World Civilizations - Weeblywaligora.weebly.com/uploads/6/2/3/2/62320241/stearns_ap_7e_ch02.pdfCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations:

Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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AP® Seventh Edition

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

Early Civilizations, 3500–600 B.C.E.

2


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Chapter Overview

I. Civilization

II.Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

III.Egyptian Civilization

IV.Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared

V. River Valley Civilization in India

VI.China

VII.Early Civilizations in the Americas

VIII.The End of the River Valley Period


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FIGURE 2.1 This detail from Egyptian tomb art shows a husband and wife harvesting grain. As dictated by patriarchal values, the husband takes the lead in the work and the wife follows,

but in Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, men and women were depicted working together.


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Civilization

• Defining civilization

– Economic surplus, distributed unequally

– Formal governments with bureaucracies

– System of writing

– Urban centers

• Problematic definition

– Cities and writing not found in early agricultural settlements


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Civilization

• Criticism

– "Civilization" connoting "better"

Progress

Superiority

Yet cruelty, rudeness in civilized societies

–Mass overuse of land


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TIMELINE 5000 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E.


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Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

• Mesopotamia

– Civilization developed from scratch

• Sumeria

–Writing

Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets

• Phonetic

• Scribes

– Art

– Astronomy, numeric system


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Map 2.1 Early SumerThe civilization fanned out along the Tigris and

Euphrates rivers.


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FIGURE 2.2 One of the early uses of writing was to mark property boundaries. This picture shows cuneiform writing on a Mesopotamian map from about 1300 B.C.E. The map focuses on defining the king's estate, with sections for priests and for key gods such as Marduk. In

what ways did writing improve property maps?


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• Sumeria

– Religion

Patron gods

Ziggurats

– Political and Social Organization

City-States

• Establish boundaries

Kings

• Defense, war

– Strong patriarchal family structure


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• The Akkadian Empire

– Sargon I

c. 2400 B.C.E.

To Egypt and Ethiopia

• The Babylonian Empire

– c. 1800 B.C.E., unites under Hammurabi

Law Code

– Scientific knowledge expanded


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FIGURE 2.3 A translation of the map shown in Figure 2.2. (University of Pennsylvania

Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Neg.#S4-13970)


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Map 2.2 Mesopotamia in MapsThis map shows the location of Sumer and two later empires in the Middle East and eastern

Mediterranean.


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Egyptian Civilization

• Farming by 5000 B.C.E.

• Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.

–Difference: no city-states

• Government

– Pharaoh, intermediary between gods and men

Pyramids from 2700 B.C.E.

– Bureaucracy

– Regional governors


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Map 2.3 Egypt, Kush, and Axum, Successive Dynasties

Egypt weakened, kingdoms farther up the Nile and deeper into Africa rose in importance.


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FIGURE 2.4 The statue known to the West as the Sphinx and to the Arabsas the Father of Terror has the head of a man, wearing the

royal headdress of ancient Egypt, and the body of a lion. At 200 feet long and 65 feet tall, it was the largest single-stone statue in the

ancient world. Exactly who built it and when is unknown, but it is believed to have been

constructed as the guardian of the Necropolis at Giza (home of the Great Pyramids) and a

symbol of the power of the pharaohs.


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Egyptian Civilization

• Kush

– Interacted with and eventually invaded Egypt

• Ideas and Art

– Hieroglyphic alphabet

Pictograms, phonetic

– 24-hour day

–Monumental labor force for pyramids


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Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared

• Geography, invasion influence

• Political form

–Mesopotamian city-states

– Egyptian centralized government

– Both with elite groups at the top

• Treatment of women

• Mathematic findings

• Lasting heritages in their regions


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• Agricultural civilizations

–Higher birth rate for work

–Property ownership of males

–Patriarchal society develops

Males dominate political life

Female roles submissive

–Women

Some religious roles

Emotional roles, indirect control of men

Women in Patriarchal Societies


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River Valley Civilization in India

• Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.

