THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Before the Industrial Revolution

• Rural (agriculture-based) economy

• Cottage system of production

• Inefficient Agriculture (example: common pastures, three field (open field) system)

Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION(1) Acceptance of new crops (potatoes

and maize across Europe)

(2) Crop rotation (the four field system: wheat, turnips, oats/barley, clover)

(3) The Enclosure Movement (improved soil and livestock; displaced poor peasants – formally-The Enclosure Act of 1801)

(4) Technological innovations and agricultural propaganda (1793 – Arthur Young and the Board of Agriculture)

“Prosperity under Farmer King George III”

The Agricultural Revolution (cont.)The Enclosure Movement

Agricultural Innovations:

Robert Bakewell – Jethro Tull’s

Stock (selective) Breeding Seed Drill

Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs)

1710 28 370

1795 80 800

Causes of the Industrial Revolution – POPULATION GROWTH

• Why?(1)Better resistance

to diseases

(2) New crops

(3) More reliable food supply

(4) Young population (in early 19th century, 40% in England - under age of 15)

Causes of Agricultural Revolution Technological Changes in the 18th century

• Spirit of innovation (scientific agriculture and less resistance to technology from urban guilds

• Josiah Wedgewood – division of labor and pottery – from 1700s

• Matthew Boulton’s Factory with Steam Engine - 1762

Technological Innovations: Steam Engine

• Thomas Newcomen (1705) – first modern steam engine

• James Watt (1763) – improvement on the original engine (partnership with Boulton and application in factories and Fulton’s steamship Claremont (1807))

Technological Innovations in Textile (Cotton) Industry

• First industry to go through mechanization/industrialization

• Series of inventions reduced labor costs- John Kay’s “Flying

Shuttle” (1733)

- Richard Arkwright’s “Water Frame” (1771)

- James Hargreaves’ “Spinning Jenny” (1778)

- Samuel Crompton’s “Mule” (1779)

The Spinning Jenny

Machine’s installed in mills close to water sources. Women had to leave homes to work in mills (factories)

Innovations in other Industries:• The Iron Industry (from

Abraham Darby’s bridge (1779) to the Crystal Palace (1851))

• Transportation

- Railroads (Stephenson’s

Rocket – 1820’s and 1830s)

- Steamboats and ships

(1838 Transatlantic Steamship

race)

• Communication(Electric Telegraph -1830s)

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

• Diverse economy- Export – oriented- Colonies = sources of raw materials /

markets for finished goods- Unified internal market

• Natural resources and advantages of physical geography- Large deposits of coal and iron- Navigable rivers and coastline (canals!)- Island = natural protection against invasion/wars

• Strong navy and the largest merchant marine

• Government responsive to business- More “fluid” society - Constitutional protections of private property

Changes in Social Patterns:• Urbanization

• Improved connection between rural and urban areas (roads, canals, etc.)

• Increase in lower class women’s and child’s labor

• Formation of new social classes – urban working class (proletariat) and the new middle class

• “Cult of domesticity”

“Culture” of the Industrial Factory Production

• Rigid discipline (shifts/reg.hours)

• New values (influenced by Methodism and middle class work ethic)

Urbanization: Living and Working Conditions

• Uneven distribution of benefits from industrialization (middle class ; urban working class )

• “Places of work” – unhealthy conditions

• Working class housing – overcrowding = unsanitary!

