The Green Industrial Revolution and the United States

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The Green Industrial Revolutionand the United States

In the Clean Energy Race, Is the United Statesa Leader or a Luddite?

By Kate Gordon, Robert Borosage, and Derek Pugh December 2013


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The Green IndustrialRevolution and theUnited StatesIn the Clean Energy Race, Is the United States

a Leader or a Luddite?

By Kate Gordon, Robert Borosage, and Derek Pugh December 2013

OurFuture.org


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1 Introduction

5 The global race for clean energy leadership

7 The stakes: A new industrial revolution

9 The challenge: China rising

12 The United States: Pushing forward or falling behind?

15 Choosing to lead

17 A regional strategy

21 The Department of Commerce: Core federal support

for a regional energy strategy

25 Conclusion: A matter of choice

26 About the authors

27 Acknowledgements

28 Endnotes

Contents


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Introduction | www.americanprogress.

Introduction

A new green indusrial revoluiondriven by a variey o concerns and opporu-

niiesis gahering seam across he globe. In some regions, i is spurred by land

and waer scarciy. In ohers, i is driven by rising concerns abou caasrophic

climae change. And in even more regions, new energy echnology and finan-

cial innovaions have opened up exciing indusrial and economic possibiliies.

Whaever he cause o his ransormaion, a is cener is a new approach o

energy characerized by an increasing commimen o renewable energy, energy

conservaion and efficiency, and a 21s-cenury approach o generaing and mov-ing uels and elecriciy ha recognizesno deniesour climae and naural

resource challenges.

Tis growing commimen is already inorming governmenal, corporae, and

privae decisions. I is beginning o affec how regions produce, disribue, and

consume energy. Over he nex ew decades, i will aler everyhing: where we

live, how we ravel, and how we hink abou economic growh and prosperiy. Te

commimen is only a is beginning sages; i will become he source o expand-

ing global markes and o millions o new jobs in a hugely diverse se o indusries

and occupaions, rom cuting-edge research o insallaion o echnologies such as

roofop solar panels and uiliy-scale wind arms.

Te counries ha lead his ransormaion will benefi enormously, no jus rom

breahing healhier air and drinking unained waer, bu also rom economic

expansion in he orms o new markes, profis, and jobs. Te counries ha lead

his green revoluion will lead he 21s cenury. Tose ha ignore i will become

his cenurys Luddies.

Te quesion acing he Unied Saes is clear: Which one will we choose o be,leader or Luddie?


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2 Center for American Progress | The Green Industrial Revolutio n and the United States

oday, he Unied Saes is a leader in advanced energy innovaion, holding

mos o he worlds paens in his area. We are also a he ron o he pack when

i comes o insalling new renewable energy sysems, building highly efficien

srucures, and pushing or more uel-efficien and elecric cars. Bu we have many

rivals. China and Germany, in paricular, have made he clean energy ransiion

cenral o heir overall economic developmen sraegies. Despie some major se-backs and obsacles, hese counries coninue o have a srong poliical and policy

consensus behind ransorming o a more advanced energy economy, while in he

Unied Saesnowihsanding he presidens recen rousing climae speech in

June 2013he pas ew years have seen an increasingly parisan divide on energy

and climae issues a he naional level.

Te 2012 elecion highlighed hese divisions. Candidaes rom saes wih srong

ossil uel mining and exracion operaions increasingly idenified wih a drill,

baby, drill agenda, dismissing climae change alarms and championing domesic

energy producion. Te erociy o he poliical seasons ani-climae change rheo-ric ulimaely moved New York Ciy Mayor Michael Bloombergwho winessed

he desrucion o pars o his grea ciy afer Hurricane Sandyo issue a srong

endorsemen or Presiden Barack Obama a ew days beore he elecion, saing

ha Tis issue is oo imporan. We need deermined leadership a he naional

level o move he naion and he world orward.1

We now ace a siuaion where poliical pressures are hreaening o roll back

valuable energy programs, such as sae renewable energy sandards and ederal

ax credis or wind and solar power. Insead, a he ron and cener o our new

naional energy policy is a domesic oil and gas producion agenda ha would

ulimaely speed he rae o climae change. A he same ime, he surge in unding

or clean energy ha came rom he American ecovery and einvesmen Ac is

winding down, meaning ha many o he mos exciing effors o move America

oward a new energy paradigm are a risk o dying on he vine.

America is a a crossroads. Will he Unied Saes choose o coninue is progress

oward leadership in renewable energy and energy efficiency in he green indus-

rial ransormaions ha have already begun? Or will i cede leadership o oher

counries commited o dominaing he new markes?


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Introduction | www.americanprogress.

Tis repora join effor o he BlueGreen Alliance, he Insiue or Americas

Fuure, and he Cener or American Progresssummarizes he sakes involved

in his choice. We propose a bold sraegy or he Unied Saes, one ha relies on

his counry s grea naural and economic srenghs, o capure a leading role in

his 21s-cenury green indusrial ransormaion.

Specifically, we propose ha he Unied Saes ake advanage o is rue naional

srenghs: he abiliy o innovae rom he sae and local levels up, and o com-

bine policies ha work or differen regions o he counry ino a coheren whole.

Ulimaely, we believe ha our naional energy sraegy mus be, a is hear, an

inegraed se o regional energy sraegies. Tis is our compeiive edge. Unlike

China and Germany, which drive policy rom he op down, we are a counry

o botom-up innovaion and iniiaive. Collecing hese effors ino a naional

sraegy will ake acion, and we recommend ha no only Congress bu also he

Deparmen o Commercewhich already has regional economic developmen

uncionsplay a major role in his iniiaive.


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The global race for clean energy lead ership | www.americanprogress.

The global race for clean energy

leadership

America is emerging rom a hisorically srong period o clean energy invesmen.

Te American ecovery and einvesmen Ac, or AR, ofen called he simu-

lus bill, presaged a golden age o clean energy policies and financing, which led o

rapid growh in he renewable energy and efficiency secors. Te ax credis, block

grans, and inrasrucure unds generaed by his program, building on a ounda-

ion o srong sae incenives or renewable energy and efficiency ha had been

developed in he years leading up o he naional simulus bill , vauled he Unied

Saes o he number one posiion on he Pew Chariable russ ranking o globalclean energy invesors in 2011.2Wih $48.1 billion in clean energy invesmens

ha year, he Unied Saes finally pulled in ron o China or he firs ime since

Pew began his series o repors.

In 2011, he Unied Saes led all naions in financing or solar, energy efficiency,

and biouel echnologies3and coninued is leadership in venure capial inves-

men. We also excelled in research and developmen, or &D: U.S. public and

privae &D accouned or 30 percen o he world oal in 2011.4And we were

no jus invening and financing hese sysems: Te U.S. doubled is own domesic

renewable energy capaciy rom 2009 o 2012.

Bu while we led in innovaion and insallaion, we ell behind on oher crii-

cal pieces o he energy value chain, paricularly in advanced manuacuring.

