THE IMPERIAL THE IMPERIAL CENTURYCENTURY1815-19141815-1914

New Imperialism• Late 19th Century – World War II• European Directed (+ US, Japan)• Motives: Nationalism, Industrialization, White Man’s Burden• Forms: Colonies, Protectorate, Spheres of Influence• Colonial Groups: Tropical Dependencies and Settlement Colonies• Areas Colonized: Asia & Southern Hemisphere plus Neo-

Colonialism in Latin America• Roots of Contact: pre 1750: British in India & South Africa, French

in Algeria & Indochina, Dutch in Indonesia• Regional Origins/Changes

• Dark Continent: Stanley & Livingstone, Berlin Conference• China: Opium Wars• South Asia: Sepoy Mutiny

Extent of Colonialism (by 1939)

**** Great Britain France Belgium Netherlands Germany (1914)

Area in Square Miles 94,000 212,600 11,800 13,200 210,000

Pop-ulation 45,500,100 42,000,000 8,300,000 8.500,000 67,500,000

Area of Colonies 13,100,000 4,300,000 940,000 790,000 1,100,000

Population of Colonies 470,000,000 65,000,000 13,000,000 66,000,000 13,000,000

Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US

Colonial Powers 1900

Region Percentage Controlled

Africa 90.4%

Polynesia 98.9%

Asia 56.5%

Australia 100.0%

Americas 27.2%

South Africa1500 - Portugal : Diaz & De Gama

1650 - Dutch: Dutch East India CompanyBoers settlers moved inland

1815 - British AnnexedGreat trek of Boers inland

Zulu Wars

Anglo-Boer Wars

1910 – Union of South Africa

Legacy of Apartheid

Cecil Rhodes

Capetown to Cairo

"I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the

more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race."

North Africa: Ottoman Territories• Egypt : khedive (Muhammed Ali)

• 1882 Egyptian revolt • Incurred debts, combined French and British

bombing of Alexandria• British presence in Cabinet- Protectorate status

• Algeria: Pasha (Barbary Pirates)• French invasion 1830• Continued involvement & settlement

• Libya -Italian invasion 1911 (Italo-Turkish)

Suez Canal

• The Highway to India• 120 miles long• Built by the French –opened 1869

• Controlling shares held by French investors

• Under ‘British protection’ 1882

• Nationalized by Nasser - 1956

Fashoda Crisis, 1898

• British & French stand-off

• Both wanted to extend control of territories in North Africa

• French relinquished claims quietly and withdrew forces

Burundi 1871

Berlin Conference (1884)

•Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “the honest broker”

•14 European powers established ground rules for the future exploitation of the "dark continent.“

•80% was still under local African rule

•Africans were not invited or made privy to their decisions.

Forms of Imperial Control

• The French practiced direct rule: the goal was to impose French culture and turn their colonies into French provinces

Benevolent Colonialism - in Madagascar the French instruct the

Natives in horticultural techniques

Forms of Imperial Control

• The British followed a system of indirect rule: using sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to govern their colonies

The Belgium Congo Free State• The Butcher of Congo: King

Leopold II• Horrific levels of violence• Production quotas

British Empire

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

British Jewel in the Imperial Crown : India•1757: Battle of Plassey •British East India Company

•1857: Sepoy Mutiny•1858: British Raj•1876: Queen Victoria Empress of India

•colonial ruleuntil 1947

French IndochinaFrench Indochina• Origins late 17th century

• Trade, missionaries• 1840s annexed parts of Vietnam

• 1883 Vietnam becomes French Protectorate

• Sino-French War• French victory paved the way for French control of remainder of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

Orange – Britain

Purple – France

Red – German

Green – Japan

Blue – Russian

East Asia: China East Asia: China •Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese Wars)

• 1839-1842• 1856-1860• Treaty of Nanjing (unequal treaties)

• Eliminated Canton Laws which restricted contact and trade

•Spheres of Influence• Imperial China's decline

• Taiping Rebellion• Boxer Rebellion

Dutch Indonesia• 1609 VOC establish Batavia and begin to dominate the Spice

trade• Involve themselves in local disputes and demand territory from winners• Building on administrative center at Batavia (Jakarta) they annex the entire

archipelago

• Dutch State rule in 1816 after the bankruptcy of the VOC • Profits in rubber, oil, tin, tobacco, sugar, coffee, and tea• High levels of violence and cruelty

• Java War 1825-1830• Cultivation System

• 1/5 of land to the production of cash crops• Indentured servitude

• Liberal and Ethical period follow after 1870 but doesn’t dissuade growth of a nationalist movement

The Pacific• Maoris of New Zealand

• Alcoholism, disease, warfare• Introduction of Christianity and European farming• Maori resilience

• Hawaii• Increasing Western influence from 18th century onward• Voyages of Captain Cook• Unified leadership under Kamehameha• Adoption of Western practices and opening to more

Western merchants; Christianity• Settler pattern developed; sugar plantations; Asian labor

IMPACT – LONG TERM

On Europe… On the world…

European Hegemony• 1800: Western powers held 35% of the earth’s surface• 1878: 67% of the earth’s surface• 1914: 85% of the earth’s surface

• Britain gained 66 million new subjects between 1880-1900• France, 26 million new subjects• Germany, 13 million new subjects

• Economic Impact?

Colonial Influence on Europeans• Adopted to varying degrees the dress, eating and work

habits, and styles of Asian peoples they ruled.• Failure of Little Holland in Java• Looser-fitting cotton-clothing• Asian cuisine• Indian hookahs• Afternoon lunch break (and siesta)• Asian women (brothels and marriage)

• Such relationships became less common in the last of the 19th century as social distance between colonizers and colonized occurred.

Reforms• India

• 1770 Bengal famine• British East India Company made more accountable to British

Parliament• 1790s Lord Cornwallis reforms; helped with corruption but limited Indian

participation • Evangelical calls for reform• Utilitarian support for reform

• Pushed for British institutions such as English-language education• Tried to stop practice of sati

• Dutch sponsored education reform in Indonesia• Only missionaries involved in education in Africa

• Limited middle class/college graduates

Changing Relationships

•By the late 19th century more wives and families arrived

•Increasing notions of “white racial supremacy”

Social Imperialism•Diffuse working-class discontent•Outlet for the unemployed•Improved standard of living at expense of colonial population•Highlighted race-conscious thinking

Nationalistic rivalries•Diplomatic crises•Arms race•Thayer Mahan, Influence of Naval Power•WWI…

Colonial Revolts

1. The Indian Revolt of 1857

2. The Boxer Rebellion 3. The Ghost Dance4. The Xhosa Cattle-

Killing Movement 5. The Maji Maji

Rebellion (War) 6. The Mau Mau

Rebellion

• Please research your assigned revolt and be prepared to discuss• Background • Goals• Leadership• Events• Degree of Success• Overall Effects