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The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center

2004 Thesis

Jarod F. Stanton Mechanical Option

The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center Allentown, Pennsylvania

Architectural Features: ~ 32,000 ft2, Two Story Plus Basement Museum Building ~ Masonry Façade Containing Brick, Bluestone and Concrete ~ 24’ x 28’ x 13.5’ Insulated Glass, Pyramidal Skylight ~ Zinc Cornice on Roof, Concealing the Equipment Well

Structural Features: ^ Standard Steel Framing with Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls\ ^ Steel Stud Backing Behind Masonry Walls ^ Concrete Floor Slabs on Metal Decking Containing Support Draped Mesh with Chairs

Electrical Features: - 42 KA AIC Main Breaker, 1000/3 N-Frame With 160 KA TVSS Which Feeds Both RTU’s, And The Elevator - Dimmable Track Lighting Located In The Galleries And Conference Room - Integrated Video Surveillance/ Door Intercom System And Card Access System For Security Purposes

Mechanical Features: *Two RTU’s & Three AHU’s for 33,800 CFM *19 VAV Boxes (Heating Only) *Two 238 MBH Steam Generators *Two 2000 MBH Boilers for the Hot Water Piping Serving Two Duct Coils, VAV Boxes, Tube and Panel Radiators, Fan Coil Unit, and the AHU’s *One 60 ton chiller

Project Information: > Estimated Project Cost of $5.7 Million, With A New Estimate Forming As The Project is Being Bid Upon > Proposed Fast Track Delivery Method > Only Bidding (Invitation Only) For Site, Foundation And The Steel Package Has Taken Place

Owner/Occupant: The Lehigh County Historical Society Architect: RCG Inc., Architects

Engineer (Civil, Structural, MEP): Barry Isett and Associates, Inc. Construction Management: Alvin H. Butz, Inc.

Jarod F. Stanton Mechanical Option www.arche.psu.edu/thesis/2004/jfs73


Allentown, Pennsylvania

Jarod F. Stanton The Pennsylvania State University Mechanical Option Architectural Engineering

Table Of Contents

Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction Background / Site………………………………………………………………………. 2 Existing Conditions Architecture……………………………………………………………………………... 3 Structural………………………………………………………………………………... 5 Electrical/Lighting……………………………………………………………………… 6 Mechanical………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Depth Study DOAS System …………………………………………………………………………... 9 Breadth Study Structural Analysis of mechanical equipment on roof…………………………………. 13 Construction Management EPS formwork…………………………………………………………………... 17 Smart Windows…………………………………………………………………. 19 Cooling Tower Study…………………………………………………………… 23 Summary and Conclusions…………………………………………………………………… 25 References……………………………………………………………………………………. 26 Credits/Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….......... 27 Appendices Appendix A: Mechanical Appendix B: Structural




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Executive Summary

The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center is being constructed in Allentown,

Pennsylvania. The 32,000 ft2 museum will contain a mixture of spaces with many uses.

Some spaces include an orientation room, a library, two art galleries, a large open lobby

and a school program room. A redesign of the mechanical system has been conducted for

the depth study and numerous energy analysis simulations have been performed to

determine if a dedicated outdoor air system with parallel fan coil units will save on energy

consumption as well as provide each space with the correct ventilation air requirements

established by ASHRAE Std. 62-2001. A new ventilation air unit with energy recovery

replaced the existing roof top units and air handling units. New equipment has been

selected for the chiller, boilers, steam generators and VAV boxes. A cost analysis has

been made with the 2003 RS Means Mechanical Cost Data to determine an equipment cost

savings of $72,500.

A structural breadth was performed for a small area located on the roof. The steel

framing of the equipment well on the roof that houses the new outdoor air energy recovery

unit and condensing unit has been resized and a cost savings estimate of approximately

$1,290 has been calculated based on the reduction of the beam and girder sizes.

Feasibility studies have been made on EPS concrete insulating forms for the

basement walls, electrochromic windows for electrical cost reductions through reduced

artificial lighting, and the evaluation of replacing the air cooled chiller with a cooling

tower. None of the studies have shown any favor to any of these items to the Heritage

Center, but the electrochromic windows will be a large item on the automated building

controls scheme in the future and will hopefully reduce electricity consumption from

artificial lighting.

Introduction To:




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Background / site

The Lehigh County Historical Society has been collecting artifacts of the Lehigh Valley since times as early as 1904. Since then over 30,000 historic artifacts have been obtained, including items such as tools, clothes, pictures, artwork, books, products, family documents, newspapers, maps, records of social event and buildings. The Lehigh County Historical Society provides exhibits, literature and educational programs to inform visitors about the history and development of the Lehigh Valley. The Lehigh County Historical Society is based in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The “Old Courthouse”, located on Hamilton and 5th Street, contains the offices of the Lehigh Valley Historical Society. Other historical sites that the Lehigh Valley Historical Society has helped maintain are the George Taylor House, Trout Hall, Troxell-Steckel House and Farm Museum, Haines Mill Museum, Claussville School, Lock Ridge Furnace Museum and the Saylor Park Cement Kilns. Another building that contains a large archive of the Lehigh Valley’s heritage is the Scott Andrew Trexler II Memorial Library. The Lehigh County Historical Society decided to build a new building to house more artifacts and offices. The new building, named The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center, will be constructed on an existing plot where Trout Hall is located, on Walnut and South Penn Streets. The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center will be a 32,000 ft2 multi-space building. This two story, plus basement structure will contain offices, a conference room, a school program room, an orientation room, galleries, storage space, a museum shop, library, and a large, open lobby at the entrance. The building will not only serve as a “visitor’s center”, to welcome and inform guests visiting the Lehigh Valley, but also as a research and learning center to residents of the Lehigh Valley. Although the Lehigh Valley Heritage Center won’t be a historic building anytime soon, the historic information contained inside the building will take people through time, from the inhabitance of the Lenni Lenape Native American tribe to the arrival of the settlers to the industrial revolution era and finally, to the modern day Lehigh Valley.

Existing Conditions:




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Architecture

The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center will serve as a collector for artifacts of the Lehigh Valley. The 32,000 ft2 building is currently being constructed at the corner of Walnut and South Penn Streets. The building will be two stories tall with a basement. A portion of the basement wall will be exposed on the south and west façade of the building. The building materials of the façade will be poured in place concrete for the basement, face brick, ground face CMU block and bluestone for the first and second floor walls and a zinc cornice around the roof. The northeast corner of the building will serve as the main entrance and is designed as a large, open lobby with plenty of windows spanning the walls as well as a pyramidal skylight above. The spaces inside the Heritage Center are of mixed purposes, as the building is designed to hold more than just artifacts. The building footprint is 12,310 ft2 yet the basement is only 8,345 ft2. The northern area of the building containing the reading room and workroom areas is slab on grade construction. The basement contains three storage rooms, two mechanical rooms and corridor space. The loading dock/receiving area is located off of the sidewalk level on the south façade, which is between the basement and first floor. A south entrance to the building is also located off of the sidewalk elevation. This entrance leads to a small vestibule where the elevator and a set of stairs are located.

The first floor contains an orientation room where presentations will be given through various media, an archive storage room, a reading room/library (in conjunction with the archive storage), a workroom for preparing artifacts, a museum shop, restrooms and the lobby.