Troughou our hisory, our mos effecive economic developmen iniiaives

have ocused no only on creaion o new echnologies, bu also on providing

he inrasrucure or hose echnologies o be developed, produced, and moved

across he Unied Saes. Our educaion, workorce raining, ransporaion, and

energy sysems have undergirded our economic successes or decades. Wihou

public invesmens in higher educaion and deense-relaed compuer echnology,or insance, here would likely be no Inerne oday.5


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In addiion, many o hese innovaions happened no a he naional level, bu

raher a he regional level. As he Brookings Insiuions Mark Muro and Bruce

Kaz poined ou, i is a he local and regional level where he Unied Saes expe-

riences he grounded, day-o-day ineracions by which real companies in real

places complee ransacions, share echnologies, develop innovaions, sar new

businessesand yes, creae jobs and locae workers.6

Bu in our approach o energy policy andwihin iadvanced manuacur-

ing policy, we seem o have orgoten hese lessons. Alhough he AR ook a

regionally ocused and inegraed approach o policy developmen,7i sands as an

excepion: In general he U.S. approach o policy in his arena has been disaggre-

gaed and inconsisen.8

Chinas approach o clean energy policy sands in conras. China has prioriized

manuacuring and insallaion, ocusing specifically on increasing is expors in

clean energy echnologies o oher counries. Tis was in he conex o a high-level policy sraegy, he 12h Five-Year Plan, which se aggressive growh goals

or sraegic emerging indusriesincluding hree new energy indusries: clean

energy echnology, alernaive energy, and clean energy vehicles.9Chinas clean

energy sraegy is no perec by any means. Te governmens ocus on manu-

acuring and insallaion a he expense o building ou Chinas research and

developmen engines, or example, led o major overproducion o convenional

solar panels las year and ended up bankruping some o he counry s model

businesses. Bu here is no doub ha he sraegy drove Chinas clean energy

secor orward. Te counry is now he world leader in oal insalled capaciy or

renewable energy, while also producing hal o he worlds wind urbine and solar

modules.10Indeed, in 2012, China reclaimed he firs spo in he Pew rankings.

For hose uncomorable wih looking o a non-democraic counry or inspiraion,

we can urn wesward o Germany. In many ways, Germanys remarkable com-

mimen o Energiewende, or energy ransormaion, is even more breahaking

han Chinas recen moves in his direcion. Germany has pursued is clean energy

vision over he pas wo decades, recognizing he need or a comprehensive policy

approach across secors. Tis has driven a dramaic invesmen in clean energy as

well as a modernized grid, energy efficiency, and echnological invenion.11

Nowcommited o closing down nuclear plans ha supply 20 percen o he naions

energy, he German plan projecs ha in 40 years, 80 percen o elecriciy will come

rom renewable sources, as opposed o 80 percen currenly derived rom ossil uels

and nuclear. ecenly, Chancellor Angela Merkel announced plans o build offshore


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wind arms ha will cover an area six imes he size o New York Ciy a he cos o

$263 billion, or abou 8 percen o he 2011 German gross domesic produc, or

GDP.12Bolsered by srong incenives, Germany is he larges global solar marke in

he world.13Again, his sraegy is no perec. In Germany, he naional eed-in ariff

policy, which requires uiliies o buy small-scale renewable power a a fixed price,

has resuled in massive deploymen o solar panels bu also in inflaed elecriciycoss. Germanys governmen coninues o adjus he ariff rae, bu many busi-

nesses are agiaing o end he policy alogeher.14Sill, he German modellike he

Chinese exampleis a reminder ha a rue commimen o energy ransormaion

mus sar wih making ha ransormaion a prioriy across secors and indusries,

and an inegral par o a naions overall economic sraegy.

Te Unied Saes has no made energy ransormaion a prioriy. Here, unding

or energy research and developmen is squeezed during every ederal budge

cycle, and a range o core clean energy iniiaives are expiring. As Pews Whos

Winning he Clean Energy ace? 2012 Ediion repor noed, Even as severalpioneering counries have sumbled, new markes have opened, and he cener or

clean energy invesmen has shifed rom Wes o Eas.15

The stakes: A new industrial revolution

Te indusrial revoluion se up he economic pecking order or he 20h cenury.

Leadership in he green economy will pay similar rewards in he 21s cenury, as

his growing marke experiences vas expansion over he coming decades. Te

U.N. Environmen Programme repors ha here are more han 5 million green

jobs worldwide, which has doubled since 2006.16Domesically, job growh in he

renewable energy secor has been increasing a a rae o 3.4 percen per year, and

growing our imes aser han oher secors.17

Privae capial invesmen in renewable energy alone is up by more han 600 per-

cen since 2004. An esimaed $2.3 ri llion invesmen in he broader low-carbon

energy marke is projeced or he nex decade.18Even in he ace o new ossil

uel discoveries, unsable energy prices coninue o drive invesmen in energy

efficiency and conservaion. Erns & Young ound in 2011 ha hree-ourhs ohe major global corporaions planned o increase heir clean echnology budges

rom 2012 o 2014, wih much o i going o research and developmen.19In ac,

global invesmens in renewable energy power plans were acually higher han in

ossil uel power plans in 2012.20


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By he end o 2012, he 648 gigawats, or GW, in clean energy generaion capac-

iy in place globally were 56 percen greaer han insalled nuclear generaion.21

While hydropower sill provides he grea bulk o elecriciy rom renewable

energy sources, solar phoovolaic, or PV, was he ases-growing renewable

energy echnology worldwide, generaing our imes more han i did in 2009.22

Boh wind and solar prices have dropped dramaically, in no small par becauseo ill-considered Chinese and German policies ha led o overproducion o solar

panels, which flooded he global marke, making hem closer o price-compeiive

wih radiional sources. Invesmen in his secor is projeced o oal $1.9 rillion

over he nex seven years.23

In he Unied Saes, public and privae invesmens in advanced energy projecs

have creaed boh new clean megawats and new clean energy jobs. In general,

advanced energy indusries grew aser han he overall economy during he pas

decade and ared beter during he recession.24Te Bureau o Labor Saisics, or

BLS, esimaes ha here were 3.4 million green jobs in he U.S. economy in 2011,nearly hree-ourhs o which were in he privae secor.25Te BLS definiion is

narrow, omiting areas such as vehicle efficiency, bu i does include jobs across

muliple secors o he economy: clean energy producion, conservaion, recy-

cling, energy efficiency, rerofiting, sales and services, and more.

