What is women’s role in value chains?
• Full sequence of activities: conception production transformation marketing delivery consumption disposal
• Women typically remain small farmers/producers, with low returns
• A small minority are entrepreneurs in transportation, marketing, export, where more value is added and returns are higher (Rubin and Manfre 2014)
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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Upgrading value chains: constraints and opportunities for women and men
(Rubin and Manfre 2014; Pietrobelli and Rabelloti 2006)
Types of upgrading
Definition Implications for women-owned businesses
Processupgrading
Increase efficiency of productionprocesses, reducing unit costs; can involve improved organization of production process, improved technology
Do women have access to, or capital to afford, improved technologies?
Product upgrading
Improve quality of product to increase value to consumers
Need for training, certification
Functional upgrading
Entry into a new, higher-value-added function in the value chain, closer to consumers
Can women-owned businesses overcome barriers to improvement and scaling up?
Channel upgrading
Entry into a marketing channel that leads to a new end market (e.g. exports)
Need for licensing, certification, operating at scale (or consolidation)
Social upgrading
Improvements in living standards (increases in wages and work conditions), increasing gender equality in wages, assets, returns, increasing resistance to shocks
Improved gender equity, strengthening women’s social capital (as a way to increase other capitals), reduced vulnerability
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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Integrating gender issues into agricultural value chains research for developmentRubin, Manfre, and Nichols Barrett 2009
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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WEAI Construction
Five domains of empowerment (5DE)
A direct measure of women’s empowerment
in 5 dimensions
Gender parity Index (GPI)
Women’s achievement’s relative to the primary male in
household
Women’s
Empowerment
in Agriculture
Index
(WEAI)
All range from zero to one
higher values = greater empowerment
90% 10%
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
The 5DE reflects a woman’s achievements
United States
Department of
Agriculture
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Agricultural
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Empowering women in value chains: Efficiency, competitiveness, and gender equity
Empowerment domain
Needs What works to empower women?
Decisionmakingover production, wage employment processing, marketing
Information about prices, profitability, market opportunities; quality upgrading, certification; scaling up; information about employment opportunities
Business training, certification, better access to information (radio, mobile phones, training male and female extension workers to work with women); safe work; women-friendly labor market policies
Resources Assets (specifically business assets, place of business, equipment, transport assets)
Legal rights to property, financial services (group lending plus graduation), protected savings accounts, transportation
Control of income How to control own income, and reinvest it in business or in family? How to protect women’s control of income?
“External”: protected bank accounts, group accounts; “internal”: negotiation skills (with business partners and intrahousehold)
Leadership in community
Producer and marketing groups forservice delivery, training, marketing; strengthening women’s groups
Groups as the link between farm and market, training delivery; strengthening women’s groups
Time Reduce drudgery; support to help balance productive and reproductive tasks
Infrastructure; equipment to reduce drudgery (suited to women); affordable child care; men’s support in domestic tasks
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Thank You
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Dr. Jolyne Sanjak, Chief Program Officer,
Landesa, October 11, 2016 Des Moines
Women’s Land Rights: An
Enabler of Transformational
Rural Development
United States
Department of
Agriculture
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Agricultural
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2
THE PROBLEM
• Too many women and men in agriculture
do not have adequate rights to land
• This constrains their development
• There is a significant gender gap
That means women are even more constrained
as farmers
as un-empowered members of households and communities
United States
Department of
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3
INADEQUATE LAND RIGHTS
CONSTRAIN WOMEN
• On the farm/in the field:
– her parcel is probably smaller and lower quality
– she might not have control over what crops are grown
– she might not be as motivated to invest in
productivity and in soil conservation
• Beyond the farm:
– she might be excluded from meetings and decision-making of
farmer associations/coops
– she might not have control over the sale of the fruits of her labor
nor the income earned
– other?
United States
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4
In fact, she might not even have the label
“farmer” if she does not own land
United States
Department of
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Agricultural
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5
Overview: Why Land Rights Matter
United States
Department of
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6
We don’t have
adequate data about
women’s land ownership
This FAO data suggests that
women as a share of
agricultural holders
is significantly lower as
compared to men.
Experts agree that there
is a gender gap in
access to secure land rights
Yet…
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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7
United States
Department of
Agriculture
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Agricultural
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8
Why Women’s Land Rights Matter?
United States
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Agriculture
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Agricultural
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9
IN HER OWN WORDS
Quotations from beneficiaries of a USAID-funded, Landesa-supported project in Rwanda’s
Eastern Province: Promoting Peace through Dispute Resolution
“The most significant change for me is that now I have security at my
home.” – Disputant
“I am able to farm again and my husband no longer sells the harvest
without my consent… today I can pay for health insurance; my
children are now safe.” – Disputant
“The main success of this project is that women got someone to
advocate for them.” – Local authority
For more detail, please see Rose-of-Rwanda video ...
United States
Department of
Agriculture
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10
SOLUTION PATH –
3 PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
1. Law and Policy
2. Access to Rights in Practice (Allocation and Documentation)
United States
Department of
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Service
11
SOLUTION PATH –
3 PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
3. Complementary Measures
– land literacy training
– dispute mediation support &
legal assistance
– awareness building and
training of public servants
- connecting land rights to other
aspects of agricultural development
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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12
AN ACTION TO TAKE
INVEST IN SECURING WOMEN’S LAND RIGHTS!
Embrace a grand development challenge: how to deliver land rights
to women, girls (and, men and boys) at scale.
Support empowerment, nutrition, well-being, productivity and asset
leverage for all those women and girls in agriculture, moving them up
the value chain and out of poverty!
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
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THE WORLD WE WANT INCLUDES WOMEN’S LAND RIGHTS
13
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Foreign
Agricultural
Service
Thanks for Your Consideration
