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TheGlobalGeodeticObservingSystem(GGOS)-itsRoleanditsActivities

MeetingattheGeospatialInformationAuthorityofJapan(GSI)May23,2017

MichaelPearlman1,HaraldSchuh2,Detlef Angermann 3

andCareyNoll4

1Centerfor Astrophysics,CambridgeUSA2GeoForschungsZentrum,PotsdamGermany

3Technische Universität München,MunichGermany4NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,GreenbeltUSA

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JapaneseInstitutionshavebeenInvolvedinInternationalSpaceGeodesyPograms since

earlyintheSpaceProgram

EarlySLRSystematTokyoAstronomicalObservatory

Prof.Yoshihide Kozai

InternationalAssociationofGeodesy(IAG)CentralObjectiveGeodeticObservationofEarthProcesses

Processesintheatmosphereandhydrosphere:watercycle

pointpositioning

ProcessesinthesolidEarth:geodynamics(deformation)

surfacescanning gravitymeasurementSRTM(InSAR)

andthegravityfieldvariationsoftherotationdeformations

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FundamentalRequirementforMonitoringGlobalChange

Thestudy,understandingandmodellingoftheeffectsofglobalchangerequire:• precise,consistent andstablereferenceframes,• standardsandmodelsforthethreegeodeticparametergroups:

• Earthgeometryandkinematics,• Earthgravityfieldanddynamics,• Earthorientationandrotation.

Thereferenceframeisthebasisuponwhichwemeasurechangeoverspace,time,andevolvingtechnology.Itmustfulfill thefollowingconditions:• Oneordermoreprecisethanthemagnitudeofthephenomenatobeanalysed;

• Globallyconsistentandreliable(highprecisionatanyplaceoftheEarth’ssurface);

• Stableoverlongperiods(highprecisionatanytime).

GlobalGeodeticObservingSystem(GGOS)

• Established by the IAG in 2004 to be its Observing System

• Vision: Advancing our understanding of the dynamic Earth system by quantifying our planet’s changes in space and time to:

– Advance Earth Science (Earth, oceans, ice, atmosphere, etc)

– Help us better understand the processes

– Help us make intelligent societal decisions

• Mode of Operation: Works with the IAG components (IGS, ILRS, IVS, IDS, IGFS, IERS, IAG commissions, etc.) to provide the geodetic infrastructure necessary for monitoring the Earth System and Global Change:

– observations needed to monitor, map, and understand changes in the Earth’s shape, rotation, and mass distribution;

– the TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME and CELESTIAL REFERENCE FRAME for measuring and consistently interpreting key global change processes;

– Other data products that require integration among measuring techniques: Unified height systems, Unified sea level model, Natural hazard warning tools, etc

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Approaches of GGOS

▪ Combination and integration of all available observations, methods, ...▪ Combine physical measurements and geometric techniques▪ Improve our understanding of the interactions in ”System Earth“

GeodesyisanessentialinputtoseveraloftheareasoffocusoftheGlobalEarthObservationSystemofSystems(GEOSS)

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GGOSshouldbenefitscienceandsocietybyprovidingthefoundationsuponwhichadvancesinEarthscienceandapplicationsarebuilt.

GGOSFIELDSFORSCIENCEANDSOCIETYINGENERAL

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IAGBylaws1(d)

“TheGlobalGeodeticObservingSystemworkswiththeIAGcomponentstoprovidethegeodeticinfrastructurenecessaryformonitoringtheEarthsystemandglobalchangeresearch.”

ThevisionofGGOSis

“AdvancingourunderstandingofthedynamicEarthsystembyquantifying ourplanet’schangesinspaceandtime.”

GGOS today

PracticalApplicationsofSpaceGeodesyUSNationalResearchCouncilStudy

• Geodesy isthescienceoftheEarth’sshape,gravityandrotation,includingtheirevolutionintime.

• Techniques usedtoobservethegeodeticpropertiesoftheEarthprovidethebasisfortheInternationalTerrestrialReferenceFrame(ITRF)

• TheITRF isthefoundationforvirtuallyallairborne,space-based,andground-basedEarthobservations,andisfundamentallyimportantforinterplanetaryspacecrafttrackingandnavigation.