New Social Classes• Bourgeoisie *Industrial

Entrepreneurs

*Urban professionals

*Small business

owners and

managers

• Proletariat*Urban factory

workers / poor

*Shared experience

of exploitation

*Expanded with

urbanization

Reform Efforts• Edwin Chadwick and

Robert Owen

• The Poor Law Commission

• Legislation of the 1830s-40s

*The Factory Act of 1833

*The Poor Law Act of 1834

*The Coal Mines Act of 1842

*The Public Health Act of 1849

Edwin Chadwick Robert Owen

Economic and Political “Isms” – Responses to the Industrial Revolution:

• Laissez faire (Capitalism)

• Luddism• Chartism

• Utilitarianism

• Utopian socialism

• Scientific socialism ----- (communism)

Industrialization on the Continent

• Belgium, N.France and German states

• Lagged behind Britain

• British tech. expertise

• Active gov’t involvement

• Joint-stock investment banks

Economic Liberalism vs. National Interests

• Adam Smith vs. Friedrich List

• Free trade vs. Government

intervention (tariffs)

• List’s theory: Three stages

1). Free trade (esp. with

industrialized countries)

2). Protectionism

3). Free trade

Impact of Industrialization on Non-Western World

• The revolution spread from England to the rest of Western Europe and, eventually, the United States

• Western powers projected their industrial dominance on non-Western societies through economic domination and military interference

Is the Industrial Revolution over?

Work Cited:• Slide 1: http://mhslibrary.org/Teacher%20Projects/Teacher%20Projects/Social%20Studies/D%27Acquisto/Industrial%20Revolution/progress.jpg

http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg• Slide 2: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1- vEOICRwA/TIgR3d8y3qI/AAAAAAAACs0/6fZo2foigu4/s1600/spinning+shop.jpg

http://adminstaff.vassar.edu/sttaylor/FAMINE/PT/cottage2.jpg• Slide 3: http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/agriculture/agriculture/history/graphics/1700.gif

http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/browser.php?m=objects&kv=65303&i=122795• Slide 4: http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/be83d73d2626451f816016965357fa88_1M.png

http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/images/episode/b00b1m9b_640_360.jpg• Slide 5: http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1899/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1899-3198.jpg

http://irinventions.biss.wikispaces.net/file/view/An_English_farmer_plants_his_fields_in_the_early_1700s_using_a_seed_drill..png/234866676/508x219/An_English_farmer_plants_his_fields_in_the_early_1700s_using_a_seed_drill..png

• Slide 6: http://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/worldpopulationgrowth2%5B1%5D.gif/178496593/worldpopulationgrowth2%5B1%5D.gif

• Slide 7: http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/watt02.htmhttp://www.thepotteries.org/works/burslem/brick_house.jpg

• Slide 8: http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/images/2008/01/30/thomas_newcomen_engine_lead_203x152.jpghttp://pioneros.puj.edu.co/biografias/img/thomas%20newcomen.jpghttp://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_10_img0714.jpghttp://www.cottontimes.co.uk/watto.htm

• Slide 9: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/010.html• Slide 10: http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/images/grafics/nonani/stephenson_rocket_big.gif

http://www.jimwegryn.com/Names/Ships/greatwestern.jpg• Slide 11: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FaidyrQJzCI/TpwledViZDI/AAAAAAAAAFc/f1-SehPULww/s400/Untitled.jpg• Slide 12: http://science.jrank.org/article_images/ep201102/science/science3574.jpg

http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~moyer/GEOS24705/Images/ChildrenSpinning.jpg • Slide 13: http://iwcmediaecology.pbworks.com/f/1228259284/LudditesSmashingLoomLarge-757004.jpg

http://pier88.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/capitalisms_pyramid.jpghttp://www.google.com/imgres?

q=karl+marx&num=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&gbv=2&biw=1268&bih=628&tbm=isch&tbnid=2mojWAeQRKO7AM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx&docid=yShKn8aOXxIbKM&itg=1&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Marx_color2.jpg/110px-Marx_color2.jpg&w=110&h=141&ei=K5tHT-ndLcre0gGpyvH5DQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=584&vpy=195&dur=51&hovh=112&hovw=88&tx=86&ty=50&sig=112143469369497069947&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=112&tbnw=88&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0

• Slide 14: http://pier88.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/capitalisms_pyramid.jpg

http://quicktake.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/british-cartoon-on-opium.jpg?w=720