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Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

AP® Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China

27


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Figure 27.1 This panoramic scene painted by a Chinese witness to the Taiping Rebellion

shows the rebel forces besieging and burning an enemy town and a nearby estate house of a

large landlord's family in central China.


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Chapter Overview

I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands

III.The Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty


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TIMELINE 1640 C.E. to 1900 C.E.


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From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

• Ottoman decline

– By early 1700s

– Power struggles

– Ayan, land-owning classes

– Rivalry with the West for trade

• Results

– Austrian Habsburgs

Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans


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• Results

– Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea

– Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans

–Greeks, independent, 1830

– Serbia, 1867

• By 1870, most of the Balkans

– Capital threatened


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• Reform and Survival

– British support Ottomans v. Russia

– Selim III

Reforms anger Janissaries

1807, deposed, assassinated


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• Reform and Survival

–Mahmud II

Professional army

• Replaces Janissaries, 1826

Tanzimat reforms

• Universities on Western models

• Railways

• 1876, European-style constitution


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Figure 27.2 In the courtyard of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Sultan Selim III receives

dignitaries from throughout the Ottoman empire in the midst of a splendidly attired

imperial entourage.


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• Repression and Revolt

– Abdul Hamid

Attempted to return to despotic absolutism

Restricted civil liberties

• Deprived Western elites of power

–Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Formed in Paris, 1889

Distracted by factional fights


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Figure 27.3 This photo features a group of Young Turks who ultimately survived the

challenges presented by Turkey's defeat in World War I and the successful struggles of the

Turks to prevent the partition of their heartlands in Asia Minor. The man in the

uniform in the center is Mustafa Kemal, or Ataturk, who emerged as a masterful military commander in the war and went on to become

the founder of modern Turkey.


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Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands

• Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt

– Napoleon

Defeats Ottoman Mamluk vassals in Egypt

Murad

–Muhammad Ali

– Emerges after French withdraw

– Albanian Ottoman


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• Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt

– Reforms

Military: army, navy

Agricultural modernization

– Khedives


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Western Global Dominance and the Dilemmas It Posed

• Pattern in decline of civilizations

– Internal differences

– Threats from outside civilizations

– Rare for one civilization to play a major part in the demise of another

• Western Europe changes patterns

– Scientific discoveries and technology surpasses all other civilizations

–Dilemmas for Africa and Asia


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Figure 27.4 Napoleon's victory in the Battle of the Pyramids led to a short-lived, but

transformative, French occupation of Egypt.


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• Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance–Muhammad Ali's successors

Drop reform

Ayans profit from peasantry

– Cotton

Crucial export crop

– Indebtedness to foreign creditors

Suez Canal, open 1869


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• Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance– University of al-Azhar

Center of Muslim thinkers

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh

• Push for Westernization

• Underline traditional Muslim rationalism


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• Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance– Ahmad Orabai

Revolt against khedive, 1882

British intervene

– Period of puppet khedives under British


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• Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan

– Khartoum

– Sudan challenges British

Can't control camel nomads

–Muhammad Ahmed, the Mahdi

Proclaims jihad against Egyptians, British

Controls Sudan

Succeeded by Khalifa Abdallahi


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• Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan

–General Kitchner

Omdurman, 1896

• Mahdists crushed


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Map 27.1 British Egypt and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Although British control over Egypt was quite secure from the time of the defeat of the Arabi revolt in 1882 until World War I, the Mahdist movement in the Sudan delayed the conquest of that vast region along the upper Nile River

until 1898.


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The Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty

• Nurhaci (1559–1626)

–Manchu leader

– Banner armies

–Drives Chinese south of Great Wall

– Signification of Manchuria

• Qing

– Retain Ming rule

• Kangxi

– Confucian scholar and patron of the arts


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Visualizing the PastMapping the Decline of Two Great EmpiresMap 27.2 Ottoman Empire from Late 18th

Century to World War IThe vast territories of the Ottoman empire were lost over a period of more than two centuries to

external enemies and the assertion of independence by ambitious vassals.


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Visualizing the PastMapping the Decline of Two Great EmpiresMap 27.3 Qing Empire from Opium War of

1839–1841 to World War IAlthough much of the traditional Chinese

territories remained intact, the Qing and later the government of the Republic of China lost

control of regions distant from their capitals in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century.


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• Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule

–Qing social system maintained

Manchu

• Rural reforms

– Infrastructure maintained

– Burdens lessened

Silver influx to 1800


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• Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule

–Qing social system maintained

Compradors

• Merchants along coast

• Tie China to outside


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• Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration

–Qing decline

Exam system corruption

– Yellow River dikes not maintained

Flooding

– Unrest: migration, outlaws


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Map 27.4 Coastal China and Its Hinterland in the 19th Century

By the early 1800s, China's seaports and river deltas had become the main focus of European expansionist efforts. By the end of the century,

China's southern coastal regions had also become seedbeds for nationalist resistance to

Manchu rule and European domination.


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• Barbarians at the Southern Gates:

The Opium War and After

– British

Import Indian opium to China

Chinese react

Opium War

Lin Zexu

• Blockades European trade


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• Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After

– British invade, 1839

Chinese defeated

Hong Kong to British

Ports forced to reopen


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Figure 27.5 In the second half of the 19th century, the Chinese were forced to concede port and warehouse areas, such as the one in this painting, to rival imperialist powers. These areas were, in effect, colonial enclaves. They were guarded by foreign troops, flew foreign flags, and were run by Western or Japanese

merchant councils.


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• A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms

– Hong Xiuquan

Taiping rebellion

Calls for social, land reforms

Criticize Qing, Manchus

Zeng Guofan

• Self-strengthening movement

Crushed by Empress Cixi, 1898


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• A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms

– Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign conflict

Crushed by Western powers


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• The Fall of the Qing and the Rise of a Chinese Nationalist Alternative

– Resistance goes underground

Plots to push Westernization

Sun Yat-sen

– 1905, civil service exams ended

End of scholar-gentry

– 1911, rebellions

– 1912, last Qing emperor, Puyi, removed


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Figure 27.6 China's peril in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion and the military

interventions by the imperialist powers that it prompted are brilliantly captured in this

contemporary cartoon showing the aggressive and mutually hostile great powers circling the

carcass of the Qing empire.

Documents

The Global Experience - Weeblywaligora.weebly.com/uploads/6/2/3/2/62320241/stearns_ap... · 2019. 10. 5. · World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Stearns