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The Inconsistency on land use/cover and spatial plan:
The case of Jabodetabek Region and Cisarua-Puncak Area
Center for Regional Systems, Analysis, Planning and
Development (P4W), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
Ernan Rustiadi
Afifah
Diar Shiddiq
Andrea Emma Pravitasari
Java = Disaster Island?
• Many studies indicated that carrying capacity
of Java Island has been overshoot (Rustiadi et
al. 2008; KLH, 2009)
• Disaster in Jabodetabek Region (Megapolitan)
is the examples for these case
Floods and landslides in Java are classified as
anthropogenic disaster (caused by human being)
That caused by decreasing of conservatory and
agriculture area (Rustiadi et al., 2009)
Forest land cover in Java only 14% ( P4W team,
IPB, 2008).
Based on (Law No 26/2007 Concerning Spatial
Management and Law No 41/2000 Concerning
Forestry) the spatial determines that the forest
area must be at least 30% of the total area.
Anthropogenic disaster is caused by spatial
inconsistency :
(1)Exsisting land use is not suitable with spatial
plan, and
(2)Spatial planning/plan is not suitable with
spatial use planning rules (principles)
Inconsistencies in Spatial Plan are mostly related
with inconsistencies in Green Open Space.
(a)Protection area
(b)Agriculture area
Spatial Inconsistency
Land Use Map in Jabodetabek Year 2005
Jabodetabek Region
The Inconsistency
between Spatial
Plan and Existing
Land Cover (2001)
Production Forest Agric Land Uses
Agriculture Built Up Areas
Conservation Zone Built Up Areas
Previous study (Rustiadi et al. 2002)
Kontur_pol.shp
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30 0 30 60 Kilometers
N
EW
S
PETA KETINGGIANJABOTABEK
Contur Map of
Jabodetabek
LUCC and Spatial
Inconsitency Analyses
• LUCC in Jabodetabek 1972-2010
• Spatial Inconsistency between
Spatial Plan (President Decree
54/2009) and existing land use/cover
• Identify Antropogenic Environmental
Disaster
• Spatial Inconsistency in Puncak
(Cisarua District)
LUCC and Spatial
Inconsistency in
Jabodetabek Region
(Land Use Changes Analysis)
Employing Landsat MSS, ETM and ETM+ of 1983, 1992, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005 (+AVNIR) and 2010 (+AVNIR)
Spatial Plan Map (President Decree No 54/ 2009)
Spatial Plan of Jabodetabek +
Punjur 2008-2028
(president Decree 54/2009)
NO SPATIAL PLAN CLASSIFICATION
EXSISTING LANDUSE OF JABODETABEK
FOREST BUILT UP
AREA BUSH POND
MIXED GARDEN
RICE FIELD (WET)
RICE FIELD (DRY)
UPLAND GRASS
1 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 PROTECTED FOREST V X X X X X X X X
2 CONSERVATION FOREST V X X X X X X X X
3 Paddy Field (IRIGATION TECHNICS) V X V V V V V V V
4 Low Density Settlement; Upland Agriculture V V V V V V V V V
5 Low Density Settlement; Upland Agriculture; fishpond; husbandty; Agroinduustry; Production Forest
V V V V V V V V V
6 High Density Settlement (Urban) ; Commercial; Services; light (non poluted) and market oriented industry
V V V V V V V V V
7 Medium density Settlement (rural); Upland Agriculture; industry
V V V V V V V V V
8 Low density Industry; Built Up Area Ratio < 40% V V V V V V V V V
9 Low density Industry; Built Up Area Ratio < 50% V V V V V V V V V