Alhough he Unied Saes has no ocused as inenly on is energy manuac-

uring sraegy as China and Germany, manuacuring sill dominaes he clean

economy secor, wih jobs in renewable energy and efficiency sysems, biouels,

green chemicals, and elecric vehicles. Te highes number o green jobs in he

BLS surveynearly 15 percen o all jobs counedwere in manuacuring.26

Tis is down rom 26 percen in 2010, mosly because o gains in he consruc-

ion secor, bu i is sill significan. While China compees largely on price wih

low-wage labor, he Unied Saes ends o hold a compeiive advanage in higher-

skilled, more advanced manuacuring jobs and wih jobs in firms making prod-

ucs ha are no produced elsewhere.27Tese jobs punch above heir weigh,

as Naional Economic Council Direcor Gene Sperling has noed, in ha hey

generae muliple offshoo jobs in oher indusries, offer good job opporuniies o

non-college-educaed workers, and offer a median wage ha is higher han ha o

he economy as whole.28


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Te coming years will bring huge new climae challenges, and wih hem new

opporuniies o coninue hese srong indusry- and job-growh paterns. We

will also see growh in new areas, such as inrasrucure developmen, which will

bring job opporuniies o skilled workers in manuacuring and consrucion in

paricular. Exreme weaher evens such as Supersorm Sandy no only underscore

he need o do somehing abou our warming plane, bu hey also highligh heinheren vulnerabiliy o our exising energy inrasrucureand he imperaive

o srenghen and modernize i. While power lines wen down, nuclear power

plans wen offline, and millions o people wen wihou elecriciy during he

hurricane, smaller and more localized power generaors such as Bloom Energys

uel cells in Delaware coninued o operae. As sorms like Sandy become more

common, i is imperaive ha wealhy counries such as he Unied Saes begin o

seriously hink abou hardening and modernizing heir inrasrucure in order o

proec hemselves agains climae change evens, and o do so in a way ha emis

as litle carbon as possible.

The challenge: China rising

Te Unied Saes is jus waking up o hese realiies, bu Chinaone o our

major global economic compeiorsis already acing on hem. In is 12h Five-

Year Plan covering he years rom 2011 o 2015, Chinese leaders idenified seven

sraegic emerging indusries as criical o moving China up he value-added

chain in manuacuring and crucial o is overall susainable developmen.29Tree

o hemclean energy echnology, alernaive energy, and clean energy vehi-

clesare core o he green economy. Chinas goal is o grow hese secors rom

5 percen o is GDP in 2010 o 15 percen o is GDP by 2020. Goldman Sachs

repors ha China plans o inves $1.7 rillion in he seven indusries over he nex

five yearshe equivalen o a sunning 20 percen o Chinas GDP in 2011.30In

2012, Chinas growh and energy use slowed, bu i remains on arge or is major

goals. enewable and nuclear energy consiued an esimaed 94 percen o all

elecriciy generaion growh in 2012.31

China is now he larges energy consumer in he world, having surpassed he

Unied Saes in 2010. No coincidenally, i is also he larges carbon emiter.Seveny percen o Chinas energy comes rom coal, and China is now he worlds

larges producer and consumer o coal.32Tis dominance has come a a huge cos

o Chinas air and waer qualiy. In is push or more susainable developmen o

deal wih polluion issues and o urn isel ino an advanced energy manuacur-


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10 Center for American Progress | The Green Indus tria l Revolutio n and the United States

ing powerhouse, China is emphasizing clean coal echnologies along wih oher

more renewable echnologies. o advance and clean up is coal indusry, China

has se required arges or a 17 percen reducion in carbon emissions per uni o

GDP, 16 percen reducion in energy inensiy per uni o GDP, and a 30 percen

reducion o waer usage per uni o indusrial value added.33Since 2011, Chinas

leaders have pushed new coal emission regulaions and air-qualiy sandards inresponse o wha is seen as a growing crisis.

Meanwhile, China already has he larges renewable energy capaciy in he world,

oaling 152 GW in 2012, or 25 percen o he global oal.34I is he worlds larges

producer o hydroelecric power, which consiues 80 percen o is renewable

energy capaciy.

In addiion, he curren Five-Year Plan ses a renewable energy arge ha calls

or non-ossil uels o grow o 15 percen o he counrys elecriciy use by 2020,

up rom 8.6 percen in 2010. epuable esimaes sugges ha hey exceeded 9percen by he end o 2012.35Te ull arge will require an esimaed 320 GW

o 480 GW in growh o capaciy over he nex decade, or wha Goldman Sachs

esimaes as one-hird o one-hal o he enire global non-ossil uel capaciy.36

Tis would require huge growh in Chinas renewable and low-carbon energy sec-

ors: For wind, he curren goal is 100 GW o capaciy by 2015, up rom 45 GW in

2001; or solar PV, he goal is a dramaic increase rom 21 GW o 35 GW by 2015.

Nuclear energy capaciy is also projeced o expand significanly.

Tis commimen o low-carbon energy is inegraed ino a broader se o clean

energy and economic plans. Te Five-Year Plan is complemened by Chinas op

1,000 Energy-Consuming Enerprises Program, which ses arges or energy

efficiency rom he counrys leading corporaions ha consume one-hird o he

counrys energy.37I has ambiious goals or upgrading and expanding a smarer,

more modern grid sysem, wih a major commimen o building high-volage

ransmission lines o ry o solve problems o conneciviy and ransmission, and

a mass marke in smar meers o increase efficiency as consumer prices rise. I has

launched pilo projecs on price reorms, seeking o reduce subsidies or energy

and allow rising prices o help uel conservaion and efficiency.38China has also

implemened impressive educaion and workorce-raining effors o back upis commimen o clean energy leadership, making i an ideal place or emerg-

ing innovaive energy companies o locae wih he secure knowledge ha hey

will find a willing and well-rained se o engineers, manuacuring expers, and

programmers a he ready.39Tese sraegies have no all succeededdespie is


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The global race for clean energy lead ership | www.americanprogress.o

goal o becoming a clean energy innovaor, China is sill mosly compeing in his

secor as a low-cos manuacurerbu he counry is coninuing o push orward

wih a srong naional clean energy sraegy ha is ully inegraed ino a larger

economic developmen plan.

Chinas leadership in clean energy comes a a cos. Because o he counry s srongocus on developing an expor base or clean energy producs, i has someimes

ailed o push or he kind o domesic energy ransormaion ha i desperaely

needs. I is beyond ironic ha he leader in manuacuring clean energy echnolo-

gies such as solar panels and windmills suffers rom he worlds wors air and

waer polluion. weny o he 30 mos pollued ciies in he world are in China,

and one-hird o he counry is affeced by acid rain.40Cancer is now a leading

cause o deah in China due o oxic chemicals.41Demonsraions and proess

have spread, as people increasingly objec o hese policies, and hese proess are

saring o drive China oward a more aggressive approach o domesic polluion

regulaion.42

Chinese expors are also bolseredby harsh policies ha suppress consumpion,

poison he environmen, and expose workers o poor wages as well as unsae

working and living condiions. Chinas overall economic growh sraegy drives

a race o he botom globally, as counries wih beter worker and environmenal

proecions sruggle o compee.43

China clearly sees leadership in renewable energy as essenial o is own inernal

developmen, as well as a key par o is expor sraegy. Premier Li Keqiang, who

came ino power in March, is so ocused on moving China oward a more susain-

ableand a he same ime, profiablebusiness model ha some are calling he

counrys shif oward hese pracices Liconomics.44I is moving aggressively o

climb he ladder o echnological innovaion, capuring exising echnology, seek-

ing o dominae he markes in wind and solar. I has susained and expanded his

effor in is 13h Five-Year Plan, wih clear goals, he commimen o subsanial

capial, and pricing policies ha help creae markes or more cosly renewable

energy such as solar and wind. I has become a world leader in renewable energy

and plans o susain and expand on ha posiion. Alhough his sraegy is show-

ing cracks, mos recenly in Chinas larges solar manuacurer, Sunech, deaulingon is sae loans afer being propped up by governmen unds or years,45Chinas

commimen o renewable energy will coninue o make i a manuacuring leader

in he green indusrial revoluion.


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The United States: Pushing forward or fall ing behind?

Unlike China, he Unied Saes is no a op-down, command-and-conrol

economy. Privae-secor invesmen decisions drive innovaion and developmen,

and are he primary source o economic growh. Tese decisions ofen happen

along regional linesor insance, in he Silicon Valley and esearch rianglecorridors. Bu hisorically, he privae secor relies on he governmen, wheher

sae or ederal, or help: o srucure markes, seed research and developmen, and

provide subsidies and suppor or sraegic indusries ha are deemed imporan

o our naional securiy or economic posiion.

In clean energy and he green economy, he Unied Saes has suffered rom

shor-erm and changeable policies a he naional level. We sared ou srong in

he 1970s. In response o he Arab oil embargo, he Naional Energy Ac o 1978

ocused on conserving ossil uels; a he same ime, public uiliy regulaory

policy required uili ies o purchase power rom consumers, encouraging devel-opmen o a small disribued solar and wind energy secor.46Te oil crisis and

concerns abou peak oil also spurred ederal suppor o he biouels indusry

and developmen o ehanol as an energy source. Bu his period o growh

was succeeded by negleci no disdainor clean energy echnologies in

he 1980s, and hen a resurgence o ineres ha peaked wih he American

ecovery and einvesmen Ac in 2009. Overall, rom 1979 o 1999, $91.5 bil-

lion in 2000 dollars wen ino energy &D a he Deparmen o Energyand

o his, 62 percen wen o a combinaion o ossil uel and nuclear research, and

only 32 percen o renewables and energy efficiency.47And DBL Invesors ound

ha by 2009, he American oil and gas indusry had received a whopping $447

billion in 2010 dollars in cumulaive hisorical subsidies. Compare ha o he

palry $6 bil lion ha wind, solar, and geohermal energy received in cumulaive

subsidies by ha same year.48

Even during imes o growh, mos U.S. clean energy policies have been ime

limied, underunded, and poliically charged, while oil and gas companies have

quiely enjoyed susained governmen subsidies or a cenury.49Perhaps he signa-

ure example o his on-again, off-again approach o alernaive energy unding is

he Producion ax Credi, or PC, or renewable energy, which originally passedin he Energy Policy Ac o 1992, and has limped along in shor exender bills ever

since. Mos recenly, he PC was se o expire in December 2012 and exended

or jus one addiional year; i is currenly under consideraion once again by a

deeply skepical Congress.50


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Presiden Obamas firs erm seemed o be a urning poin or clean energy. Te

single-larges domesic invesmen in alernaive energy, ransporaion, and

uel in U.S. hisory was he AR, which provided a dramaic surge o public

invesmen and iniiaive in advanced energy projecs. Te AR provided

abou $90 billion in ederal invesmen and simulaed anoher $100 billion

in privae invesmen in energy efficiency, renewable energy, and low-carbonuels and vehicles. Te oal included grans, loan guaranees, ax credis,

invesmen in &D, compeiive prize compeiions, and developmen proj-

ecs across a wide range o secors and echnologies. For insance, on he early

sage echnology side, he legislaion creaed a new agency cal led he Advanced

esearch Projecs Agency-Energy, or APA-E, modeled afer he Deparmen o

Deenses Deense Advanced esearch Projecs Agency, or DAPA, program, o

drive advanced research projecs in energy. Bu i also prioriized deploymen o

exising echnologies, such as smar grid and smar meer programs, high-speed

rail, and efficiency upgrades o ederal buildings and he ederal flee. One o he

bigges single invesmens was in low-income weaherizaion, which received $6billion under his measure.51

One imporan aspec o AR was ha i combined efficiency regulaions and

procuremen goals, which help creae a marke or new echnologies, wih financ-

ing ools o help he deploymen o hese echnologies. For example, he adminis-

raion raised uel-efficiency sandards o increase auomoive efficiency and drive

echnology innovaion, while also providing new financing ools or advanced ba-

ery research. A he same ime, i recognized Americas hisory o srong region-

ally-ocused energy sraegies by seting up a local Energy Efficiency Block Gran

program and providing he iniial unding or he Energy egional Innovaion

Cluser, or E-IC, which challenged regions o come up wih innovaive echnol-

ogy and economic developmen soluions o solve clean energy problems.52

Under hese policies, combined wih some very srong exising iniiaives a he

local and sae level, renewable energy capaciy in he Unied Saes doubled

beween 2009 and 2012.53Te wind secor grew paricularly as during his

period: U.S. wind energy capaciy wen rom 9,922 megawats, or MW, insalled

in 200954o 59 GW insalled and conneced in 2012.55Te Deparmen o Energy

projeced ha wind would reach 61 GW by 203056

bu recen rends sugges hahis figure will be ar surpassed. Te wind secor also saw srong domesic manu-

acuring growh as more megawats were insalled: Domesic conen o wind ur-

bine pars wen rom jus 20 percen o 60 percen as he U.S. capaciy buil up.57

One o he ARs mos successul programs, he Advanced Manuacuring ax


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Credi program, helped companies build or reool hundreds o new acories or

solar power generaion, advanced bateries, wind urbine componens, and more.

AR was a criically imporan bill. Bu i was also a ime-limied one. Te las

AR dollars have wended heir way hrough he clean energy markes, and now

we ace he poenial expiraion o several oher imporan financing ools hahave been par o he U.S. energy ransormaion oolbox. Te Producion ax

Credi jus expired las year and was exended or only one more year hrough his

December. Te Invesmen ax Credi is slaed o expire in 2016. Te las o he

Advanced Manuacuring ax Credis will be disribued in early 2014.

Unorunaely, here is litle prospec o new ederal congressional programs o

provide srong incenives or he innovaion, manuacure, and deploymen o

advanced energy echnologies. Indeed, he curren Congress seems especially hos-

ile o any ransormaion o our energy sysem oward lower-carbon alernaives.

For insance, he House appropriaions bills or fiscal year 2014 seek o slash allnondeense research and developmen by 11.6 percen.58And under he seques-

raion cus ha wen ino effec on March 1, 2013, renewable energy grans were

cu 8.7 percen or he remainder o he year, wih more cus likely in uure bud-

ges.59Even early sage research and developmen, usually a biparisan program,

has been slashed. Te Deparmen o Educaions science budge, he Office o

Energy Efficiency and enewable Energy, or EEE, and APA-E suffered cus o

5 percen and more under sequesraion.60Perhaps mos elling is ha he BLS,

which only jus sared racking he clean energy economy a ew years ago, had o

cu is program off compleely due o sequesraion cus. As he agencys March

19, 2013 press release on Employmen in Green Goods and Services2011

saed, In order o achieve hese savings and proec core programs, he BLS will

eliminae wo programs and all measuring green jobs producs.61

Presiden Obama remains commited o using regulaion and his execuive powers

o drive he energy ransormaion as par o a larger naional response o climae

change, as is eviden rom he presidens Climae Acion Plan, which was released

in June 2013.62Bu here are disinc limis on wha any presiden can do wihou

congressional acion.

Jus as all hese renewable energy, efficiency, and echnology programs have

gone ino decline, he Unied Saes has seen a huge energy boom in a much

more carbon-inensive secor: unconvenional oil and gas. Oil producion rose

o is highes level in decades, while naural gaswih he massive expansion o


21/40


conroversial recovery echnologies such as hydraulic racuring, or racking

reached an all-ime high. Tese advances, especially in naural gas, have helped

cu coal use dramaically in he Unied Saes bu have also hreaened o crowd

ou renewable energy innovaion and deploymen, as well as energy efficiency

iniiaives.63Wihou srong and consisen policy suppor or low-carbon energy

alernaives, which help creae marke cerainy or invesors and invenors, hesesecors hreaen o wiher on he vine. As Goldman Sachs noed in 2012, Te lack

o long-erm policy cerainy in he Unied Saes makes i unlikely ha he robus

levels o [privae] invesmen can be susained.64

Wih he ecovery Ac, he Unied Saes pu a marker down ha i is serious

abou ransorming is energy secor. Bu mos AR programs expired a he end

o 2011, and hough some programs were exended or a year or wo,65he clean

energy marker is decidedly wavering. Te Unied Saes now mus decide wheher

o compee or leadership in his area or cede he leadership o ohers.

Choosing to lead

Tere is no quesion ha i we choose o lead, we can surge ahead in he global

clean energy markeplace. Over he pas our years, as AR programs and

complemenary sae programs have rickled ino is economy, he Unied Saes

has demonsraed he abiliy o compee in he new global economy. Our capac-

iy or innovaion is unmached. Our venure capial markes are unrivaled. Our

scieniss and echnologically sophisicaed workorce are a global asse. And our

abiliy o ranslae local and sae successes ino naional programs has borne ou

ime and ime again. Bu aced wih China, Germany, and oher counries mak-

ing a ull effor o capure and dominae he emerging clean energy and broader

green economy, he Unied Saes will compee and win only i i leverages hese

economic and culural srenghs and uses hem as he oundaion or a long-erm

and inegraed naional policy o drive he process.

Many repors have been writen abou he policy elemens necessary o pu he

Unied Saes ino his leadership posiion.66I is clear ha we mus ake he kind

o inegraed approach ha China and Germany have aken when building heirown clean energy economies. We need o provide clear and consisen signals o

invesors and businesses by seting naional goals or clean energy producion

and carbon emission reducion. We need o help drive innovaion by invesing in

research and developmen, and providing manuacuring incenives in hese new


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growh indusries. We need o coninue invesing in he basic building blocks ha

underpin all economic growh: our educaion and workorce sysems.

Tese naional policies provide a ramework or acion. I he Unied Saes is o

ake leadership in his area, hese policies should be augmened by a major srae-

gic iniiaive ha akes advanage o he counrys naural srenghs, in paricularour abiliy o innovae a he local and regional level, and o learn rom hese

successes in designing our naional policy. In he remainder o his paper, we argue

ha a botom-up regional sraegy is key o he U.S. clean energy uure, and ha

he Deparmen o Commerceusually an overlooked agency in he clean energy

spaceis key o accomplishing his regional sraegy.


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A regional strategy | www.americanprogress.o

A regional strategy

Te Unied Saes would grealy benefi rom osering a regional approach o

clean energy. We are no a cenralized economy like China. We are a collecion

o saes and regions, each wih diverse naural and human capial resources,

energy consumpion paterns, and economic growh sraegies. We should exploi

his diversiy and develop a naional energy sraegy ha ruly draws rom hese

regional differences. In a recen repor, he Cener or American Progress, or CAP,

and he Caliornia hink ank Nex Generaionormerly called Te Cener or

he Nex Generaion, or CNGjoined in deailing elemens o ha sraegy.

Te repor, egional Energy, Naional Soluions: A eal Energy Vision or

America,67provides a clear alernaive o he simplisicand irresponsible

drill, baby, drill vision pu orh by he American Peroleum Insiue and is

ollowers. Insead, he repor provides an alernaive, susainable vision or each o

he six major mulisae regions o he counry, each based on ha regions unique

srenghs: offshore wind off he Alanic, solar in he Pacific, advanced vehicles in

he Midwes, smar grid in he Souheas, large-scale renewables in he Mounain

Wes, and coasal resoraion in he Gul saes.

Te repor conends ha energy issues are inherenly regional, and he auhors

approach heir policy recommendaions in ha ligh. Tey also recognize hese

oher imporan ruhs abou he uure o he U.S. energy sysem:

Our earh is warming, and our resources are finie, which means we mus swifly

enac measures o make us global leaders in he ace o ha realiy.

We mus drive invesmen in muliple orms o energy and uel so we are never

dependen on one finie resource or elecriciy and ransporaion needs.

We mus undersand and respec he unique asses o each region o our

counry, wheher hey are naural resources or inrasrucure and workorce

invesmens.


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Energy ransormaion will require ambiious, large-scale projecs ha creae new

jobs and anchor srong economic developmen sraegies o ensure American

economic compeiiveness and rue energy independence well ino he uure.

aking each o hese prioriies ino accoun, he repor idenifies specific job-crea-

ing sraegies or each major region o he counry, aking special care o highlighhe unique naural and human capial srenghs o hese regions and heir poen-

ial o conribue o a low-carbon economic developmen sraegy. For example,

he chaper on he indusrial Midweswriten by Zoe Lipman, ormerly o he

Naional Wildlie Federaion, now o he Blue Green Alliancehighlighs he

combinaion o skilled workers and manuacuring inrasrucure, including srong

supply chains, ha led o his regions dominance in he field o alernaive vehicle

manuacuring. Lipman poins ou ha he regions growh in his secor would no

have been possible wihou srong ederal uel economy sandards, which drove

auomakers o find new and innovaive sraegies o make heir cars more efficien.

Bu i also would no have happened jus anywhere: i was in his region ha heeconomic inrasrucure was already buil ou o anchor his innovaion.

In a very differen example, he repor looks a he Gul Coas, an area wih ine-

gral ies o he oil and gas secor ha is also on he ron lines o climae change.

Here, auhor Jeffrey Buchanan rom Oxam poins o a differen kind o economic

developmen approach, one ha ocuses on coasal resoraion and innovaion in

new resoraion echnologies. Te region is paricularly suied o hese sraegies

because resoraion is a specifically localized aciviy, bu also because o is uni-

versiies, research ceners, and echnical experience wih coasal and waer issues.

Anoher imporan approach he repor akes is o call ou isolaed energy

regionsregions o he Unied Saes ha are paricularly hard o reach wih exis-

ing elecriciy inrasrucure and hereore have very high energy coss. Te repor

idenifies Hawaii, Alaska, and norhern New Englandwhere many residens sill

use home heaing oil, and where naural gas is impored rom Yemen because o a

lack o inrasrucure o move i up rom he lower Easern saesas hree such

regions. Tese areas are paricularly suied o ake on alernaive energy echnolo-

gies, because hey are cos-compeiive in comparison wih expensive impored

uel. Tey also underscore he imporance o aking specific regional approacheso energy and climae policy in he Unied Saes, and he innovaion ha can be

spurred a he regional level and hen can bubble up ino naional policy.


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A regional strategy | www.americanprogress.o

Tese kinds o energy ransormaion and adapaion approaches can anchor an

economic renaissance in hese regionsin ac, in some cases ha is already hap-

pening, such as in he indusrial Midwes wih is new ocus on advanced vehicle

manuacuringwhile also helping o move he Unied Saes as a whole ino

a leadership role on clean energy. Bu energy leadership canno come rom he

regions alone. Te repor argues srongly or a se o naional policies ha pro-vide a ramework or his regional acion: a price on carbon, a rue naional clean

energy sandard, cerainly and sabiliy in he alernaive energy ax credi marke,

and srong suppor or advanced energy manuacuring, o name he mos criical.


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27/40

The Department of Commerce: Core federal support fo r a regional energy s trategy | www.americanprogress.o

The Department of Commerce:

Core federal support for a regional

energy strategy

Wha he CAP and CNG repor describes, and wha we buil on earlier in his

repor, is neiher an energy sraegy nor an environmenal sraegy. I is an eco-

nomic developmen sraegy ha ocuses on energy secors and is responsive o

environmenal realiies. Ta is why he Deparmen o Commerce is well suied

o assume an imporan role in managing his emerging indusrial ransormaion.

Te Deparmen o Commerce, one o he smalles ederal agencies, is ofen under-

appreciaed in Washingon. Bu consider his: Commerce already has a buil-in inra-

srucure ha provides ederal suppor or regionally specific policies and programs.

Is Economic Developmen Adminisraions, or EDAs, saed mission is o drive

he ederal economic developmen agenda by promoing innovaion and com-

peiiveness, preparing American regions or growh and success in he worldwide

economy.68Is ocus is on innovaion and regional collaboraion, wih six regional

offices ha work direcly wih sae and local officials. Te EDA and he Deparmen

o Commerces Naional Insiue o Sandards and echnology, or NIS, have

cooperaed in building he Hollings Manuacuring Exension Parnership, a

naionwide nework o ceners wih more han 1,400 echnical expers rained

o assis small- and medium-sized manuacurers in creaing and reaining jobs.69

Par o is ocus has been on green manuacuring and exporing. In Caliornia, or

example, he regional clusers o opporuniy program has placed specific ocus

on creaing parnerships in clean ransporaion manuacuring and uels.70NIS

recenly released a sofware-developmen ki o help uiliies build green buton

applicaions ha allow cusomers o see heir energy usage, enabling hem o make

inormed decisions abou how o save on power usage.71

Commerce was also a core parner in he muliagency Energy egional

Innovaion Cluser program, which challenged regional collaboraions anchored

by ederal labs and universiies o find new and place-based soluions o core

energy challenges such as developing echnologies o improve he efficiency


28/40


in buildings. Te Greaer Philadelphia region ulimaely ended up winning he

E-IC compeiion or energy efficien building design, receiving $129 million o

creae a Navy Yard Smar Energy Campus.72Alhough Commerce played a small

unding role in he E-IC programeclipsed by he many dollars spen by he

much larger Deparmen o Energyis saff played a key role in shaping he pro-

gram design and building off is many years o experise in he idea ha cluserso businesses, regional governmen eniies, workorce and educaional insiu-

ions, and innovaors can anchor he economic growh o individual regions.73

Commerce is no jus an imporan player in shaping regional economic devel-

opmen sraegies. I is also cenrally involved in racking and monioring

global climae change impacs and heir poenial effec on hese regions. Te

Deparmen o Commerces Naional Oceanic and Amospheric Adminisraion,

or NOAA, provides no only weaher orecass hrough he Naional Weaher

Service, bu also sophisicaed inormaion on he climae and ecosysems. Is our

areas o ocus include ecosysems, climae, weaher and waer, and commerce andransporaion.74

Commerce is uniquely siuaed o provide he high-level environmenal daa

ha help regions undersand how he climae will affec heir inrasrucure and

economies, and i also has he economic developmen inrasrucure o help hose

regions grasp he economic possibiliies opened by he emerging challenges hey

ace. Te Deparmen o Commerce operaes a boh he 450-mile-high levelli-

erallyand on he ground.

We believe ha, as climae change and is impacs become an increasingly crii-

cal par o our naions economic growh sraegy, Commerce should ake on a ar

more ambiious role. Wih solid leadership and increased capaciy, Commerce

could be he cenral deparmen ensuring ha energy programs ou o he

Deparmen o Energy, environmenal programs ou o he Environmenal

Proecion Agency, and workorce raining and sandards programs ou o he

Deparmen o Labor, all work ogeher o suppor regionally specific economic

developmen plans ha will help America consolidae global leadership in he

green indusrial revoluion.


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The Department of Commerce: Core federal support fo r a regional energy s trategy | www.americanprogress.o

Tese policies are criical o ensuring ha he Unied Saes has wha oher

counries like China have already esablished: a srong and sable marke or new

renewable and efficien energy echnologies; some financing opions o ensure

ha hese new echnologies can scale up quickly and efficienly; and he inra-

srucure o physical and human capial o ge his low-carbon elecriciy and uel

o consumers. Providing ha basic naional ramework will allow our regions,saes, ciies, and communiies o do wha hey do bes: innovae and incubae he

bes soluions or heir own paricular needs and condiions.


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Conclusion: A matter of choice | www.americanprogress.o

Conclusion: A matter of choice

From is beginning, he Unied Saes has prospered rom augmening he

enrepreneurial energy o is privae secor wih public commimens and parner-

ships ha help drive innovaion and scale up invenion. Our ounders made an

early commimen o building a canal sysem o help increase rade and ravel in

he early days o he epublic. In he mids o he Civil War, Presiden Abraham

Lincoln pushed developmen o he ransconinenal railroad o bind he naion

ogeher. U.S. warime spending gave U.S. indusries leadership in poswar indus-

ries rom commercial airlines o elecommunicaions o nuclear power. Americanpublic policy subsidized he educaion o a generaion o soldiers hrough he

G.I. Bill. Te suburbs grew as public policy and guaranees made homeowner-

ship affordable. Public &D provided he basis or wha grew o be he docom

revoluion.75

Now we mus decide how o reac o he new green indusrial revoluion ha is

already creaing new markes around he world. Tere is no quesion ha he

demand or clean energy; energy efficien producs, buildings, homes, modes o

ranspor; and environmenally susainable producion processes will burgeon

over he coming decades. China, Germany, and oher counries are already com-

miting hemselves o lead his revoluion and capure hese markes. Te Unied

Saes has many advanages in his compeiion, bu i mus make a clear choice

o compee. Ta requires he clariy o public policyhe range o subsidy and

sraegy ha has enabled us o lead in pas indusrial ransormaions.