– Indus River system

– Valley plains, snow-fed rivers

– The Great Cities of the Indus ValleyHarappa, Mohenjo-Daro

Densely populated

Drainage systems

Grain storage

Extensive trade


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Map 2.4 India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations

Although South Asia's first civilization was located in the Indus valley in the northwest,

the Aryan invasions from southwest Asia led to extensive settlement in the Ganges valley to the east and to internal migrations that gave

rise to the splendid Dravidian civilization in the Deccan and Tamilland further south.


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• Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.

– Conservative tool use

Vulnerable to attack

–Decline

Flooding, environmental changes

Invasions, migrations

Violence

Complete destruction of culture


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• After Harappa's Fall

– Period of Aryan migrations

– Vedas

Sanskrit

– Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E.

Mahabharata, Ramayana

The Upanishads

– Tight levels of village organization

Social inequality


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China

• Huanghe (Yellow River)

– Controlled river with dikes

• Shang dynasty (c. 1500 B.C.E.)

– Fought on horseback

– State takes on cultural responsibilities

– Ideographs—about 3000 in Shang era

• Science

• Silk manufacturing

• Ancestor worship and rituals


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FIGURE 2.5 This elaborately decorated bronze vessel from the Shang era shows the

sophisticated artistic expression achieved very early in Chinese history. It also demonstrates a high level of metalworking ability, which carried over into Shang weapons and tools. Although the design of these ritual vessels often was

abstract, mythical creatures such as dragons and sacred birds were deftly cast in bronzes that remain some of the great treasures of

Chinese art.


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Map 2.5 China in the Shang and Zhou Eras

As this map of early centers of Chinese civilization depicts dramatically, Chinese

peoples occupied only a small portion of the area that would correspond to China from the

last centuries B.C.E. to the present day.


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China

• The Zhou Dynasty (c. 1029–700 B.C.E.)

– Followed Shang dynasty

– A feudal period

– Encouraged southward movement of settlement

– "Mandate of heaven"

Divine support of rulers


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Early Civilizations in the Americas

• Reasons for later development

– Later development of agriculture

– Fewer domesticated animals

– North–south travel across climates

– Lack of metalwork, the wheel

• Limited archaeological remains

– Little evidence, like Harappa


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FIGURE 2.6 The origins of the Olmecs remain shrouded in mystery. Some of their enormous

stone sculptures seem to have distinctively African features that indicate possible

transatlantic contact. Similar features also have been found in early Khmer art from southeast

Asia.


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• The Olmecs

– c. 1500 B.C.E.

– Sculpture of giant stone heads

– Formal calendar

– Hereditary elite

• Chavin and the Andean World

–Difficult transportation

– Levels of agriculture encouraging trade


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• Chavin and the Andean World

– Chavin de Huantar

850–250 B.C.E.

Large temple platforms

Active craft population

Influence unknown

Continuing agriculture and population growth despite decline


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The End of the River Valley Period

• River valley societies widely separated

– No single development as transition out of this period

• The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations

– Lasting impact of the first civilizations

Basic ideas about social structures


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• The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations

– Basic tools of civilization

Writing

Mathematics

Political forms

– Enduring divisions among global populations

– Legacy of Egypt and Mesopotamia


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• New States and Peoples around 1000 B.C.E.

– Phoenicians

New alphabet from about 1300 B.C.E.

Active as traders in the Mediterranean


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• Judaism

– Semitic peoples

Settled in Eastern Mediterranean from 1200 B.C.E.

Special relationship with their deity

Hebrew bible

• Moral code

• Appropriate forms of worship

Monotheism


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A Sumerian clay tablet with cuneiform characters aimed at tallying numbers of sheep

and goats as part of early agriculture.

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World Civilizations - Weeblywaligora.weebly.com/uploads/6/2/3/2/62320241/stearns_ap_7e_ch02.pdfCopyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World Civilizations: