NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS

Nineteenth-Century Empires

SUPERQUIZSection II – PART 3

13 questions – 32.5%

Europe Spreads to Africa• The greatest imperial shift during the 19th

century was Europe’s changing stance regarding Africa

2.07: LISTING

• 3. List the few places where European colonization had taken place in Africa prior to the nineteenth century. (p. 44)

• Portugal in West Africa (Angola)• French in Senegambia region (Senegal)• Dutch and English settlers on the Cape of

Good Hope

Early interactions• Most Europeans had limited knowledge and interest in

Africa prior to the late 18th century– This indifference and ignorance stemmed from a lack of

__________ with Africa– Only a few European interactions had occurred by this time

period• Portuguese slave traders settled in ______________ on the

western coast• The Senegambia region, specifically Senegal, served as a home to ______________

traders• Dutch and English settlers had established a colony on ________________________________________

• Europeans represented Africa as outside ______________ in writings, visual imagery, and maps– Africans were ostensibly savage brutes

• Africans as a _________source only reinforced the idea of Africans remaining outside of humanity

contact

Angola

FrenchThe Cape of Good Hope

civilization

labor

Europeans Interact with Africans

• Proponents of a free market saw Africa as potential market– dumping ground for European _________________

• Africa also served as a source for _____________– West Africa exported ________oil and _______oil– These goods lubricated European __________________________________

• This economic prosperity led to Europeans visualizing Africa as a potential site for Civilization

• If Africa became a European trading partner, Africa had markets, cities, and states of its own

manufactured goodsraw materials

palm peanut

Industrial machinery

Growing Public Awareness of Africa

• The rise of the _____________________demonstrated the sudden awareness of Africa’s economic potential– This company dedicated itself to the African commercial expansion

of ______________– Scottish explorer ______________worked for the company

• He led expeditions on the _______________in West Central Africa in 17____ and 18__

• These voyages led Park to encounter the _____________and _____________states

• These two societies________________ _______________ confirmed beliefs that Africa could become a British trading partner

– Mungo Park wrote ________________________________about his expeditions in West Africa• included a piece of art showing __________ in ___________ country• Explorers’ accounts of Africa proved enormously popular and helped spark

public interest in Africa

African Association

BritainMungo Park

Niger River95 05

FulaniBambara

commercial infrastructure

Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa

Kamalia Mandingo

Mungo Park

Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in Africa

• ____________devastated Mungo Park’s two expeditions of the Niger River–Until the mid_______century, disease posed a

threat to European-African commercial ties– Europeans had previously held the upper hand

in immunity to diseases• African diseases now overwhelmed Europeans

much as European diseases had overwhelmed ______________________

Disease

19th

Americans

Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in Africa

• these 4 diseases ravages Europeans:– DYSENTERY– YELLOW FEVER– TYPHOID– MALARIA

• 19th century Africa is often known as the ___________________________as a result of the potency of diseases

• Methods for treating malaria were ineffective or __________in themselves– Some Europeans attempted to cure malaria with

__________________

White Man’s Grave

lethal

mercury

Dealing with Malaria

• European chemists discovered that_____________could cure malaria in the 1820s– Quinine derived from the bark of the ______________

tree in _______________________– By the 1850s, Europeans used quinine

___________________ in order to avert contraction of malaria

• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from African diseases – Disease killed more European soldiers than warfare in

Africa through the 1870s

South America

perventatively

quinine

cinchona

High Death Rates from Disease

• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from African diseases – Disease killed more European soldiers than

______________ in Africa through the 1870swarfare

Geographic Obstacles

Geographic Obstacles

Geographic Obstacles

• African physical features created great challenges for European explorers– The invention of the ________________in the ____th

century partially fixed this problem• The steamboat applied James Watt’s steam engine to

transportation• Europeans could now explore continental rivers in

– Africa, – Australia, and – Asia

• At rapid speeds even against the wind and the current

Geographic Obstacles

steamboat 19th

• _____________ exploration of Africa, however, remained difficult for a substantial period of time– Steamboats had to be

• dismantled, • carried around ___________and then• reassembled

• Europeans gained access to almost all areas of Africa following the use of steamboats– Areas that lacked ______________________remained

largely untouched by Europeans– These regions were among the last parts of Africa to be

______________________

Geographic Obstacles

rapids

adequate waterways

colonized

Steamboat

Movement towards colonization

• Most challenges facing Europeans in the penetration of Africa had been removed or solved by the mid _____ century– ______________________ were often among the first

people to enter into regions of Africa• Many of these missionaries were ___________________

who sought to end ________________in Africa• These religious zealots sought to convert people to