Dow Chemical Company Presiden, Chairman, and CEO Andrew Liveris has

writen ha A renaissance is wihin reach. I Americans are he ones who design

and build he new [clean economy echnologies] i will re-energize commerce in

he Unied Saes, creaing, wihou a doub, millions o high paying jobs.76

Tequesion is: Will we reach or i or le i pass us by?


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About the authors

Kate Gordonis a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress, where she

previously served as he Vice Presiden o Energy Policy. She currenly works in San

Francisco, where she heads he energy and climae program a Nex Generaion.

Formerly he head o he Apollo Alliance, which is widely known or spearheadinghe naional green jobs movemen, Ms. Gordon has been naionally recognized as

an exper on he inersecion o clean energy and economic developmen or more

han a decade. She conribues regularly o Te Wall Street Journalas one o he news-

papers Energy Expers, blogs or Te Huffingon Pos, and wries a popular weekly

blog on Caliornia energy and climae news or Nex Generaion.

Robert Borosageis he ounder and presiden o he Insiue or Americas

Fuure and co-direcor o is siser organizaion, he Campaign or Americas

Fuure. Mr. Borosage wries widely on poliical, economic, and naional securiy

issues. He is a conribuing edior a Te Nationmagazine and a regular blog-ger a Te Huffingon Pos.His aricles have appeared in Te American Prospect,

TeWashington Post, TeNew York imes,and TePhiladelphia Inquirer. He is

he ounder and board chair o Progressive Majoriy, an organizaion devoed

o recruiing and raining progressives o run or sae and local office. He is also

he ounder and chair o ProgressiveCongress.org, an organizaion ha provides

a bridge beween progressives in Congress and he progressive communiy. He

serves on he board o he Insiue or Policy Sudies, a progressive research insi-

ue, and he BlueGreen Alliance, a coaliion o environmenal organizaions and

labor unions. Mr. Borosage is a graduae o Yale Law School and holds a masers

degree in inernaional affairs rom George Washingon Universiy.

Derek Pughis a senior ellow a he Campaign or Americas Fuure. His work

ocuses on a range o issues affecing economic growh and income inequaliy,

including youh paricipaion in he economy, he middle class, green energy,

manuacuring, and possecondary educaion. Beore joining he Campaign or

Americas Fuure, Derek worked as a oosevel Policy Fellow a Young Invincibles,

where he ocused on provisions o he Affordable Care Ac and suden-loan deb.

Prior o his ellowship, he provided research on Arican American inan moral-

iy as a McNair Scholar or he Liecourse Iniiaive or Healhy Families. Derek isrom Cincinnai, Ohio, where he served as an AmeriCorps VISA voluneer. He

has also lived in Asia and Europe. Derek holds a bachelors degree in healh and

sociey wih a ocus on communiy healh and policy rom Beloi College, and a

proessional cerificae in public policy rom American Universiy.


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Acknowledgements | www.americanprogress.o

Acknowledgements

Te auhors would like o hank he affiliaed organizaions o he BlueGreen

Alliance, as well as Cener or American Progress Senior Policy Analys Melanie

Har, or heir commens on early drafs o his repor.


34/40


Endnotes

1 Michael R. Bloomberg, A Vote for a President to Leadon Climate Change, Bloomberg News, November1, 2012, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-01/a-vote-for-a-president-to-lead-on-climate-change.html.

2 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Whos Winning the CleanEnergy Race? 2011 Edition (2012), available at http://www.pewenvironment.org/uploadedFiles/PEG/Pub-lications/Report/FINAL_forweb_WhoIsWinningThe-CleanEnergyRace-REPORT-2012.pdf.

3 Ibid., p. 5.

4 Ibid., p. 10.

5 Harry McCracken, How Government Did (and Didnt)Invent the Internet, TIME, July 25, 2012, available athttp://techland.time.com/2012/07/25/how-govern-ment-did-and-didnt-invent-the-internet/.

6 Mark Muro and Bruce Katz, The New Cluster Moment:How Regional Innovation Clusters Can Foster the NextEconomy (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2010),available at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/9/21%20clusters%20muro%20katz/0921_clusters_execsum.pdf.

7 Diana Farrell and Thomas Kalil, United States: A Strat-egy for Innovation, Issues in Science and Technology(2011), available athttp://www.issues.org/26.3/farrell.html.

8 Brian Wingfield, Unpredictable Clean-Energy PoliciesHurt U.S., Senator Says, Bloomberg News, June 14,2012, available at http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-14/unpredictable-clean-energy-policies-hurt-u-dot-s-dot-senator-says.

9 Abby Joseph Cohen and Rachel Siu, SustainableGrowth in China: Spotlight on Energy (New York:Goldman Sachs, 2012), available at http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/sustainable-growth-china-cohen.pdf.

10 Mark Muro, Jonathan Rothwell, and Devashree Saha,Sizing the Clean Economy: A National and RegionalGreen Jobs Assessment (Washington: Brookings Institu-tion, 2011), available athttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Series/resources/0713_clean_economy.pdf.

11 Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology,Germanys new energy policy: Heading towards 2050with secure, affordable and environmentally soundenergy (2012), available athttp://cleanenergyaction.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/germanys-new-energy-policypropertypdfbereichbmwispracheenrwbtrue1.pdf.

12 Stefan Nicola, Germanys $263 Billion Renewables ShiftBiggest Since War, Bloomberg News, March 19, 2012,available at http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-03-18/germany-s-270-billion-renewables-shift-biggest-since-war.

13 Paul Gipe, Germany Passes More Aggressive Renew-able Energy Law, Renewable Energy World, July 25,2011, available at http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/germany-passes-more-aggressive-renewable-energy-law.

14 Stefan Nicola, German Industry Wants End of Feed-inTariff on Rising Power Cost, Bloomberg News, Septem-ber 19, 2013, available athttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-19/german-industry-wants-end-of-feed-in-tariff-on-rising-power-cost.html.

15 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Whos Winning the CleanEnergy Race? 2012 Edition (2013), available at http://www.pewenvironment.org/uploadedFiles/PEG/Publi-cations/Report/-clenG20-Report-2012-Digital.pdf.

16 U.N. Environment Programme, 2012 Annual Report(2013), available athttp://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_ANNUAL_REPORT_2012.pdf.

17 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment in GreenGoods and Services2011 (2013), available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ggqcew.pdf.

18 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Global Clean Power: A $2.3Trillion Opportunity (2010), available at http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Re-ports/Global_warming/G20-Report-LowRes.pdf.

19 Ernst & Young, Three-quarters of global corporationsplan to increase cleantech investments, Press release,April 5, 2011, available at http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Newsroom/News-releases/News-release_Three-quar-ters-of-global-corporations-plan-to-increase-cleantech-investments.

20 Mycle Schneider and Antony Froggatt, World NuclearIndustry Status Report 2013 (World Nuclear IndustryStatus Report, 2013), available at http://www.world-nuclearreport.org/World-Nuclear-Report-2013.html.

21 Ibid., p. 10.

22 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Whos Winning the CleanEnergy Race? 2012 Edition.