TheITRFperformancerequirementforsealevelmeasurementis1mmreferenceframeaccuracyand0.1mm/yearstability(NRC2010).

MoststringentrequirementonITRFperformanceissealevel

ProvidedthroughthecourtesyofProf.BernardMinster

GLOBALReferenceFrame(TerrestrialandCelestial)

• Basis on which we measure changes over time, space, and evolving technology• Most stringent requirement from sea level rise, but other applications are close behind

– “accuracy of 1 mm, and stability at 0.1 mm/yr” (a factor of 5 - 10 improvement)• Accessibility: 24 hours/day; worldwide

– Users anywhere on Earth can position their measurements in the reference frame• Space Segment:

– LAGEOS, LARES, Etalon, GNSS, DORIS to define the reference frame• Ground Segment (Core and Co-located ground sites):

– Global distributed network of “modern technology”, co-located SLR, VLBI, GNSS, DORIS stations locally tied together with accurate site ties

– Dense GNSS ground station network to distribute the frame globally to the users• Reference Frame Formulation provided by the IERS from data provided by the IAG

Services: IGS, IVS, ILRS, and IDS

VLBI SLR GNSS DORIS VectorTie

WhatdoeseachtechniqueprovidetotheReferenceFrame?

• SLR:UniquelyprovidesEarthCenterofMass;• VLBI:ProvidesEOPparametersandtheconnectionwiththe

CelestialReferenceFrame;• SLRandVLBIindependentlyprovideScale• GPS:Globalcoverageanddensity• DORIS:Globalcoverage• Gravimetry:Helpinterpretstationdynamics

• Co-locatedSLR,VLBI,GNSSandDORIS(whereavailable)sothattheirmeasurementscanberelatedtosub-mmaccuracy

• Whydoweneedmultipletechniques?– Eachtechniquemakesitsmeasurementsinadifferentwayand

thereforeeachmeasuressomethingalittledifferent:• Terrestrial(satellite)versescelestial(quasar)reference• Rangeversesrangedifferencemeasurements• Broadcastupversesbroadcastdown• Radioversesoptical• Activeversespassive• Geographiccoverage

Why Multiple Techniques at a Site?

SLR

VLBI

GNSS

DORIS

EarlySimulationStudiestoScopetheNetwork(impactontheReferenceFrame)

(ErricosPavlis)

Earlysimulationstudiesshowedtheweneeded:• ~32globallydistributed,wellpositioned,newtechnology,co-locationsiteswill

berequiredtodefineandmaintainthereferenceframe;• ~16oftheseco-locationstationsmusttrackGNSSsatelliteswithSLRto

calibratetheGNSSorbitswhichareusedtodistributethereferenceframe.

• DesignInitiative,butitamajorChallenge• Willrequiretime,significantresources,andstronginternationalparticipation• Nowwerecognizethatitwillbeacombinationofcoreandcolocationsiteswith

applegeographicdistribution.

GGOS 2020 Book (2009)

Content: main arguments for GGOS

• Goals, achievements and tools ofmodern geodesy

• Earth science requirements forgeodesy

• Maintaining a modern society (9 societal benefit areas)

• Future geodetic reference frames• Future Global Geodetic Observing

System (GGOS)• GGOS 2020

GGOS: Meeting the Requirements of a Global Society on a Changing Planet in 2020. Eds. H.-P. Plag and M. Pearlman. Springer 2009. p. 332

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GGOS (Chair:Hansjörg Kutterer,Germany)

StructureoftheGlobalGeodeticObservingSystem

IAGServ icesIAGCommissions

StationsParticipatingintheGGOSAffiliatedNetwork

(CallforParticipation)

PresentandProjectedCORENetwork(all4techniques)

Remark:GlobalgeodeticnetworkdoesnotalwaysmeetGGOSrequirements

• Combinationofnewandlegacyequipment

• Unequalnetworkdistribution

• Localtiesoftechniques

• Stillsystematicobservationalerrors

• Needfor~10timesimprovementinmeasurementaccuracy

GGOS Site Requirements Document(http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/GGOS_SiteReqDoc.pdf)

• Introduction and Justification – What is a Fundamental Station?– Why do we need the Reference Frame?– Why do we need a global network?– What is the current situation?– What do we need?