10 Zon4 B4, Permanent or limited Production Forest V X X X X X X X X
11 Zon4 B7, Permanent or limited Production Forest V X X X X X X X X
V : consistent
X : Inconsistent
Inconsistency Matrix
PADDY FIELD
CONSERVATION FOREST
PROTECTEION FOREST
ZONA B4; PRODUCTION FOREST
ZONA B7; PRODUCTION FOREST
INCONSISTENCY
SPATIAL PLANNING OF
JABODETABEK
2010
SPATIAL PLANNING CLASSIFICATION SPATIAL PLANNING
AREA (HA) INCONSISTENCY
(HA)
PERSENTAGE INCONSISTENCY
(HA)
PROTECTED FOREST 21388,01 9057,84 42,35
CONSERVATION FOREST/ NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVE / NATIONAL PARK / GARDENTOUR NATURE / WILDLIFE RESERVE / CULTURE / HERITAGE
46639,82 17416,58 37,34
PADDY FIELD (IRIGATION TECHNICS) 66463,00 11476,66 17,27
Zon4 B4, Permanent or limited Production Forest 35478,00 28071,27 79,12
Zon4 B7, Permanent or limited Production Forest 5547,30 5015,49 90,41
TABLE OF SPATIAL PLAN INCONCISTENCIES OF
JABODETABEK REGION IN 2010
SPATIAL PLANNING OF JABODETABEKJUR
Existing LAND Cover/ USE 2010
Acreage of inconsistency
(HA)
Zon4 B4, Permanent or limited Production Forest
Garden 4052,10
UPLAND 3402,09
BUILT UP AREA 1422,20 GRASS 355,72 Irrigated Paddy Field 977,39
Dryland Paddy Field 4155,60
BUSH 13706,17 TOTAL 28071,27
MAJOR SPATIAL INCONSISTENCIES
Inconsistency Spatial Plan
MAJOR SPATIAL
INCONCISTENCIES
IN JABODETABEK REGION
(2010): Production Forest
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDEs
IN JABODETABEK 2000-2008
FL
OO
DS
IN
JA
BO
DE
TA
BE
K
LA
ND
SL
IDE
S I
N J
AB
OD
ET
AB
EK
Years
Floods
Numbers of
Village
Persentage
(%)
2000 102 6.00
2003 609 35.82
2006 332 19.53
2008 644 37.88
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN JABODETABEK
Years
Landslides
Numbers of
Village
Persentage
(%)
2000 26 1.53
2003 95 5.59
2006 134 7.88
2008 305 17.94
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2000 2003 2006 2008
102
609
332
644
26
95134
305
Ju
mla
h d
esa y
an
g m
en
gala
mi
Tahun
Banyaknya desa di Kawasan Jabodetabek yang mengalami kejadian banjir dan longsor tahun 2000-2008
Banjir
Longsor
Sumber: Data Podes (2000, 2003, 2006, 2008), diolah.
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
2000 2003 2006 2008
6,00
35,82
19,53
37,88
1,53
5,597,88
17,94
Pers
en
tase (%
)
Tahun
Persentase desa di Kawasan Jabodetabek
yang mengalami kejadian banjir dan longsor
tahun 2000-2008
Banjir
Longsor
Floods and
Landslides in
Jabodetabek
Increase
• Flood and landslides insidents
follow top of rainfall dynamic in
rainy season, but disasters
possibility increase as the
carrying capacity low
• Potential anthropogenic disasters
such landslides (and flood) in
increasing
Floods and Landslides
in Jabodetabek Increase
Spatial Inconsistency
in Puncak Area (Cisarua SubDistrict)
Employing Landsat MSS, ETM and ETM+ of 1983, 1992, 2000, 2003, 2005 (+AVNIR) and 2010 (+AVNIR)
Spatial Plan Map (President Decree No 54/ 2009)
Land Use Map in Jabodetabek Year 2005
SITUATION MAP
Data
* Google Earth imagery 2009, Quickbird 2006,
Ikonos imagery 2006
* Spatial Plan Map of Bogor Regency 2005-2025.
* Administration map of Cisarua SubDistrict (Digitized
from Spatial Plan of Bogor Regency 2005-2025)
* Road map of Bogor Regency.
* PODES Data of the upstream of Ciliwung watershed
(2006 and 2008).
