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The Impacts on Agriculture Production from Irrigating with Saline
Water and Ways to Efficiently Manage the Impacts
By: Kimberly McLeod
GEO 361
Objectives
• Understand salinity’s impact on agriculture lands• Understand the impacts of saline on crops• Determine how much saline is toxic to crops• Find solutions for farmers to deal with salinity
Introduction about the impactEarth’s water budget:
• Food production will need to increase by 38% by 2025• Stress to farmers to secure good irrigation water for their crops.
BUT some farmers have to use saline water because there are limited supplies of good quality of water or use shallow ground water that has high amounts of salt.
Reservoirs Earth's Percent Water Budget Residence Time Glaciers (F) 1.76 % 11,990 yrs Rivers (F) 0.00015 % 0.05 yrs Oceans 96.5% 2,652 yrs Groundwater (F) 1.7% 19,677 yrs Lakes (F) 0.013% 34.58 yrs Atmosphere 0.0009% 0.026 yrs
What is salinization?
A complex process: movement between salts (primarily NaCl) and water in the soil during seasonal cycles and its interactions with groundwater.
– Sources of the salt: rainfall, aeolian deposits, mineral weathering, and stored salts – According to the USGS- there are 3 categories for saline water
• Slightly saline: 1,000 to 3,000 ppm• Moderately saline: 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm• Highly saline: 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (ie Seawater = 35,000 ppm)
Results for irrigated lands:• Estimated that 20% of irrigated lands in the world are affects by salinity• Every year 0.2%-0.4% of total irrigated land is being retired because of high amount of salt. • Losing money: US spend $12 billon per year on impacts of salinity related to agriculture.
In general:• In 2003, it was reported that 15% of total land area of the world has been degraded by soil erosion, physical and chemical degradation (including soil salinization)
• More than 100 countries are affected by salinity
Impact of saline water on crops
Each plant needs to be addressed separately.
Two large groups: Halophytes (ie Date Palms) and Glycophytes (ie Faba beans, Tomatoes)
Generally, when a plant comes in contact with saline water there are physiological changes in the cell between the water and ionic status.
–High amounts of Na+ and Cl- causes an imbalance. Results in reduction of K+, Ca2+, Mn2+
–This mineral reduction impacts the plant’s growth from germination to harvest
Halophytes: Date Palms
Found in the Middle East and California because they can withstand long, dry summers and mild winters
Journal by Alhammadi et al:
• 8,000 ppm - 20,000 ppm of NaCl = no affects on growth
• 20,000 ppm + various salts = drastic decrease on growth
• Decrease in K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
• Conclusion: Don’t grow date palms with more than 20,000 ppm of NaCl
Glycophyte: Faba Beans
In the legume family that is native to North
Africa.
Experiment by El Fouly et al:
1. Control- No NaCl
3. 1,000 ppm NaCl -reduction in growth
Decrease in ability to take up water and injury to cells in leaves
Conclusion: With 1,000 ppm NaCl inhibits the growth of the crop. Do not use more than 1,000 ppm of NaCl.
Solution: Micronutrient Foliar Spray
Made of: Fe, Mn, Zn
1. Control
2. Control + Micro
3. 1,000 ppm NaCl
4. 1,000 ppm + Micro
To conclude:• Earth has a shortage of fresh water to meet everyone’s
needs• Farmers are under pressure to produce more food but
some are forced to use saline water• Salinity affects every climatic zone but primarily arid and
semi-arid climates because of high evapotranspiration rates
• Using saline water has detrimental effects on land such as retirement and the decrease in crop yields
• How much salt in the water determines if the plant survives or dies
• Two solutions include Micronutrient Foliar Spray and better irrigation techniques