Christianity and westernize “primitive” natives• To these people, conversion to Christianity and cultivating

beneficial __________________ relationships went hand in hand– Both of these goals moved Africans along the civilizing process of

Westernization

19thmissionaries

evangelicalsslavery

economic

Movement towards colonization

• African mission stations attracted other Europeans– ______________ often utilized the knowledge of

missionaries for economic benefit– Missionaries sought _________________

protection• These desires involved European governments in Africa

Traders

government

Explorers raised public interest about Africa

• Many explorers embarked on ______________ to raise money from these 3 sources – government, – general public, and – scientific authorities ….for further African expeditions– The most successful African explorers were often

the most skilled ____________________– Quite a few of these men became national heroes• _______________________is one such man

Lecture tours

speakers

David Livingstone

Quick Facts: David LivingstoneDr. David Livingstone was a Scottish minister. He is the most famous

European missionary of the Age of Imperialism.

Livingstone traveled to South Africa as a missionary in 1840 at the age of 27.

Livingstone went on to become one of most famous explorers of central Africa. He is known as the first European to travel the breadth of the continent of Africa from east to west. He was also the first known European to see Victoria Falls.

Livingstone is best know for his disappearance and the subsequent search for him be the American newspaper reporter, Henry Stanley. From 1863-1869, Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world. When found, Stanley uttered the famous words, “Livingstone, I presume?”.

Livingstone died in Africa in 1873.

David Livingstone

• VICTORIA FALLS

DAVID LIVINGSTONE

This missionary-explorer published the book titled

--WHEN?1857

--The work describes Livingstone’s dual quest to open central Africa to both • religion and • trade

Explorers raised public interest about Africa

• __________________ represented a different take on the African explorer– The ________________

hired this Anglo-American to locate Livingstone after the latter went missing in Central ______________

Henry Stanley

New York Herald

Congo

Explorers raised public interest about Africa

– After the ________ publication of

___________________, Stanley became an instant hero

1872

How I Found Livingstone

Misinformation & Negative Stereotypes

• Explorers often misinformed their audiences and perpetuated negative stereotypes of Africans– Henry Stanley was instrumental in associating Africa with

____________ in the European mindset– Stanley used imagery such as (3) • immorality, • savagery, and • irrationality to describe Africans

darkness

Writers captivated by Stanley’s Account

Edgar Rice Burroughs

• American novelist• wrote :

• WHEN?• in 1912

Joseph Conrad

• Polish-English novelist• Conrad published

• WHEN?• In 1902

Expanding into the Interior

• Europeans began expanding from their existing bases in Africa during this time

• The Portuguese started exploring from their ___________ settlementsAngola

Expanding into the Interior• The French moved from Saint Louis into

____________• Similarly, the French moved from ____________

farther into the interior of Algeria– French took Algiers in ___________– The French fought a costly war in the 1840s and 1850s

against Algerian guerillas• __________________headed these well-armed African

troops• By _________, France could claim Algeria as a colony

SenegalAlgiers

1830

Abd-el Kader

1869

Dutch Landing in Africa 1652

FYI Summary: South Africa

• Boers were descendants of Dutch sailors who had settled in southern Africa in the mid 1700s. The Boers lived a relatively solitary, agrarian/rancher lifestyle.

• By the early 19th century the British took control of the Cape of Good Hope and the Cape Colony.

• The Boer farmers clashed with their new British rulers.• In the 1830s, the Boer farmers migrated north (the GREAT TREK)

from the Cape Colony and established three independent Dutch colonies (Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange Free State).

• In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State. Thousands of British colonists migrated to OFS. There was strife between the Boers and British in the OFS. In 1887, gold was discovered in the Transvaal.

The Great Trek, 1835-45

Afrikaners

The Great Trek

• The Great Trek from ______ to ______resulted from _________Afrikaners fleeing British control in southern Africa– These Africans migrated north of the __________

River seeking land of their own– By the late 1830s, the Afrikaners established

independent republics in the ___________, the ___________________, and the _______________

18351845 15,000

It’s easy as 3,4,5!

Orange

NatalOrange Free State

Transvaal

The Struggle for South Africa

Diamond Mines

Raw Diamonds

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

“The Colossus of Rhodes”

Boer-British Tensions Increase

1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence..