• Site Conditions– Global consideration for the location– Geology– Site area– Weather and sky conditions– Radio frequency and optical Interference– Horizon conditions– Air traffic and aircraft Protection– Communications– Land ownership– Local ground geodetic networks– Site Accessibility– Local infrastructure and accmmodations– Electric power– Site security and safety– Local commitment

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FirstgeospatialresolutionadoptedbyUNGeneralAssembly

First Geospatial UN Resolution

• GlobalGeodeticReferenceFrame(ITRFandICRFcombination)forSustainableDevelopment(GGRF)resolution- No.A/69/L.53-

• adoptedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyon26th ofFeb,2015

• co-sponsoredby52MemberStatesincludingJapan

• …first resolution recognizing theimportance of aglobally coordinatedapproach togeodesy– thediscipline focused onaccurately measuring theshape,rotation andgravitational field of planetEarth.

• TheGeneralAssembly resolution,AGlobalGeodeticReferenceFrameforSustainableDevelopment,outlines thevalue of ground-based obserationsandremotesatellite sensing when tracking changes inpopulations,icecaps,oceans andtheatmosphere over time.

Japanesesubmissiontothe GGOSCallforParticipation- SubmittedbyDr SMatsuzaka(JapaneseGGOSWGChairatthattime)

andapprovedbyGGOSBureauin2014

Tsukuba(VLBI+GNSS+Gravimeter)Ishioka(VLBI+GNSS)Aira (VLBI+GNSS)Chichijima (VLBI+GNSS+Gravimeter)Shintotsukawa (VLBI+GNSS+Gravimeter)Tanegashima(SLR+GNSS)Simosato(SLR+GNSS)Mizusawa (VLBI+GNSS+Gravimeter)Koganei(SLR+VLBI+GNSS)Kashima(VLBI+GNSS)Syowa(VLBI+DORIS+Gravimeter)

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• ChallengesinEarthobservation:

– verysmall but significant trendsneedtobemonitored(platetectonics,sealevelchange,globalisostaticadjustment(GIA),climatechange,…)

– veryfastevents(earthquakes,tsunami,landslides,…)

• Geodesyis afundamentaltool for exploration andunderstandingofour planet

• GlobalGeodeticObservingSystem(GGOS)isthe geodeticcontributiontoEarthobservation(within GEOSS,the GlobalEarthObserving Systemof Systemsunder GEO,the GrouponEarthObservations)

• GGOSprovidesthemetrologicalbasis (interms of reference frames,timeandfrequencytransfer)for amultitude of other Earthobservations

• ChallengesinEarthobservationrequirealotofgeodeticexpertise

• PrecisedataandmonitoringbygeodesyisneededformanyotherEarthsciences

• Alot of new developments (technology,e.g.application of quantum physics for geodeticmeasurements,new extremely precise clocks,next space missions,micro satellites fürgeodesyetc.)offer many new tasks (andalsojobs)

Conclusions

Summary

• Challengingprogramwithveryimportantscienceandsocietalbenefits

• Technologiesarematuring• Globaldistributionisessential;successneedstheenhancednetworksthatwilldependonpartnerships

• Verylargeopportunityforparticipationinanalysisandscientificresearch

• Needtoengageyoungscientistsandstudents

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Thank you for your attention!

mpearlman@cfa.harvard.edu

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FundamentalRequirementforMonitoringGlobalChange

Thestudy,understandingandmodellingoftheeffectsofglobalchangerequireprecise,consistent andstablereferenceframes,standardsandmodelsforthethreegeodeticparametergroups:Earthgeometryandkinematics,Earthgravityfieldanddynamics,Earthorientationandrotation. Thereferenceframeisthebasisupon

whichwemeasurechangeoverspace,time,andevolvingtechnology.Itmustfulfill thefollowingconditions:• Oneordermoreprecisethanthemagnitudeofthephenomenatobeanalysed;

• Globallyconsistentandreliable(highprecisionatanyplaceoftheEarth’ssurface);

• Stableoverlongperiods(highprecisionatanytime).