The second floor contains twelve offices (including the director’s office), a volunteer

room, work stations, two galleries, a school program room (for children visiting on field trips), restrooms, a copy room, a processing room, a conference room and a balcony above the lobby. The area containing the two galleries and lobby has a higher roof structure than does the rest of the building. The galleries have an open ceiling, exposing the open

Figure 1. Walnut Street (North) Elevation, courtesy of The Lehigh County Historical Society




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web steel trusses and supporting girders, instead of the standard suspended acoustical tile located throughout the rest of the building. The difference in height of the two roofs is eight feet. This multi-functional building contains a variety of spaces, as discussed, which provides a challenge for engineering the building.

A cornice wraps around the lower ceiling height and is made of copper. A cornice

also wraps around the upper roof, but is made of zinc. A large glass pyramid is located on the upper roof, above the lobby. The pyramid is approximately 28’ wide by 32’ long and is 17’ above the upper roof elevation. Elevations of the building from the north, south and west are given below in Figures 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 2. Hickory Street (South) Elevation, courtesy of the

Lehigh County Historical Society

Figure 3. Penn Street (West) Elevation, courtesy of The Lehigh County Historical Society




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Structural

The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center contains a steel skeleton. The steel framed building sits on piers, connected to the footings in the foundation walls of the basement. The basement walls are 16” thick around the perimeter of the building to withstand a 5,000 psf soil bearing pressure. Pilasters are located around the perimeter, which contain steel columns supported on the piers. The basement walls are 17 ½’ tall. The northern and eastern walls are underground, while the western and southern walls are partially exposed. Depth of the footings varies around the building, as because of the excavated and unexcavated areas of the basement. The footings are stepped as they approach the excavated area of the basement, lowering them as much as 11’. The walls of the façade of the building are reinforced, shear masonry walls. The walls will consist of face brick, crushed face CMU block, and concrete. The floor to floor height from the first to second floor is 16’, while the floor to roof height of the second floor varies between 12’-4” and 20’-4”. Behind the exterior walls are steel studs on which gypsum board is attached. The basement flooring will consist of 6” poured concrete containing 44 W4.0 x W4.0 welded wire fabric. The first and second floors will consist of 5” poured concrete, containing 66 W2.9 x W2.9 welded wire fabric, on a 22 gauge composite galvanized metal deck. In the museum shop and restrooms on the first floor, the slab is 7” thick. The roof framing is made of girders, beams and open web steel trusses. Metal decking with board insulation and built up roofing will sit on the structural members. A cornice wraps around the perimeter of the building on both the lower and upper roof. Some mechanical equipment is contained on the roof, in equipment well. The equipment well is located on the south western area of the roof, butting up against the higher roof structure of the main gallery. These units sit on dunnage, which is a support system that sits above the roof elevation. The dunnage transfers the weight of the units from its support system to the columns supporting the roof structure. The roof structure consisting of the metal decking and built up roofing have negligible structural integrity. The walls of the well are composed of rectangular hollow structural steel, mainly HSS 6” x 8 ¼”. The façade consists of a zinc cornice, open at the bottom 4’ of the western wall.




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Electrical/lighting

The Heritage Center contains many types of lighting, inside the building and outside. Outside fixtures include bollard metal halide, in-wall light, wall sconce metal halide, in-ground well light, architectural wall light and area cutoff for the parking area. The majority of the lighting is concentrated on the concrete terrace, located on the eastern side of the building, outside the lobby. Lights also span the southern façade of the building to illuminate the sidewalk and parking area. Interior lighting fixtures are mainly fluorescent fixtures, recessed in the suspended ceiling. Downlights are found in the corridor surrounding the lobby, the orientation room, stairwells, bathrooms, conference room and in the galleries. Tracks are placed in the galleries, but no fixtures are assigned to them, a note on the drawings indicates the owner decides the type of lighting that will go on the track the positions that they will face. Dimmable lights are specified in the galleries as well as the conference room. The lighting can be remotely controlled by radio signals or by touch panels located on the walls. Lutron is the specified company that will provide the controls for dimming capabilities. Electricity to the building is supplied by PP&L Co. A transformer is located in vault located on the southwest corner of the building. The secondary feeders from the transformer are routed in mechanical room 006 in the basement where they are attached to a switch gear. The switch gear contains a 42KA AIC Main Breaker. Several wires are run from the switch gear to the roof top units, the elevator, power panels, lighting panels and mechanical panels. These wires carry 277/480V 3 phase power. Another transformer (150 KVA 480delta stepdown) is located after the switch gear and distributes 208Y/120V to the rest of the power and light panels. The entire building contains 11 panel boards, including the main distribution panel. The building fire alarm and detection system is also served by the power distribution equipment. The system contains smoke detectors, heat detectors, duct detectors, pull stations and strobe lights, with and without horns, which are all connected to a fire alarm control panel and the building control system. The building also contains an integrated security system with cameras, card access readers, door contact sensors, motion detectors and break glass sensors.




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Mechanical

Because the building has different spaces located within it, there isn’t just one mechanical system. The basement contains two mechanical rooms, mechanical room 006, located on the southern area of the basement, and mechanical room 003, located adjacent to and north of mechanical room 006. Mechanical room 006 contains a 60 ton air cooled chiller, two 149 gpm circulating pumps for the chiller, a 3,055 cfm air handling unit (AHU-3, containing HW and CHW coils) and a 4,200 cfm relief air fan connected to a motorized louver (30”x72”x6”). Mechanical room 003 contains two 238 MBH steam generators (gas fired), a 11,993 cfm air handling unit (AHU-1), a 4,214 cfm air handling unit (AHU-2) and two 2,000 MBH gas fired boilers. The boilers are located in an enclosed room within mechanical room 003 because of code dealing with explosion containment and egress from the space. The room also contains several pumps for the boilers (two 135 gpm boiler pumps, one 125 gpm primary loop pump, one 35 gpm pump for VAV boxes, one 8 gpm pump for panel radiators located in the lobby and stairwell 001 and one 4 gpm pump for the baseboard units located in the loading dock, reading room, directors office and south vestibule). The basement also contains two outdoor air intake fans for the steam generators and boilers (combustion air), one 1,668 cfm fan for the boilers and one 208 cfm fan for the steam generators. The steam generators and boilers are direct vent equipment. The vents travel up the mechanical shaft to the roof, which is approximately 53 ft above the basement floor. The steam generators serve air handling units one and two, located in the same room. This is because of the humidity control in the storage and gallery spaces that must be maintained. The owner specified that the spaces be within 5%+/- of a 45% relative humidity design condition. The Archival Storage, Museum Collections Storage and Negative Storage rooms all require a climate consisting of forty-five percent relative humidity (+/- five percent) at sixty five degrees Fahrenheit (+/- five degrees) dry bulb temperature. The Galleries, Reading Room, Archival Processing and Collections Processing rooms all require a climate of forty-five percent relative humidity (+/- five percent) at seventy to seventy-five degrees Fahrenheit dry bulb temperature.

