The Gulf War (1990-The Gulf War (1990-1991): 1991):

Iraq invaded KuwaitIraq invaded Kuwait

A destroyed Iraqi tank

The Topography of IraqThe Topography of Iraq

Ethnic Groups in IraqEthnic Groups in Iraq

A Young Saddam Hussein(1937 - 2006)

A Young Saddam Hussein(1937 - 2006)

Saddam’s identity card Saddam’s identity card when he was 10 years when he was 10 years

old.old.

Born in Tikrit.Born in Tikrit.

Peasant Peasant family family with with influential influential army army relatives.relatives.

Tribal society.Tribal society.

Joined BaathJoined BaathParty at 20.Party at 20.

Aided in Aided in failedfailedassassination assassination ofofQasim in Qasim in 1959.1959.

Saddam’s Early Political CareerSaddam’s Early Political Career

Saddam at Saddam at 17.17.

After 1963 coup, he was put in After 1963 coup, he was put in charge ofcharge ofthe security service for the Baath the security service for the Baath party.party.

1979 1979 he became president of Iraq he became president of Iraq

when al-Bakr was persuaded to step when al-Bakr was persuaded to step

down.down.

A Cult of PersonalityA Cult of Personality

A Cult of PersonalityA Cult of Personality

1989 Victory Arch1989 Victory Arch

Saddam’s Republican Guard

Saddam’s Republican Guard

The elite presidential security The elite presidential security force.force.

Oil Fields in IraqOil Fields in Iraq

Gassing the KurdsGassing the Kurds

Ali Hasa al-Majid(“Chemical Ali”)

Ali Hasa al-Majid(“Chemical Ali”)

I will kill them [the Kurds] all I will kill them [the Kurds] all with chemical weapons!with chemical weapons!

A Reign of Terror: Mass Graves of Saddam’s Victims

A Reign of Terror: Mass Graves of Saddam’s Victims

Kuwait

“Iraq’s 19th province?”

Iraq Invades KuwaitIraq Invades Kuwait

UN Security Council Resolution UN Security Council Resolution 678678

(authorized military force to be (authorized military force to be used used

against Iraq.)against Iraq.)

August 2, 1990August 2, 1990

Pres. of Iraq: Saddam Hussien Pres. of Iraq: Saddam Hussien promised “the mother of all battles”promised “the mother of all battles”

U. S. Military LeadersU. S. Military Leaders

General Colin General Colin PowellPowell

General NormanGeneral NormanSchwarzkopfSchwarzkopf

U. S. Female SoldiersU. S. Female Soldiers

Everywhere is a combat zone!Everywhere is a combat zone!

Range of Iraqi MissilesRange of Iraqi Missiles

An Iraqi tank bites the dustAn Iraqi tank bites the dust

Survivors attacked Kurds in the north.

Saddam Lobs SCUD Missiles

Saddam Lobs SCUD Missiles

Israel & Saudi Arabia:Israel & Saudi Arabia:The fear of bio-chemical The fear of bio-chemical

attacks.attacks.

President George H. W. Bush

with General Schwartzkopf

President George H. W. Bush

with General Schwartzkopf

Kuwait is LiberatedKuwait is Liberated

Kuwaitis cheer Allied Kuwaitis cheer Allied forces.forces.

Iraqis soldiers Iraqis soldiers surrender.surrender.

Allies Send Iraqis Back to Baghdad

Allies Send Iraqis Back to Baghdad

“Highway of Death”“Highway of Death”

400 Kuwaiti Oilfields on Fire

400 Kuwaiti Oilfields on Fire

An environmental disaster!An environmental disaster!

U.N. No-Fly Zones 1990’s

U.N. No-Fly Zones 1990’s

1990s: Iraqi Targets

1990s: Iraqi Targets

Kurds have also been victims Kurds have also been victims of ethnic violence very recently.of ethnic violence very recently.