* Some Field observation (2009-2010)
Spatial Inconsistency
in Cisarua SubDistrict
(Spatial Plan 2005-2025
vs. Existing Land Use/2010)
9 Classes of Land Use Classification
1. Forest
2. Bush/ Dry field farming
3. Tea Plantation
4. Settlement
5. Real Estate
6. Villas
7. Emplasment/ Other Building
8. Rice Field
9. Community Forest / Mixed Garden
1 0 1 2 Kilometers
N
Sumber:Peta Pola Ruang RTRW
Kabupaten Bogor 1999-2009
Peta RTRW Kecamatan Cisarua Tahun 1999-2009710000
710000
715000
715000
720000
720000
725000
725000
9255000
9255000
9260000
9260000
9265000
9265000
Keterangan
Kawasan Hutan LindungKawasan Pengembangan Perkotaan
Kawasan Perdesaan
Kawasan Perkebunan
Kawasan Pertanian Lahan Basah
Kawasan Pertanian Lahan Kering
Kawasan Tanaman Tahunan
Jalan Raya Puncak
Keterangan
Sungai Utama
Anak Sungai
0.8 0 0.8 1.6 Kilometers
710000
710000
715000
715000
720000
720000
725000
7250009255000
9255000
9260000
9260000
9265000
9265000
Sumber:Peta Pola Ruang RTRW
Kabupaten Bogor 2005-2025
Anak Sungai
Sungai Utama
Keterangan
Jalan Utama
Hutan KonservasiHutan LindungPerkebunanPermukiman Perdesaan (Hunian Jarang)Permukiman Perdesaan (Hunian Rendah)Permukiman Perkotaan (Hunian Rendah)Permukiman Perkotaan (Hunian Sedang)Pertanian Lahan KeringSungai BesarTanaman Tahunan
Keterangan
N
Peta RTRW Kecamatan Cisarua Tahun 2005-2025
THE CHANGES OF SPATIAL PLAN
IN CISARUA SUBDISTRICT
Spatial Plan of Cisarua SubDistrict Year 1999-2009 Spatial Plan of Cisarua SubDistrict t Year 2005-2025
Information Information
Inconsistency Matrix
No
Land Use
Classification based
on Spatial Plan of
Bogor Regency
Existing Land Use of Cisarua
Forest
Bush/
Dryland
Farming
Tea
Plantati
on
Settlement Real
estate Villas
Emplas
ment/
other
building
Rice
field
Comm
unity
Forest/
Mixed
Garden
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Protecdtion
Area
Conservation forest V X X X X X X X X
2 Conservatory Forest V X X X X X X X X
3
Cult
ture Area
Plantation V X V X X X X V V
4 Rural Settlement
(Rare Population) V V V V V V V V V
5 Rural Settlement
(Low Population) V V V V V V V V V
6 Urban Settlement
(Low Population) V V V V V V V V V
7 Urban Settlement
(Medium Population) V V V V V V V V V
8 Dryland Farming V V V X X X X V V
9 Tree crops V X V X X X X V V
Information : V : Consistent
X : Inconsistent
Land use inconsistency of Cisarua District
* Area of Cisarua SubDistrict: 7406,30 ha
* Total Inconsistency: 1742,58 ha (23,53%)
* There are 1863 polygon inconsistent (0,01 ha - 303,72 ha)
* The largest inconsistencies took place in: Desa Tugu Utara (570,69 ha) or 32,75% (of total inconsistencies in Cisarua District)
* The largest inconsistency’s form: Conservatory forest to Tea plantation 524,18 ha (7,08%)
Spatial Inconsistency in Cisarua SubDistrict
# S
# S # S # S # S
# S # S
# S
# S # S # S
# S
# S
Conservation forest => Emplasment/ other building
Conservation forest => Community Forest/Mixed Garden
Conservation forest => Tea Plantation
Conservation forest => Settlement
Conservation forest => Real estate
Conservation forest => Bush/ Dryland Farming
Conservation forest => Villas
Conservatory Forest => Emplasment/ other building
Conservatory Forest => Community Forest/Mixed Garden
Conservatory Forest => Tea Plantation
Conservatory Forest => Real estate
Conservatory Forest => Settlement
Conservatory Forest => Rice field
Conservatory Forest => Bush/ Dryland Farming
Conservatory Forest => Villas
Plantation => Emplasment/ other building
Plantation => Real estate
Plantation => Settlement
Plantation => Bush/ Dryland Farming
Plantation => Villas
Dry field farming => Emplasment/ other building
Dry field farming =>Settlement
Dry field farming =>Villas
Tanaman Tahunan=> Settlement
Tanaman Tahunan=> Bush/ Dryland Farming
Tanaman Tahunan=> Villas