AHU-1 is located in the basement mechanical room, with its’ outdoor air being supplied by a fan and corresponding ductwork from the roof. AHU-1 serves the basement as well as spaces on the first floor such as the reading room, archive storage and the archivist’s office and workroom. AHU-2 serves the two galleries on the second floor. AHU-3 serves the orientation room, museum shop and restrooms on the first floor. AHU-1 and AHU-3 both supply air to VAV boxes (HW heating) located in each of their corresponding zones.

VAV boxes are located throughout the building each one serving a zone within the

building. The VAV boxes are used as primary heating elements for the air supplied to




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each zone. Hot water coils are used in the boxes to heat the air. The VAV boxes are not fan powered, but do have a small transformer on them to step down the voltage to modulate the damper. There are a total of nineteen VAV boxes, all with hot water coils. Located in the lobby, an electric unit heater serves the vestibule at the entrance.

A fan coil unit is located in the loading dock to condition the air. No outdoor air is

supplied to the space, because an assumption was made that when people were located in that space, the overhead door would be open when loading/unloading artifacts. The fan coil unit is a four pipe unit. Exhaust fans are located in bathrooms and are on a switch control, which prevents the fans from operating all day.

Located on the roof are two 30 ton condensing units, one 8,280 cfm packaged DX

roof top unit (RTU-1), one 6,209 cfm packaged DX roof top unit (RTU-2) and one 5,253 cfm outdoor air intake fan. The condensing units each have four fans to cool the refrigerant being pumped from the chiller located in the basement. Because the roof top units are packaged DX units, they only have cooling capacities. One hot water duct coil located in the supply ductwork directly below each unit heats the air as it enters the building. The larger duct coil, corresponding to RTU-1, has a capacity of 330 MBH while duct coil 2, corresponding to RTU-2, has a capacity of 126 MBH. The condensing units and both roof top units are located within the equipment well. The outdoor air intake fan is located on the higher roof located 24’ east of the mechanical shaft because of the exhaust flues from the boilers and steam generators as well as the exhaust fan located above the mechanical shaft, adjacent to the flues.

Depth Study:




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Doas Design

DOAS stands for dedicated outdoor air systems. This type of system addresses the issue of supplying the correct ventilation air requirements to each space in a building/zone. DOAS contains two parallel working systems. One system handles the distribution of ventilation air to the spaces as well as the total latent loads in the spaces, which also satisfies some of the sensible loads in the spaces. The parallel system only needs to satisfy the remaining sensible loads in the spaces. The separate conditioning of the sensible and latent loads is called decoupling. The parallel system may be a parallel all air VAV system, packaged unitary water source heat pumps, fan coil units, packaged unitary equipment or radiant ceiling panels.

Table 2 of ASHRAE Std. 62-2001 contains outdoor air ventilation requirements for a variety of rooms in different facilities. Table 2 contains an estimated maximum occupancy for spaces, outdoor air ventilation requirements (based on occupancy or area) and exhaust rates for bathrooms and other special processes. The ventilation rates are based on human comfort. Humans generate carbon dioxide, which unless ventilated, can cause discomfort to humans due to odors. The standard is based on keeping carbon dioxide levels less than 700 ppm above outdoor air conditions.

ASHRAE Std. 90.1-2001 also affects DOAS. ASHRAE Std. 90.1-2001 requires that

“Individual fan systems that have both a design supply air capacity of 5,000 cfm or greater and have a minimum outside air supply of 70% or greater of the design supply air quantity shall have an energy recovery system with at least 50% recovery effectiveness.” This means that any DOAS above 5,000 cfm will be required to have an energy recovery device (enthalpy wheel). The standard also addresses the requirement that reheat is not allowed because of the humidity control incorporated with the unit to satisfy the latent load. Because of this requirement, a sensible wheel can be used for “free” heating.

The reason for choosing a DOAS for the Lehigh Valley Heritage Center was because

of the VAV boxes located throughout the building. VAV boxes are poor humidity controllers and outdoor air distributors. Recirculated air mixes with outdoor air to be supplied to the spaces. This means a certain fraction of that supply air is outdoor air. When the boxes throttle down to the minimum setting, a small amount of air is distributed to the room. This small amount of air has the same percentage of outdoor air mixed in with it when it was traveling down the main duct, but because its volume was reduced entering the space so was the amount of outdoor air mixed with it. This makes it very hard for engineers to ensure the proper amount of outdoor air for a space. ASHRAE Std. 62-2001 contains the multiple spaces equation, which calculates the amount of air needed to be supplied to the critical space to ensure proper ventilation requirements. The volume of air is usually increased which means that all other spaces are receiving more air than needed, adding to the coiling coil load on the main air handling unit. The same principle relates to the humidity control in the spaces. As the boxes throttle down,




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humidity control is lost due to the inadequacy of the lower volume supply air. Because the building will contain artwork and artifacts, humidity control is an important factor in preserving the materials being stored within the building.

To simulate The Lehigh Valley Heritage Center with a DOAS system, the Carrier

HAP v4.2 energy and building simulation program was used. The existing file from last semester’s evaluation was imported and refined with new utility rates for both gas and electric. The electric utility rate is based on a GS-3 service from PP&L Co. This service includes demand charges and step functions for the electric rate. The gas is supplied by UGI and that rate changed as well. An overhang was added to the exterior of the lobby that was missed in the first calculation. The total operating cost of the building was $33,401, which came out to be $1.39/ft2.

In order to simulate a DOAS in HAP, all air handling units were turned into

ventilation units. The terminal (parallel) units were chosen to be four pipe fan coil units since both hot and chilled water were existent in the building. A common ventilation system was chosen on the general tab of the air distribution systems.

Under the ventilation system components tab, a constant airflow for the ventilation air was chosen because the ventilation system only needs to supply the outdoor air requirement for the spaces. The ventilation sizing method was chosen to be the sum of the space outdoor air flows, which will provide the cfm necessary for the ventilation unit. Ventilation reclaim simulates the enthalpy wheel on the ventilation unit. The enthalpy wheel does both sensible and latent heat transfer. Its efficiency was guessed at 80% as well was the power input at 0.8 kW. The coiling coil was arbitrarily chosen at 45 degrees F, which will be modulated to determine the most feasible operating point. The coil bypass factor was left set at 0.1. Chilled water will be providing the cooling through the coils. The heating coil was checked, even though ASHRAE Std. 90.1 does not allow it; it

Component Heritage Center

($)Air System Fans 4,717

Cooling 2,477

Heating 4,638

Pumps 1,404

Cooling Tower Fans 0

HVAC Sub-Total 13,236

Lights 12,429

Electric Equipment 695

Misc. Electric 7,042

Misc. Fuel Use 0

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 20,166

Grand Total 33,401

Table 1. Existing Condition Operating Cost




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will be used as a sensible heating wheel. The fuel input for the coil was chosen to be propane, only because no other equipment in the building used propane, so the energy charge could be set to zero to simulate “free” heating. The temperature was set at 55 degrees F and would be modulated with the cooling coil to find an optimum operating point. Humidification was chosen to be a minimum of 40% and would be supplied by a steam generator. The cooling coil would be dehumidifying and the maximum set point was chosen as 50% from the building owner’s requirements for the spaces containing artifacts and artwork. The ventilation units that would be chosen were from Semco and would have ventilation and an exhaust fan. Both fans were arbitrarily chosen as forward curve at 2.0 in w.g. with an efficiency of 54%. The duct system would have a return air plenum with 5% heat gain from the walls, 68% heat gain from the ceiling and 27% from the lighting equipment.

Under the zone components tab all spaces were made into their own zone during the

testing of the systems and equipment. The thermostat was kept as the same used in the original design last semester. Common data was left alone at the hot water and chilled water temperatures. Terminal units were set on fan coil, but no data was placed in for the fan hp or minimum airflow.

The sizing data and equipment tab were not adjusted in any way. The hot water,

chilled water and steam generator plant were all kept the same as the original design. Systems were analyzed to determine if the loading in the building could be decoupled and at what condition(s) it occurred. After varying the temperatures and input conditions for each system, the zoning needed to be finalized. . All roof top units and air handling units were converted into one ventilation unit while the number of zones was reduced to eighteen. After the zones had been reconfigured a test was conducted to see at which temperature would the lowest operating cost would be. All plant equipment was the same as the existing data and simulations were run at (cc temp/ hc temp) 45/55, 55/55, 60/60, 65/65, and 70/70.

The 70/70 system was the most cost effective system so that was chosen to be the

operating conditions of the DOAS. Next, corresponding equipment could be sized for the zones as well as the main air handling unit. York four pipe fan coil units were chosen for the different zones. The YHBC models were chosen for the majority of the spaces and four




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YHYB models were chosen for the high use spaces, the lobby being one of them. All fan coil units fit in the plenum spaces below the steel joists. A Semco Energy Recovery Unit was chosen for the ventilation system. An EPD-18 model was chosen to satisfy the 41.5 ton load on the cooling coil.

Although the design intentions were to make the fan coil units a sensible only

system, the fan coil units will condense and must be equipped with drain pans and condensate piping.

The entire mechanical system was able to be reduced. A new boiler rated at 750

MBH was selected from Bryan Boilers, the chiller was downsized to a 41.5 ton unit and, accordingly, the air cooled condenser unit on the roof was downsized. A smaller steam generator was selected, 140 MBH max input, while the roof top units, air handling units, VAV boxes, an O/A intake fan, duct heaters and a louver were all able to be removed. The approximate savings of the new system over the old system came out around $72,500. This only accounts for the equipment in Appendix A. Ductwork and piping costs were not included, which would lower the savings.

The new operating cost of the building comes out to be $1.17/ft2, which corresponds

to a savings of $0.22/ft which is $5,280. As well as saving money, mechanical room 006 contains no more equipment, since the new chiller and boiler moved to mechanical room 003. Mechanical room six is 890ft2, which can be utilized as storage for the museum.

Component

LVHC DOAS 45 55($)

LVHC DOAS 55 55($)

LVHC DOAS 60 60($)

LVHC DOAS 65 65 ($)

LVHC DOAS 70 70($)

Air System Fans 3,944 3,993 4,003 4,012 3,988Cooling 8,562 6,062 5,567 5,189 4,956Heating 4,567 3,915 3,053 2,276 1,661Pumps 401 407 402 394 329Cooling Tower Fans 0 0 0 0 0

HVAC Sub-Total 17,474 14,377 13,025 11,871 10,934Lights 13,800 13,982 13,983 13,974 13,855Electric Equipment 715 724 725 724 718Misc. Electric 0 0 0 0 0Misc. Fuel Use 0 0 0 0 0

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 14,515 14,707 14,708 14,698 14,573Grand Total 31,989 29,084 27,733 26,569 25,506

Table 2. Annual Costs for test temperatures of DOAS

Breadth Study:




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Structural

Analysis of the new mechanical equipment on the roof A structural evaluation of the steel framing system supporting the equipment well will be assessed since the mechanical equipment has changed throughout the building. The original equipment well contained the two roof top units and the two condensing units. Since the redesign of the mechanical equipment, all three air handling units and both roof top units were removed and replaced with the EPD-18 Semco Unit. The EPD-18 was placed in the equipment well where the two roof top units had been. The two 30 ton condensing units were also downsized into one 42.5 ton unit. This McQuay condensing unit was also proposed to be placed in the same area as the existing condensing units. Because new equipment is being installed in a confined space, serviceability and spacing requirements must be taken into account before evaluating the support system. If this was not checked, valuable time and money could be wasted after a redesign of the steel was undertaken if afterwards it was found out that there was not enough clearance around the equipment for proper operation or maintenance. The manufacturer of the equipment has spacing and clearance requirements for operability.

The condensing unit requires a minimum of 4’ clearance from each side for serviceability. The condensing unit will be placed in the center of the area utilized by the existing units. This area is approximately 24’ wide by 20’ long; the 24’ dimension is the width of the equipment well. The unit is 7’-4” wide by 7’-10” long which clearly meets the minimum 4’ clearance distance, when it is placed in the center of the area. Because the unit is inside the equipment well, it must meet another spacing requirement by the manufacturer. The space within the equipment well simulates a pit. Stagnant air can be found in deep pits and circulation problems exist. The unit must not be placed in a pit where the walls are equal to or taller than the unit itself, unless extra space is given along the coil side. The unit is 8’-4” tall, while the equipment well walls are 9’ tall. The minimum requirement for distance from the pit walls is 6 ft. Again, these two requirements are met, as long as the unit is placed centrally in the area designated.

The Semco Energy Recovery Unit will also be placed centrally within its designated

space. The space is approximately 24’ wide by 41’ long. The unit itself is 10’-2” wide, 25’-8” long and 8’-2” in height. The engineering data contains no spacing requirements around the unit, but a general rule of thumb is to have spacing around the unit equal to its width. This is a reasonable assumption, considering the recovery wheels inside span most of the width and would more than likely be pulled out from the side. Placing the unit in the center of the space would leave approximately 7’ wide space running along the length of the unit and 8’ along its width. Although these limitations of space seem against standards, the unit will stay in that designated area for the evaluation of the steel members. One solution to the problem of spacing is to move the unit closer to one wall so that the serviceability requirement can be met on the opposite side.




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Now that the units are set in their designated spaces, an evaluation of the steel

framing system will be undertaken. The comparison of loading on the frame from the mechanical equipment is given below in Table 1. Although the new equipment is double the load of the existing equipment, an analysis will be done to size beam and girder members to withstand the mechanical load, whether it be an increase or reduction in steel. Existing Equipment Operating Weight New Equipment Operating Weight Roof Top Unit One 5,025 lbs Semco Unit EPD-18 17,500 lbs Roof Top Unit Two 2,345 lbs McQuay air cooled

condenser 3,650 lbs

Air cooled condenser 1,585 lbs Air Cooled Condenser 1,585 lbs

Total Weight = 9,113 lbs Total Weight = 21,150 lbs Table 3. Equipment operating weight in the equipment well

The manual of steel construction using LRFD was used in the sizing of the beams and girders. Refer to Appendix B for all calculations and drawings of the structural system for the mechanical well. A distributed area method was undertaken to simplify the design analysis. All loadings on the building were determined before the calculations took place. The roof live load is controlled by snow loading, which is 31 psf. A superimposed dead load was used in this process and was given a value of 25 psf, which includes roofing material, steel members and ductwork/sprinklers. A safety factor of 1.15 was used in the calculation of the dead loads. The equipment well walls were estimated at 30 psf for a screen wall, which is conservative. The walls are composed of hollow structural steel, CMU block and zinc. All beams considered for the analysis were checked for deflection against the factor l/360. There were only three beams which were not analyzed, and they were part of the wall leading up to the higher roof elevation. They could have been resized, but the construction methodology used with the beams is unknown. Two beams are placed side by side along the wall, so there is an uncertainty of the wall’s load distribution on the side by side beams. The beam sizes were able to be reduced, mostly to size W12 X 14. The girders were able to be downsized as well, reducing their weight by a factor of two. Using the new beam and girder sizes, a cost savings calculation was performed. A recent article found on the internet estimated the cost of steel to be $490.00 per ton. After the analysis it was found that the savings based on the cost of steel were approximately $1,290.00. This is not a significant cost savings, but the analysis only focused on a combination of fourteen beams and girders. Please note that only a gravitational analysis was conducted and that seismic and lateral loads were ignored.




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The Semco unit will need to have a standard supply air and return air opening. A vertical discharge and return would not work with the configuration of the beams on the roof. Because the ductwork will discharge horizontally from the unit, it will be exposed to the elements. From section 15250 of the master specifications dealing with insulation, the exterior ductwork should be insulated with elastomeric material. Ductwork should have all butt joints and seams sealed with adhesive. The insulation should be wrapped with glass mesh and have two coats of sealant on it. Elastomeric material is an acrylic material used for waterproofing and sealing purposes. It is usually sprayed on and has a rubbery texture.

A concern about having the equipment on the roof surface is sound distended throughout the building from the vibration of the equipment traveling throughout the beams, columns and structural materials of the building. Some steps to take to reduce noise levels from disturbing the occupants are vibration isolation mounts, concrete pads and acoustical duct liner. Vibration isolation mounts can come in a variety of sizes for different applications of vibration dampening. The units on the roof must have a curb to sit on, but the curb could be mounted on isolation spring mounts. Housed spring mounts can hold up to 30,000 pounds and has lateral movement control. The springs can be adjusted to different loadings for a fail safe design. The housing contains a neoprene snubber which will help absorb the vibrations before they are passed through the housing and into the beams. Another solution to the problem of vibration is concrete or equipment pads on which the equipment is mounted. The large mass of the concrete pads absorb the vibration due to the mass law. The problem with concrete pads is that they have a very high weight, which can affect structural members of the building, depending on where it is located. Equipment pads are made from polyolefin. These pads are extremely lighter than a concrete pad and can be moved with ease from space to space. The equipment pads are weather resistant and can allow pipes to run through it by means of drilling.

Figure 4. Housed Spring Mounting, courtesy of Vibration Isolation




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Acoustical duct liner should be used if noise transmission from the ductwork interferes with adjacent spaces. For the Lehigh Valley Heritage Center, it should be placed in the supply and return ductwork below the unit located on the roof. Acoustical liner must meet requirements for microbial growth, fire resistance, thermal properties and cleaning maintenance. Because the building has return air plenums, any ductwork connecting adjacent spaces shall have acoustic insulation to decrease the sound transmission from one room to the next.




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Construction Management

Research on EPS forms for basement walls

EPS forms are becoming widely used in the construction of residential and commercial buildings. EPS stands for expanded polystyrene, which is a foam-like material with a high resistance to the passage of heat. Its ability to resist heat transfer has led to an R-Value of 20. EPS has been used as early as the 1950’s for building thermal control as insulation. Since then, this remarkable material has made its way into the different areas of construction. Another common name for EPS is bead boards. EPS comes in the form of small beads. These beads are placed in a mold and heated, usually by stem, until they become plastic and take the shape of the mold. The usual molds are block molds after which the forms can be cut using hot wires or basic jobsite tools such as saws. The forms resemble Styrofoam, but release no CFS, formaldehyde or toxic materials.

The forms are very light, easily cut, non-deteriorating, non-rotting and inhibit mold growth and water penetration. The leftover formwork and scrap pieces can be recycled into new forms as well, so waste can be negligible. Not only does EPS serve as a thermal insulator, but also as an acoustic insulator. With an attached ½” drywall, the sound class rating is 48. The forms add to the fire resistance, have a low toxicity smoke development and flame spread. Concrete can be poured at 0 degrees Fahrenheit without special chemicals, since the forms contain the heat of hydration given off as the concrete cures; this also makes the concrete sturdier as it is protected from the elements as it is curing.

Because of the continuous formwork (closed tongue and groove joints), the walls are

airtight, which reduce infiltration. There are several types of formwork made of EPS, all of which depend on the building applicability. Two common types of forms are flat wall forms and waffle grid forms. Flat wall forms are the most commonly used, while the waffle grid forms are an emerging product. The flat wall form is just what the name implies, two flat pieces of EPS, separated by metal ties. The waffle grid form uses the structural integrity of reinforced beams and columns to support loading.

EPS forms are most commonly used for concrete wall construction. Forms are made that are attached together with metal ties that space them from one another. The forms usually have tongue and groove joints so that they can be stacked one on top of the other for fast and easy assembly. Rebar is placed horizontally between forms during assembly and vertically in forms during pouring. There are specific guidelines and instructions for using these forms during construction. Just like the traditional concrete formwork, EPS




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Figure 5, EPS form, courtesy of American Polysteel

forms must be supported by shoring or scaffolding to keep the walls straight during the placing of the concrete. Also, the formwork must be placed straight to ensure structural integrity when constructing a wall from the base. Manufactures have made corner pieces to help speed the process of installation. There is a significant difference in skill level when it comes to traditional concrete forms and EPS. EPS is designed so that less skill is involved in using the forms compared to the traditional concrete forms.

Because of the configuration of concrete, steel and formwork, a traditional vibrator would not effectively compact the concrete. With a simple disk vibrator, one can compact the concrete by placing the disk up against the formwork. Another option includes placing the vibrator on the steal itself and let the vibrations travel down the rebar and into the concrete. It is recommended that the maximum rise of concrete that should be poured in a section is 4 ft/hr. Blowouts don’t usually occur, but if they do, one can cut out the blowout are and replace it.

Various finishes can be attached to the EPS forms by either means of furring strips or gluing. Exterior finishes include paint, stucco, siding and brick while sheet rock is the main interior finish. Towel racks and other small items can be attached directly to the wall by means of anchors.

The purpose of studying this type of wall system was to see a dual outcome from a single analysis. An energy impact and time savings in structural work were the two searched outputs. Information on the internet made the forms out to be a super structure that could better insulate the building, save time on construction, provide acoustical privacy and reduce the amount of concrete used in a typical wall section. Although the first three objectives could be reached, the last was not entirely true. Less concrete certainly does not make the building any more structurally stable. Although the amount of concrete for a certain section of the waffle grid form will be less than the same section of a flat wall form, it does not mean they have the same structural properties.




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In order to determine the appropriateness of this product on the building, some design data was calculated. The basement walls are not supporting the building itself, they are only supporting the earth around the building. The steel columns transfer the building load to the piers on the footings. The design load for soil bearing pressure at this site in Allentown was 5,000 psf. The basement walls could be treated as simply supported beams, and to figure out the maximum moment, one would only have to multiply the soil bearing load with the square of the height of the underground wall and then divide that number by eight. The maximum height of the basement walls is 18 ½’ which generates a maximum moment of 213.9 ft-kip. According to the design manuals, no size form exceeds a 10’ high ceiling. This is not to say that the forms cannot be used for the building. In order for the walls to extend beyond a 10’ height limitation, a horizontal concrete beam must span between pilasters. The beam is integrated into the wall with rebar. The beam acts as a stiffener for the wall to withstand the soil bearing pressure. Unfortunately, no calculations were made as how to size a beam for the basement walls. Attached in the structural appendix is a drawing of such a configuration.

Overall, the feasibility of the EPS forms for the basement walls is less than that of the existing design. The EPS forms have only two benefits during the construction phase. They can be placed much faster than conventional forms and they remain when the concrete has set, unlike the conventional forms which must be stripped from the walls. The cost of the forms is more expensive than traditional building methods. A house built with the EPS forms usually costs 3%-11% more than a house built with 2”x 4” construction methods. The time factor would not make up for the money spent on the forms. Another drawback is that the exposed basement walls on the west and south façade of the building will have to be finished with either brick or stucco, which will add to the cost.

Research on Smart Window Technology

Building lighting loads in buildings account for a large percentage of electricity consumption and heat generation. Being able to utilize natural daylight to illuminate interior spaces would reduce electric loads from fixtures and ballasts that would normally provide lighting. The problem with too much lighting is the amount of fenestration on a buildings envelope. The larger the amount of fenestration, the more sunlight will enter the building, but heat is also incorporated with daylight. Large fenestrations are often associated with heating losses in the winter through the windows to the outside environment. In today’s advanced technological field, many new products and ideas are making their way into testing facilities and buildings. Finding ways to bring sunlight into the building without the large thermal loads and still trying to provide enough light to reduce the energy used by artificial lighting is an ongoing task with many possibilities. Smart windows are being applied to buildings to study the controllability of natural light, artificial light, thermal loads and occupant comfort (visually and thermally). There are a variety of smart windows that all perform the basic approach of privacy and comfort,




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but have very differing technologies associated with them. Photochromatic windows are controlled by sunlight and become cloudy under a bright sky. Thermochromatic windows are controlled by temperature, which will change the color of the material in the window. Electrochromic windows are controlled by an applied voltage, which can darken and lighten the window by reversing polarity. Some other types of technologies used in controlling window appearance are polymer dispersed liquid crystals, suspended particle devices and reflective hydrides. Polymer dispersed liquid crystals have two stages, opaque and clear. It is mainly used for privacy than anything else. PDLC’s contain liquid crystal droplets in a polymer mixture which is contained between two transparent conducting materials. The liquid crystals are randomly scattered throughout the polymer mixture, creating an opaque state, until a voltage is applied across the conducting materials, the crystals align themselves parallel to the electric field and the window becomes clear. While in the opaque state, 99% of the UV rays are prevented from entering the building. The windows consume approximately 5 W/m2. These windows come in a variety of colors and can be applied to mirrors.

Figure 6. PDLC windows, courtesy of HowStuffWorks

Suspended particle devices are light absorbing microscopic particles. When placed

in a liquid suspension film, then placed between two pieces of transparent conductive objects, the particles randomly align themselves and block light from entering the window. When a voltage is applied across the two conductive materials, the particles align themselves parallel with the electric field and the light is able to pass through the window. The amount of power needed to convert these windows is so small, that a residential house with these types of windows would use as much power as a small lamp/light for the day. Once the power is removed the particles realign themselves back to their original state. Electrified variable tint SPD windows have a fairly quick response rate as well as a large switchable durability. These windows can control solar light transmittance between 0.1% and 70%. The average power consumption is less than 5W/ft2.




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Figure 7. SPD window, courtesy of HowStuffWorks

Reflective hydrides are films made of nickel-magnesium alloy, which reflect light.

They are powered either by low voltage or by the injection of hydrogen and oxygen gasses (gas-chromatic technology) which transform the window to a clear state. The difference in these windows is that they reflect light rather than absorb it. Reflecting light is good, but not at neighboring buildings which pick up the thermal load. Obviously, these windows would be used in a non-urban environment.

The type of window proposed to be installed in the Heritage Center is

electrochromic glass manufactured by SAGE Electrochromics, Inc. A ceramic ion conductor is sandwiched between a counter electrode and an electrochromic electrode. These layers are then sandwiched between two transparent conductors which are located on the inside of the glass layers. Multiple layers of ceramic thin films are applied to the glass where it is fired on to ensure a strong, durable window. These windows consume low DC voltage to transfer ions from one layer to another, which in turn, tints the window. Electronic dimmable ballasts can be used to transform AC to DC for the windows. Unlike SPD’s SageGlass cannot become totally opaque, so visibility through the window is never obstructed. Visible light ranges from 4% to 70% through the window at its darkest and lightest stages, respectively. In its clearest stage SageGlass blocks 95% of the UV radiation (99% in its darkest stage), which is helpful in preventing the interior components (furniture, paintings, tapestries, etc.) of the building from fading. The windows can be controlled as a functional parameter; a function of direct/total solar radiation, tonnage, previous space loads or indoor lighting levels. The windows have a “memory” associated with them. Unlike the SPD’s, these windows will maintain tinted once the power source is taken away. Various cases ranged from 12-48 hours until the window went back to its original state. Electrochromic windows have drawbacks as well. During the cold winter months, the windows require a longer time to switch than in the warmer, summer months. Thermal shock is the factor that affects the timing delay. The window is not at the same temperature everywhere, and if switching occurs too fast, the window could crack or




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shatter. The larger the window, the longer the time it takes to fully change coloration. Fading of the window color occurs over time as the window appears more “yellowish” in its clear state (this is due to the hydrated polymers). Even though tinting capabilities seem ideal in the hot summer months, the darkening of the windows increases the absorptive properties. The window temperatures can reach temperatures as high 122 degrees F, which will, in turn, radiate heat into the cooler building. Cost is the biggest drawback of the windows. Currently the windows are, on average, $1,000.00/ft2, which corresponds to the fact that the technology associated with these windows is not well known. If production and demand significantly increase or if utility companies offer rebates or if building codes and regulations require such windows in a building, prices will decrease. An acceptable cost of the windows would be around $100.00/ft2, but even that price is hard to compete with $20.00/ft2 for a typical quality window.

Figure 8. SHGC vs. VT of SageGlass, courtesy of SAGE Electrochromics, Inc.

SageGlass properties U-factor (Center of Glass) 0.33

Air Gap ½” Argon Coating Properties Low-e

Table 4. SageGlass properties obtained from SAGE Electrochromics, Inc.

Several studies and experiments were studied using electrochromatic windows in a

typical office space. The study integrated the electrochromatic window controls with the fluorescent lighting to maintain a set illuminance in the room, monitored by light sensors.




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The electrochromatic windows were actually placed inside of the existing windows in the office, so a thermal analysis could not be conducted. The windows experienced an exponential time change; they reached 50% change in 25% of the total time to change 100%. Because of the exponential character of the window, the windows were not able to keep up with the constantly changing outdoor conditions. The windows averaged 9-26 minutes in changing times, while the outdoor conditions could change in seconds. No control was possible to block direct sun. The ratio of light on the surfaces in the room stayed the same, so the problems with glare on computer screens were not solved (image washout and veiling reflections). Energy savings through lighting were obtained, but as mentioned above, problems were realized. It was determined that electrochromic windows cannot control direct sun and daylighting simultaneously. Other analyses to consider are energy and peak demand costs, effects on mechanical equipment (heating and cooling), environmental effects, human comfort and operation costs.

Aesthetics is another area where electrochromics might not be compatible. Suppose

a large office building has electrochromic windows, each individually controlled. At times, the façade of the building would have different patterns of shaded glass. The most feasible arrangement for any space would be to have several smaller, individually controlled pieces of glass in one window frame. This would allow the windows to darken in the path of the sun and allow indirect light in throughout the rest of the window.

Cooling Tower feasibility

Because the building contains an air cooled chiller, the thought of replacing the air cooled condensers with a cooling tower was considered. Before selecting a tower, a feasibility study was performed. The current design of the Lehigh Valley Heritage Center was made with limitations that could not be exceeded and requirements that needed to be met. The idea of using a cooling tower stemmed from the “free” cooling cycle it could perform. The idea of conserving energy is always a thought to be considered. With the thought of free cooling on the site, a closed type tower was considered. The first step taken in the feasibility approach was the potential location of the tower. The existing condensing units are located on the roof, in the equipment well. Placing a tower on the roof posed several problems. The owner and architect did not want to see any equipment on the roof; therefore the tower must be located within the equipment well on the lower roof. If the tower were to be placed in the equipment well, it would still be seen from the ground level because of its height, approximately 12’, while the well walls are only 9’ tall. Another reason against putting it in the well is the fact that the two roof top units are housed in the equipment well. The fact that the tower is so close to the roof top units (12’) that the exhaust air from the tower could potentially be sucked into the roof top units. The cooling tower could stay, but the roof top units would have to move or have their cooling capacity taken care of by an existing air handler. Another problem is discovered if the tower stays on the roof, and that is the fact that the outdoor air intake fan for the three air handling units is located on the roof. Again, the chance of




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water from the cooling tower getting in the intake cannot be taken. The outdoor air intake fan cannot be relocated. The owner and architect do not want any obtrusions on the façade of the building, unless there is no other possible choice as the case with the exhaust fan in Shower 102. Placing the tower off the building and on the site is the second option, but is not practical. The building site is located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The concern of the equipment being vandalized would require it to be placed in a contained perimeter. The aesthetic concern is also a factor that would keep it from being placed on site. Another reason is the maintenance of the tower throughout the year and freeze protection in the winter. The air cooled condensing units are the most feasible outcome and should be kept in the building design.

Summary and Conclusions:




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Summary and Conclusions

Based on the calculations performed through the HAP program, a dedicated outdoor air system would prove beneficial, both cost wise and quality wise in the Lehigh Valley Heritage Center. The overall calculated savings was around $77,780 for the first year. This does not accurately show the “true” cost savings since ductwork, piping and pumping costs were not included. Also, the data obtained from RS Means does not give exact pricing cost for every piece of equipment. The dedicated outdoor air system will provide the LVHC with a stricter controlled environment and will ensure the proper amount of ventilation air to the spaces. The structural analysis of the building showed a cost savings of $1,290.00. Please note again that the calculations performed did not include seismic or lateral loading. The roof framing system will hold the newly proposed equipment on it, as the maximum moment did not exceed that of the beams or girders nor did the deflection due to the live load exceed l/360. The only concern was not using the dunnage that the design engineer designed for the equipment, and placing the equipment on the roof. Without proper acoustical measures and vibration isolation dampers the structural steel skeleton of the building can propagate sound into and throughout the building. As far as new technology goes, the electrochromic windows would not be feasible cost wise or energy wise. The southern façade of the building does not contain a vast amount of fenestration, and areas that would integrate the windows with the indoor lighting are only small offices. The majority of the lighting is contained in the galleries, orientation, corridors and stairwells. These are the areas that need to have special controls to conserve energy or incorporate natural lighting in the spaces. EPS forms have a couple drawbacks in the application of the LVHC. The engineering task involved in designing the concrete beams spanning from pilaster to pilaster is one drawback (for a mechanical engineer) and the fact that extra material must be used on the exposed forms on the south and western sides of the building to cover the forms from any type of vandalism.




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References

2003 RS Means Mechanical Cost Data (2002) RS Means Co. Inc. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2001

ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, 2001. West, Harry H. Fundamentals of Structural Analysis. New York, Wiley and Sons, 1993. AISC (2001) Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design. American

Institute of Steel Construction Inc.

McQuiston, Faye C., Jerald D. Parker, Jeffrey D. Spitler. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design. New York, Wiley and Sons, 2000.

Mumma, S.A. 2001 Overview of Integrating Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems With Parallel Terminal Systems ASHRAE Transactions 107(1) Mumma, S.A. 2001 Dedicated Outdoor Air-Dual Wheel System Control Requirements. ASHRAE Transactions 107(1) Bosnor, Kevin. How Smart Windows Work. 14 Jan. 2004

<http://home.howstuffworks.com/smart-window.htm

Lee, E.S, D.L. DiBartolomeo, S.E. Selkowitz. 2000. “Electrochromic windows for commercial buildings:Monitored results from a full-scale testbed,” Proc. ACEEE

2000 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Asilomar, CA. Mumma, S.A. 2001. 14 March 2004. < http://www.doas-radiant.psu.edu/doas.html> < http://www.sage-ec.com/> for electrochromatic window information < http://www.reddiform.com> for information of EPS < http://www.polysteel.com> for information of EPS < http://www.nfstyro.com/Building_Materials/iceblock.html> for information of EPS

Credits / Acknowledgements:




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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank God, for always helping me through any situation

My family, for always pushing me forward

My fellow classmates, for their support and respect

Dustin Wakefield for helping me on my structural

All the Mechanicals

Appendices:

Appendix A Mechanical:




Boiler Selection

Boiler Selection From Bryan Boilers Reduction in boiler size, since the Semco Energy Unit (EPD-18) utilizes “free heating” with the energy recovery system. Calculations: From the HAP output and equipment selection, the heating required for the Fan Coil Units is 179.9 MBH and the existing panel and fin tube radiators in the lobby and stair 001 is 78.57 MBH. I will have a preheat coil in the Semco unit on the roof before the enthalpy wheel to condition outside air if it poses a freezing problem for the enthalpy wheel. For the worse case scenario, the coil would heat the outside air from 0 to 32 degrees F. Qpreheat coil = 1.08*scfm*(Tafter preheat – Tbefore preheat) Qpreheat coil = 1.08*(9278 scfm)*(32-0) = 320647.68 Btu = 320.65 MBH Qboiler = Qfan coil + Qradiator + Qpreheat Qboiler = 179.9 + 78.57 + 320.65 MBH = 579.12 MBH (No “safety factor” added since the preheat coil load is worse case) From Bryan Boilers, a CL-75 Boiler would be the best choice (from this manufacturer) that provides hot water, has forced draft (the vents for the boilers must be able to extend to the roof) and satisfies the heating demand.