Reasons for Going to War Against Saddam(according to the U. S. and Britain)

Reasons for Going to War Against Saddam(according to the U. S. and Britain)

Saddam kicked out U.N. weapons Saddam kicked out U.N. weapons inspectors.inspectors.

WMDs WMDs WWeapons of eapons of MMass ass DDestruction.estruction.

Saddam did not obey the No-Fly Saddam did not obey the No-Fly Zone Zone limitations.limitations.

He was a savage dictator.He was a savage dictator.

Stop Saddam before he can launchStop Saddam before he can launchnuclear missiles against Israel, nuclear missiles against Israel, Europe,Europe,or even the United States.or even the United States.

“Shock & Awe!”“Shock & Awe!”

Coalition forces attack BaghdadCoalition forces attack Baghdad

Allied Advance on Baghdad

Allied Advance on Baghdad

Anti-War ProtestorsAnti-War Protestors

Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf

Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf

Saddam’s Minister of Saddam’s Minister of InformationInformation

(better known as “Baghdad (better known as “Baghdad Bob”)Bob”)

“Baghdad Bob”“Baghdad Bob”

The Dictator is “Toppled”

The Dictator is “Toppled”

“Mission Accomplished?”“Mission Accomplished?”

President George W. Bush lands on President George W. Bush lands on board the USS Abraham Lincoln (May, board the USS Abraham Lincoln (May,

2003)2003)

Saddam Is Captured!Saddam Is Captured!

December, December, 20032003

The American Soldier: 2003

The American Soldier: 2003

4486 American Fatalities4486 American Fatalities

Iraq Coalition Military Fatalities By Year

Year US UK Other Total

2003 486 53 41 580

2004 849 22 35 906

2005 846 23 28 897

2006 822 29 21 872

2007 904 47 10 961

2008 314 4 4 322

2009 149 1 0 150

2010 60 0 0 60

2011 16 0 0 16

Total 4446 179 139 4764

Thousands of Americans Wounded

Thousands of Americans Wounded

Capt. Dawn HalfakerCapt. Dawn Halfaker

One of many female soldiers killed One of many female soldiers killed or wounded in Iraq.or wounded in Iraq.

Over 100,000 Iraqis Dead!

Over 100,000 Iraqis Dead!

? Iraqis Wounded!? Iraqis Wounded!

A Growing Insurgency

A Growing InsurgencyFormer Baathists Former Baathists

and foreign and foreign terrorists terrorists

(Al-Qaida, etc.)(Al-Qaida, etc.)

Iraqi GovernmentA Democracy in Training

Iraqi GovernmentA Democracy in Training

Prime Minister Nouri al-Prime Minister Nouri al-MalikiMaliki

The Scandal at Abu Ghraib Prison

The Scandal at Abu Ghraib Prison

1/30/05 – The Vote! = Democracy??

1/30/05 – The Vote! = Democracy??

Courage at the Courage at the Polls!!Polls!!

American fatalities 4486

Wounded 100,000 +

Iraqi deaths 1.5 million

$803 Billion

Continuing Ethnic Conflict -

Will there be a Kurdistan?

•Repressed under Ataturk & Sadaam

•Will they get their independence

•Ethnic violence continues

- Will Shia Iraqis get independence? - Control Iraq? - Will Iran get control?

U.S. SPENDING ON IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN BY MONTH, WEEK, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, & SECOND

(based on adjusted DOD FY 2007 obligations)

Iraq Afghanistan Total

Per Month $10.3 billion $2 billion $12.3 billion

Per Week $2.4 billion $469 million $2.9 billion

Per Day $343 million $67 million $410 million

Per Hour $14 million $2.8 million $17 million

Per Minute $238,425 $46,296 $284,722

Per Second $3,973 $771 $4,745SOURCE: Data from Amy Belasco, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,” Congressional Research Service (updated February 8, 2008). Totals may not add due to rounding.