Tugu Selatan
Kopo
Tugu Utara
Cibeureum
Citeko
Cilember
Cisarua
Jogjogan
Batu Layang
Leuwimalang
N
Perubahan Land Use
0 1 Kilometers
Sumber : Peta Penggunaan Lahan Kec. CisaruaPeta RTRW Kec. Cisarua 2005 - 2025Peta Administrasi Kec. Cisarua
Legenda
708000
708000
710000
710000
712000
712000
714000
714000
716000
716000
718000
718000
720000
720000
722000
722000
724000
724000
9252000
9252000
9254000
9254000
9256000
9256000
9258000
9258000
9260000
9260000
9262000
9262000
9264000
9264000
Lokasi pengamatan#SJalan lokal
Jalan Raya Puncak
Batas Desa
Source:
Land Use Map of Cisarua District
Spasial planning Map of Cisarua District 2005 – 2025
Administration Map of Cisarua District
Tugu Selatan
Kopo
Tugu Utara
Cibeureum
Citeko
Cilember
Cisarua
Jogjogan
Batu Layang
Leuwimalang
N
Perubahan Land Use
0 1 Kilometers
Sumber : Peta Penggunaan Lahan Kec. CisaruaPeta RTRW Kec. Cisarua 2005 - 2025Peta Administrasi Kec. Cisarua
Legenda
708000
708000
710000
710000
712000
712000
714000
714000
716000
716000
718000
718000
720000
720000
722000
722000
724000
724000
9252000
9252000
9254000
9254000
9256000
9256000
9258000
9258000
9260000
9260000
9262000
9262000
9264000
9264000
Lokasi pengamatan#SJalan lokal
Jalan Raya Puncak
Batas Desa
Conservation forest => Emplasment/ other building
Conservation forest => Community Forest/Mixed Garden
Conservation forest => Tea Plantation
Conservation forest => Settlement
Conservation forest => Real estate
Conservation forest => Bush/ Dryland Farming
Conservation forest => Villas
Conservatory Forest => Emplasment/ other building
Conservatory Forest => Community Forest/Mixed Garden
Conservatory Forest => Tea Plantation
Conservatory Forest => Real estate
Conservatory Forest => Settlement
Conservatory Forest => Rice field
Conservatory Forest => Bush/ Dryland Farming
Conservatory Forest => Villas
Plantation => Emplasment/ other building
Plantation => Real estate
Plantation => Settlement
Plantation => Bush/ Dryland Farming
Plantation => Villas
Dry field farming => Emplasment/ other building
Dry field farming =>Settlement
Dry field farming =>Villas
Tanaman Tahunan=> Settlement
Tanaman Tahunan=> Bush/ Dryland Farming
Tanaman Tahunan=> Villas
Inconsistency Map of Cisarua District
# S
# S # S # S # S
# S # S
# S
# S # S # S
# S
# S
Proportion of Inconsistent Area
in Cisarua SubDistrict
8,41%
23,95%
32,75%
12,63%
8,00%
6,18%4,13%3,96%
Cilember
Jogjogan
Batu Layang
Kopo
Citeko
Tugu Utara
Tugu Selatan
Cibeureum
= 68.93 ha
= 71.93 ha
= 107.69 ha
= 139.34 ha
= 220.12 ha
= 570.69 ha
= 417.39 ha
= 146.49 ha
Land Use Inconsistency Based on Spatial Plan 2005-2025
Protection Area:
(1) Protection Forest and (2) Conservation Forest
Inconsistency on protection forest: 216,85 ha (17,53%)
(especially: protection forest bush/dryland farming (117,63 ha atau 9,51%)
Inconsistency on conservation forest: 957,61 ha (37,05%) (especially: conservation forest tea plantation 524,18 ha (20,28%)
39.21% 12.75%
434.33
106.41
27.38 43.84%
(ha)
%
Inconsistency Area
Percentage of
Inconsistency to
total land use
Total Area and Persentage Inconsistencies
in Cultivated Area
Plantations Dry Field Farming
Tree Crops
THE DETERMINANT FACTORS AFFECTING
LAND USE INCONSISTENCY
IN CISARUA DISTRICT
Inconsistency of Protection Forest Area(Y1) to Other Land Uses
Y1 = -1050,22 + 29,395 X4 + 0,852 X5 + 28,852 X6
– 0,413 D3 + 0,354 D5
(Multiple R square 0,496577)
Dimana:
Y1 = Inconsistency in Promoted Protection Forest Area (ha)
X4 = The Distance to The Collector Road (km)
X5 = The Distance to The Local Roads (km)
X6 = The Distance to The Path (km)
D3 = Conversion to Tea Plantations
D5 = Conversion to Settlement area
Regression Analysis Factors Affecting Land Use Inconsistency