23 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Innovative, Manufacture,Compete: A Clean Energy Action Plan (2012), availableat http://www.pewenvironment.org/uploadedFiles/PEG/Newsroom/Press_Release/Innovate,%20Manufac-

ture,%20Compete.pdf.

24 Kate Gordon, Matt Kasper, and Susan Lyon, Green Jobsby the Numbers, Center for American Progress, Octo-ber 3, 2011, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/10/03/10523/green-jobs-by-the-numbers-2/.

25 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment in GreenGoods and Services2011.

26 Ibid.

27 Accenture, Manufacturings Secret Shift: Gaining Com-petitive Advantage by Getting Closer to the Customer(2011); Harold L. Sirkin, Michael Zinser, and DouglasHohner, Made in America, Again: Why ManufacturingWill Return to the U.S. (Bethesda, MD: Boston Consult-ing Group, 2011).

28 Ethan Pollack, Counting up to green: Assessing thegreen economy and its implications for growth andequity (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2012),available at http://www.epi.org/publication/bp349-assessing-the-green-economy/.
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Endnotes | www.americanprogress.o

2 9 Cohen and Siu, Sustainable Growth in China: Spotlighton Energy, p. 25.

30 Ibid.

31 Trevor Houser, Chinas 2012 Energy Repor t Card,Rhodium Group, February 27, 2013, available at http://rhg.com/notes/chinas-2012-energy-report-card.

3 2 Cohen and Siu, Sustainable Growth in China: Spotlighton Energy,p. 12.

33 Ibid.,p. 22.

34 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Whos Winning the CleanEnergy Race? 2012 Edition, p. 36.

35 Houser, Chinas 2012 Energy Report Card.

3 6 Cohen and Siu, Sustainable Growth in China: Spotlighton Energy,p. 16.

37 Ibid., p. 23.

38 Ibid., p. 24.

39 Kate Gordon and others, Rising to the Challenge: AProgressive U.S. Approach to Chinas Innovation andCompetitiveness Policies (Washington: Center forAmerican Progress, 2011), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/01/pdf/china_in-

novation.pdf.

40 Rogerio Wassermann, Can China be green by 2012?,BBC News, April 2, 2009, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7972125.stm.

41 Dominique Mosbergen, China Admits Existence OfCancer Villages In Report, As Pollution ConcernsMount, HuffingtonPost, February 23, 2013, availableathttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/23/china-cancer-villages-pollution_n_2744879.html.

42 Sui-Lee Wee and Robert Birsel, China offers re-wards to six regions to fight air pollution, Reuters,October 14, 2013, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/14/us-china-pollution-idUS-BRE99A08320131014.

43 Jane Cohen, Chinas Massive Pollution is Indica-

tive of Broader Problems, Human Rights Watch,October 23, 2013, available at http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/23/chinas-massive-pollution-indicative-broader-problems.

44 Gerald Traufetter and Bernhard Zand, Liconomics:Chinas Green Revolution Arrives, Spiegel OnlineInternational, August 20, 2013, available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/chinese-leadership-announces-new-focus-on-green-energy-a-917389.html.

45 Keith Bradsher, Chinese Solar Panel Giant Is Tainted byBankruptcy, The New York Times, March 21, 2013, avail-able athttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/energy-environment/chinese-solar-companys-operat-ing-unit-declares-bankruptcy.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

46 Union of Concerned Scientists, Public Utility Regula-tory Policy Act (PURPA), available athttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/smart-energy-solutions/strengthen-policy/public-utility-regulatory.html(lastaccessed March 2013).

47 Fred Sissine, Renewable Energy R&D Funding History:A Comparison with Funding for Nuclear Energy, FossilEnergy, and Energy Efficiency R&D (Washington: Con-gressional Research Service, 2012), available athttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS22858.pdf.

48 Nancy Pfund and Ben Healey, What Would JeffersonDo? The Historical Role of Federal Subsidies in ShapingAmericas Energy Future (San Francisco: DBL Investors,2011), available at http://www.dblinvestors.com/docu-ments/What-Would-Jefferson-Do-Final-Version.pdf.

49 Ibid.

50 North American Windpower, Legislators Debate Sur-vival Of Wind Production Tax Credit, October 3, 2013,available at http://www.nawindpower.com/e107_pl-ugins/content/content.php?content.12106.

51 U.S. Department of Energy, Recovery Act, availableathttp://energy.gov/recovery-act (last accessed April2013).

52 Sean Pool, A Win for Regional Innovation, ScienceProgress, August 25, 2010, available at http://scien-ceprogress.org/2010/08/a-win-for-regional-innova-tion/.

53 Justin Doom, U.S. Renewable-Energy Capacity Dou-bled From 2009-2012, BNEF Says, Bloomberg News,January 31, 2013, available at http://www.bloomberg.

com/news/2013-01-31/u-s-renewable-energy-capacity-doubled-from-2009-2012-bnef-says.html.

54 Richard J. Campbell, China and the United StatesAComparison of Green Energy Programs and Policies(Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2010),available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41287.pdf.

55 American Wind Energy Association, AWEA U.S. WindIndustry Fourth Quarter 2012 Market Report: ExecutiveSummary (2012), available at http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/AWEA%20Fourth%20Quarter%20Wind%20Energy%20Industry%20Mar-ket%20Report_Executive%20Summary.pdf.

56 Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2009 Report(2010), available athttp://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GWEC_Global_Wind_2009_Report_

LOWRES_15th.-Apr..pdf.

57 Pollack, Counting up to green.

58 Becky Ham, Congress Remains Deeply Divided on FY2014 Spending, American Association for the Advance-ment of Science, September 3, 2013, available at http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2013/0903_appropria-tions-recap.shtml.

59 Stephen Lacey, Sequester: Treasury Cuts RenewableEnergy Grants by 8.7 Percent, Greentech Media, March5, 2013, available at http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/sequester-treasury-cuts-renewable-energy-grants-by-8.7-percent.

60 The White House, OMB Report Pursuant to the Seques-tration Transparency Act of 2012 ( P. L. 112155) (2012),available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/

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62 The White House, The Presidents Climate Action Plan(2013), available athttp://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/image/president27sclimateactionplan.pdf.

63 Brian Dumaine, Will gas crowd out wind and solar?,Fortune, April 17, 2012, available athttp://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/17/yergin-gas-solar-wind/.

64 Cohen and Siu, Sustainable Growth in China: Spotlighton Energy, p. 18.

65 Internal Revenue Service, Energy Incentives for Busi-

nesses in the American Recovery and ReinvestmentAct, available ath ttp://www.irs.gov/uac/Energy-Incen-tives-for-Businesses-in-the-American-Recovery-and-Reinvestment-Act (last accessed May 2013).

66 For example, see John D. Podesta and others, TheClean-Energy Investment Agenda: A ComprehensiveApproach to Building the Low-Carbon Economy(Washington: Center for American Progress, 2009),available at http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2009/09/pdf/clean_energy_in-vestment.pdf;BlueGreen Alliance, Help Wanted onClimate

Documents

The Green Industrial Revolution and the United States