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The Islamic university - Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department Principles of foundation engineering Eng. Safaa Abu El-Aish

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The Islamic university - Gaza. Faculty of Engineering. Civil Engineering Department. Principles of foundation engineering. Eng. Safaa Abu El-Aish . IMPORTANT THINGS. Attend the lecture. Time ,Record ,class. Mobile . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Islamic university - Gaza

The Islamic university - GazaFaculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

Principles of foundation engineering

Eng. Safaa Abu El-Aish

Page 2: The Islamic university - Gaza

Attend the lecture.Time ,Record ,class. 

IMPORTANT THINGS

Mobile. 

Page 3: The Islamic university - Gaza

Foundation Engineering ECIV 4352

Lecture No. (1)

Geotechnical Properties of Soil

SWT

SwaSVT

WWWVVVVVV

Phases of soil:There are various relations for soil properties can be derived as follow:

Important relations:

Phase Diagram of soil element:

Page 4: The Islamic university - Gaza
Page 5: The Islamic university - Gaza

QUASTION

Page 6: The Islamic university - Gaza

Atterberg limits:كبيرة بنسبة الماء فوجود التربة، خصائص تغيير في كبير أثر لها التربة في الماء تواجد نسبة

من حاالت بعدة التربة تمر النسبة هذه بتقليل و السائلة، بالحالة شبيهة بحالة التربة يجعل

تحول تحكم معينة معايير أتربيرج العالم وضع المنطلق هذا ومن وهكذا، الصالبة إلى اللدونة

بـ يعرف فيما حالة إلى حالة من : التربة

Page 7: The Islamic university - Gaza

Hydraulic conductivity of soil:The hydraulic conductivity of soil is related to permeability of soil which has a coefficient called

permeability coefficient measured by (cm/sec) and denoted by (k).

For sandy soil the value of (k) is relatively high to the clayey soils.

In the laboratory we have two types of tests to determine (k):

•Constant head test for sandy soil.

•Falling head test for clay.

Page 8: The Islamic university - Gaza

Concept of effective stress:التربة فراغات بين الماء األحمال، هذه بتحمل يقوموا جزأين هناك فإن لألحمال التربة تعرض عند . يحصل التربة على الحمل تأثير على معين وقت مرور بعد لكن ذاتها التربة حبيبات إلى باإلضافة

اإلجهادات معرفة علينا يتوجب ولذا األحمال، هذه تقاوم وحدها التربة حبيبات فتبقى للماء تسريببـ يعرف ما وهو التربة حبيبات أي التربة من فقط الصلب الجزء يتحملها :التي

Soil Effective Stress

Page 9: The Islamic university - Gaza

Settlement:There are 3 types of settlements on soil, the two main types are:

1.Immediate settlement.

2.Primary consolidation settlement.

immediate settlement:The settlement that occurs immediately after applying the loads on the soil.

r).rectangulaor (circular shape the

also and rigid)or (flexible foundation of on type depend tablesfromgiven Factor :. :

0.5)(0 ':circular. it was ifdiameter or foundation theofWidth :

pressure. Applied:.settlement :

.1 2

p

s

e

ps

e

IelasticityofModulusSoilE

ratiosPoissonB

immediateS

IE

BS

Page 10: The Islamic university - Gaza

m1 = Length of Foundation (L) / Width of Foundation (B)

Page 11: The Islamic university - Gaza

consolidation settlement:يبدأ زمن مرور بعد ولكن بالكامل، الحمل يتحمل الماء فإن لألحمال، بالماء المشبعة التربة تعرض عندفتبدأ الفراغات، في الماء و التربة حبيبات بين الحمل فيتوزع التربة حبيبات بين من بالتسرب الماءالهبوط فيحدث الحبيبات بين من للماء الكامل التسريب يحدث حتى بالتدريج و بالتضاغط التربة حبيبات. للتربة كامل بشكل االنضغاطيAccording to consolidation, soil can be classified to two types:•Normal consolidation:

Present pressure=Past pressure.

pressure. vertical:

stress). (effective pressure burnedOver :

ratio. void:on.considratiunder layer of Thickness:

10) - 0.009(LL index n Compressio:

log1

'

'

'

''

Added

InitialeHC

eHC

S

o

o

c

o

o

o

cC

Page 12: The Islamic university - Gaza

•Over consolidation:

Past pressure > Present pressure.

'

''

log1 o

o

oC e

CsHS

 <=    c  'o

edConsolidatOver

edConsolidatNormalOCR

o

c

1

1

'

'

12

21

loglog

ee

CC cS CC

101

51

OCR: Over Consolidation Ratio.

Page 13: The Islamic university - Gaza

tHT

C drvv

2

vwV m

kC

2,

11001

10

eee

e

ee

m avgavg

v

Time rate of consolidation:

t: The required time to reach a specific degree of consolidation.Hdr: Height of drainage.Cv: Coefficient of consolidation.To find Cv:

K: Permeability coefficient.mv: Coefficient of volume compressibility.

To find Tv: Look Table 10.5 P293Or from equations:

%60%100log933.0781.1

%600100

%4

2

UU

UU

TV

Page 14: The Islamic university - Gaza

A soil profile as shown, the pre-consolidation of the clay is 3400 psf. 

Estimate the primary consolidation settlement that will take place as the 

result of surcharge equal 2200 psf.

Assume Cs= CC51

Example:

pcfe

G wsdry 35.103

6.014.6265.2

1

pcfeeG ws

sat 75.1266.01

4.626.065.21

Solution•Find the unit weights of the 

soil layers:

•For dry sand:

For saturated sand:For saturated clay:e = 2.7 x 0.3 = 0.81

Page 15: The Islamic university - Gaza

pcfeeG ws

sat 12181.01

4.6281.065.21

psfo 19704.621212

104.6275.1261035.10310'

psfo 417022001970'' psfc 3400'

)4170()3400()1970( '''' oco

inftS

eHC

eHC

S

C

c

o

o

C

o

c

o

SC

03.2169.034004170log

81.0110225.0

19703400log

81.0110045.0

log1

log1 '

''

'

'

Find the present effective pressure:

Find Cc and Cs:

Cc = 0.009 ( 35 – 10 ) = 0.225

Cs = Cc / 5 = 0.225 / 5 = 0.045

Page 16: The Islamic university - Gaza

•    Soil  strength  is  the  resistance  to  mass  deformation  developed  from  a combination of particle  rolling,  sliding,  and  crushing  and  is  reduced by any pore pressure that exists or develops during particle movement. 

•   The shear strength is measured in terms of two soil parameters: cohesion "c"   and angle of internal friction "φ“

shear strength

The general equation to calculate the shear strength at failure is coulomb equation:

friction internal of Angle :stress vertical:

cohesion :c

failure.at strength Shear :

tan

f

f c

Page 17: The Islamic university - Gaza

17

By determining the values of                at plane (ab), if it lies at point A, it means that no shear failure will occur at plane (ab), but if it lies at point B it means that it will fail at plane (ab), Point C can’t be achieved because the soil will be failed before it.

&

Page 18: The Islamic university - Gaza

There are many laboratory tests to obtain these parameters, the famous tests are:

• Direct shear test:

Page 19: The Islamic university - Gaza

19

• Triaxial shear test:

Page 20: The Islamic university - Gaza

THE END