Inconsistency Conservatory Forest Area(Y2) to Other Land Use Y2 = -3,061 + 0,289 X1 – 0,842 X7 + 1,102 D1 – 0,589 D3
+ 1,888D5 + 0,586 D6 +1,475 D8
(Multiple R square 0,574421)
Dimana:
Y2 = Inconsistency in Promoted Conservatory Forest Area (ha)
X1 = Population Density (Person/ha)
X7 = Percentage of Poor Families (%)
D1 = The Emplacement or Other Buildings
D3 = Tea Plantations
D5 = Settlement
D6 = Rice Fields
D8 = Villas
Inconsistency Conservatory Area(Y3) to Other Land Use
Y3 = -1,75579 + 0,143 X1 – 0,609 X4 – 0,146 X7 + 0,970 D1
– 0,701 D3 + 1,723 D5 + 1,379 D8
(Multiple R square 0,546085)
Dimana :
Y3 = Inconsistency on Conservatory Area of Spatial Plan to Another
Land Use (ha)
X1 = Population Density (Person/ha)
X4 = The Distance to The Collector Road (km)
X7 = Percentage of Poor Families (%)
D1 = The Emplacement or Other Buildings
D3 = Tea Plantations
D5 = Settlement
D8 = Villas
Factors that affecting spatial plan
Inconsistencies Area (Y1)
Y1= -59.30 + 202.55 D4 + 58.97 X5 (R2=0.83) ……(2)
D4 = Real Estate
X5 = The Distance of Village to Capital District (km)
+
+
Y1= 820.23 – 17.83 X3 – 0.166 X7 + 0.339 X8 – 0.031 X2
(R2=0.98) ………(1)
X3 = Population Density (Person/ha)
X7 = The distance of Village’s Centroid to Collector Road (km)
X8 = The distance of Village’s Centroid to Local Road (km)
X2 = Population Number (Person)
-
-
+
-
Factors that affecting spatial plan
Inconsistencies Polygon (Y2)
Ln Y2= 0.88 + 5.13 D5 - 0.35 ln X3 (R2=0.99) ……(1)
D5 = Residential Villages
X3 = Population Density (Person/ha)
+
-
Ln Y2= 8.04 + 5.61 D7 + 0.62 ln X1 - 1.32 ln X2
(R2=0.99) ………(2)
D7 = Dry Field Farming
X1 = Village’s Ares (ha)
X2 = Population Density (Person/ha)
+
+
-
Factors that affecting percentage of
spatial plan inconsistencies area (Y3)
Ln Y3= 14.88 + 3.51 D5 - 1.63 ln X2 + 1.09 D1 + 0.21 ln X6
(R2=0.98) ……(1)
D5 = Residential Villages
X2 = Population Density (Person/ha)
D1 = The Emplacement or Other Buildings
X6 = Percentage of Poor Families (%)
-
+
+
+
Ln Y3= 2.80 + 3.63 D7 - 0.54 ln X1 + 0.81 D4
(R2=0.96) ………(2)
D7 = Dry Field Farming
X1 = Village’s Ares (ha)
D4 = Real Estate
+
+
-
Factors that affecting percentage of
Conservatory inconsistencies area (Y4)
Ln Y4= 3.05 + 3.83 D2 - 0.38 ln X9 (R2=0.98) ……(1)
D2 = Community Forest or Mixed Garden
X9 = The distance of Village’s Centroid to The Path (km) -
+
Summary of Reggression model Result :
The factors affecting inconsitency
Inconsistency tend to occur in less access
areas (less density area, far from the street and
subdistrict administration)
Inconsistency of spatial plan was not as only as
impact of proverty, but it is more influenced
high class society (such as villas or real estate)
and due to land utilization conflict which
involve corporations (tea plantation and real
estate)
Closing (1)
Technically, environment degradation in Java
dan escpecially Jabodetabek is caused by
decreasing of carrying capacity.
Carrying capacity has been decreasing due to
the inconsistency of spatial functions of
agricultural and protection areas
The most dominant spatial plan inconsistency
in Jabodetabek areas are taken place in forest
area and agriculture plantation areas
Closing (2)
The Inconsistency of spatial use in Puncak are not
solely as an impact of proverty (land “hungry” poor
people) but more as impact to the “greedy” of elite
society, corporations and inter-governmental
conflicts.
The significant inter-governmental conflicts are
located at forestry and plantation areas that belong
to central government authority.
Closing (3)
Regional Planning system should be supported by
strong and effective Controlling system.
The usage of Spatial Data (map, satellite image, etc)
and geospatial technology could support more
efficient and effective approach on spatial planning
system.