1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900

The BoersThe British

AFRIKANERS

• The Afrikaners were largely self-employed as _____________________• They also engaged in ongoing

territorial battles with the ________–The ________often fought the

Afrikaners–This tribe was a southern Bantu people

cattle ranchers

BantusZulus

Afrikaner Expansion

• The __________felt threatened by Afrikaner expansion– Britain annexed the__________ province in

______to cut off the Afrikaners from the _______– Officially, the British recognized the sovereignty of

the _____________________and the _____________in _________• The British, however, constantly intervened in Bantu-

Afrikaner conflicts

British

Natal1843 coast

Orange Free StateTransvaal 1854

Europeans: violent confrontations with African political entities in a state of flux

– The __________ of South Africa = perfect example• During the ________, King __________________built

a powerful Zulu empire in the ___________ region– King Shaka lived from ________o _________– This sparked disturbances throughout southern Africa

• The raiding armies of Shaka sent many Bantu peoples seeking refuge– The________________were one of these peoples– Bantu peoples fled south into British territory or north into

________________land

• _____________ and Afrikaners thus warred constantly over land

Zulu1820s Shaka Zulu

Natal1781 1828

Ndebele

AfrikanerBantus

Slide 48

People in History: Shaka and Resistance• Zulu Wars

Anglo-Zulu War

• Zulus began to migrate north from ______to _____– led to an armed conflict

• The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from ______to ______– conflict erupted from tensions due to____________

expansionism into Zulu territory– The Zulus temporarily defeated the British at the

________________________: key importance=

• first victory of an African force over a European power– BUT….the British went on to crush the Zulus

1837 1838

1878 1879British

Battle of Isandhlwana

Battle of Isandlwana

Battle of Isandlwana

European expansionism :opportunity to control Egypt

• Egypt was coveted because of its location on the _______________– This represented a strategic post on the trading

route to______________– The _________________________had controlled

Egypt since the ___________century

Red SeaIndia

Ottoman Empire16th

• ________________took the opportunity to invade Egypt in__________when Ottoman control weakened– British forces backed by Ottoman Turks defeated

Napoleon’s troops at the __________________________________

NAPOLEON1798

Battle of the Nile

• The sultan of the Ottoman Empire lost control of Egypt when ____________________

• seized power– This _____________officer

served in the Ottoman empire of reoccupation

– British and French commercial interests as well as the sultan’s continued resistance spoiled Ali’s plans for

_____________________

Mohammed Ali

Albanian

Egyptian Independence

EGYPT and COMMERCE

• Europeans controlled a large portion of Egypt’s _____________by the mid 19th century– European __________________ often financed Egyptian

modernization projects– These projects included the ______________and an

Egyptian _______________system• The Suez Canal connected the __________Sea and the

__________________________Sea• ___________________________oversaw this project

that lasted from ____________o _____________• The railway system ran from ___________________ to

__________________

tradebankers

Suez Canalrailway

RedMediterraneanFerdinand Lesseps

1859 1869Alexandria

Cairo

Lesseps supervising Suez Canal

RECAP

IndustrialRevolution

Source forRawMaterials

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

SocialDarwinism

Pp. 44-45

• 1. Europeans who had previously ignored Africa began to see it as a potential marketplace as a…___ & _____

• source of raw materials and • an outlet for the sale of manufactured goods.

Pp. 44-45

• 2. The African Association was dedicated to…

British commercial expansion in Africa.

Pp. 44-45

• 3. Mungo Park, the best known associate of the African Association, explored…

• up the Niger River in West Central Africa in 1795 and 1805, bringing him in contact with the advanced states of Fulani and Bambara.

Pp. 44-45

• 4. Africa became known as “The White Man’s Grave” because…

• so many Europeans died from African diseases like dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria

Pp. 44-45

• 5. Africa’s topography proved to be difficult for Europeans until the invention of the…

• steamboat which allowed for the exploration of the interior of the African continent.

Pp. 44-45

• 6. Missionary work in Africa wasn’t only about saving souls anymore; rather, attention was turned to…

• ‘Europeanizing’ the natives through the cultivation of commerce.

Pp. 44-45

• 7. Many Europeans who sought to explore Africa publicized their travel through…

• books and • lecture tours in hopes of raising money for

future expeditions.

Pp. 44-45

• 8. An explorer’s ability to publicize and raise money for his campaigns often depended on his…

• skill as a speaker and rhetorician

Pp. 44-45

• 9. David Livingstone was the author of Missionary Travels and a…

• missionary-explorer who became a national icon.

Pp. 44-45

• 10. Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he was hired to…

• find Livingstone when he was missing and • published a work about it in 1872 called How

I Found Livingstone.

p. 45

Missionary Travels

1857 Describes quest to openAfrica to commerce and to

Christianize it

How I Found Livingstone

HenryMorganStanley

1872

Tarzan ofThe Apes

EdgarRice

Burroughs1912

Heart ofDarkness

JosephConrad

1902

p. 45-47

James Watt

An Afrikaner

Abd-el Kader

p. 45-47

A Zulu

Shaka Zulu

Mohammed Ali

Ferdinand Lesseps

STOP