Chiller Selection

Chiller Selection from engineering guide for McQuay Air Conditioning: Air Cooled Scroll

Compressor Chiller Chose Remote Evaporator Model AM/BM

Locate evaporator on roof where existing evaporators are From HAP v4.2 output:

41.5 tons required capacity 90°F ambient temperature Cool 99.7 gpm from 54°F to 44°F Evaporator fouling factor = 0.0001 384 foot altitude

1. Add 3% to the required capacity for approximate derate: 41.5 x 1.03 = 42.75 tons.

From Table 14 of the engineering guide, an AGZ-045B at the given conditions will produce 42.5 tons with a unit kW input of 51.7 and a unit EER of 9.9 .

2. Determine derate factors: Altitude correction from Table 6 of the engineering guide: 0.998 Capacity, 1.009 Power

3. Piping correction: Assume 1 5/8” suction line based on connection size in Table 10 of the engineering guide. (4) 90° Standard ells 4 x 4 ft =16 ft Plus actual linear feet 65 ft Total Equivalent Feet 81 ft Check Table 9 and find that 1 5/8” is maximum size for oil carry. This means that the 1 5/8 riser will be satisfactory. The capacity correction factor from Table 12 is 0.980.

4. The corrected capacity of the AGZ is: 42.5 tons x 0.998{altitude} x 0.98{piping} 41.5 tons. This satisfies the 41.5 ton requirement. 5. Correct the unit power required: 51.7 kW x 1.009{altitude} = 52.2 kW. 6. Calculate the unit EER based on the correct capacity and power:

EER = (41.5 tons x 12,000)/ (52.2 kW x 1,000) = 9.5

7. Determine the evaporator pressure drop. Enter the pressure drop curves (Figure 8) at 99.7 gpm and read up to AGZ 045, read over to pressure drop of 2.6 ft.




Steam Generator Selection

Steam Generator Selection Reduction in steam generator size, since the Semco Energy Unit (EPD-18) can control the humidity levels entering the building through the enthalpy wheel. Calculations: From the HAP output, the steam generation rate required for humidification is 47.13 lbs/hr. Keeping the same manufacturer, Nortec, and the same fuel supply, natural gas, the GS series humidifiers are chosen. The unit will be placed under the Semco unit in the second floor plenum space.

Nortec GSTC Series Specification GS 100

Rated Capacity: lbs/hr 25-105 Input Btu/hr max 140000 Flue Emissions CO<40 ppm (NO)x <10ppm Unit rated Amps 2 Voltage/Phase 208-240/1




Electric Rate

PP&L Electric Utilities Corporation supplies the electricity to the building. The

Lehigh Valley Heritage Center is classified as a GS-3 service building, which means a large general service at secondary voltage or higher.

Base of 25 kW billed Minimum Billing Demand = 25 kW Minimum Distribution Charge = $71.00 Minimum Monthly Capacity and Energy Charge is 25 kW multiplied by the

Demand Step of the Effective Capacity and Energy Charge Distribution Charge

$2.84 per kW for all kW of the billing kW 0.151 cents per kWH for the first 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 0.199 cents per kWH for the next 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 0.144 cents per kWH for all additional kWH

Competitive Transmission Charge

0.249 cents per kWH for the first 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 0.195 cents per kWH for the next 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 0.188 cents per kWH for all additional kWH

Intangible Transition Charge

1.220 cents per kWH for the first 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 0.958 cents per kWH for the next 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 0.918 cents per kWH for all additional kWH

Capacity and Energy Charge

$4.10 per kW for all kW of the billing kW 4.266 cents per kWH for the first 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 4.240 cents per kWH for the next 200 kWH per kW of the billing kW 3.095 cents per kWH for all additional kWH

These rates were used in the energy analysis program.




Gas Rate

UGI Gas Service provides natural gas to the building. Customers purchase gas on a

quarterly basis. The most current gas price obtained was for March 1, 2004, which was $0.83 per CCF. The price per therm is then:

$0.83/CCF*(10 CCF / 1 MCF)*(1 MCF / 1.027x106 Btu)*(100,000 Btu / 1 therm) =

$0.8082 per therm

From an existing bill, obtained from Mr. Zolomij of the Lehigh Valley Historical Society, other costs include:

Customer Charge = $8.55 Distribution Charges = $16.63 PA State Tax = 6%

So, a minimum charge of $25.12 was used with $0.8082 per therm plus 6% state

sales tax in the energy analysis.

Device Pressure Drop Device Pressure DropOA with hood 0.0175 EA with hood 0.013SA 0.055 RA 0.0135Damper 0.0825 Damper 0.0675OA filter 0.35 RA filter 0.25Enthalpy wheel 0.56 Enthalpy wheel 0.51Cooling Coil 0.43Sensible Wheel 0.49 Sensible wheel 0.44Casing 0.3 Casing 0.3

Total 2.285 Total 1.594

Corrected Flow 12,566 Corrected Flow 11,558Fan size 13 Fan Size 13BHP 9.133 BHP 7.2max HP motor 20 max HP motor 20rpm 1900 rpm 1830wheel effectiveness 0.82 wheel effectiveness 0.84

ampsSA 20 HP 54RA 20 HP 54 amps ampsVFD Sens. Wheel 4.4 Total FLA 113.2 Total FLA 113.2Control Panel 0.8 25% of Largest Mtr. 13.5 75% of Largest Mtr. 40.5

Total FLA 113.2 Total MCM 126.7 Ckt. Bkr. Selection amp 153.7

Supply Air = 9408 Return Air = 8408

Circuit Breaker MOCP

Semco Packaged Energy Recovery System EPD-18

CFM gpm Delta P (ft) TH SH Watts gpm Delta P (ft) Heating (1000BTUH) Zone Name / Space NameZone 1 13YHBC-41 1400 8.6 23.9 41.5 29.5 530 2.9 45.2 44.1

1-Archive Storage

1-Negative Storage

Zone 2 (3x)20YHYB-3 2070 11.3 4 56.3 43.2 820 16 7.6 135 1-Lobby

Zone 3 13YHBC-41 1400 8.6 23.9 41.5 29.5 530 2.9 45.2 44.1 1-Reading Room 116

Zone 4 13YHBC-31 1400 7.3 15.3 35.5 26.5 530 3.3 56.9 49.4 1-Orientation

Zone 5 4YHBC-31 510 3.2 16.5 13.4 9.5 120 1.4 7.9 21.2 1-Loading Dock

1-Receiving

1-Shower 102

1-Vestibule

Zone 6 3YHBC-31 310 2 6 9.8 6.7 120 0.9 2.6 13.8 1-Stair 2

2-Stair 2

B-Stair 2

Zone 7 4YHBC-31 510 3.2 16.5 13.4 9.5 120 1.4 7.9 21.2 1-Processing Workroom

1-Archivist

1-Corridor 112

Zone 8 8YHBC-31 870 4.7 7.5 22.5 17 340 2.2 22.2 33.3 1-Stair 1

2-Stair 1

Zone 9 5YHBC-41 600 4 8.3 18 11.8 130 1.4 8 21.8

2-School Program

Zone 10 6YHBC-4 730 4.8 11.7 23 15.6 240 1.6 10.1 24.4 1-Mens Room

1-Womens Room

1-Janitor 110

1-Coats 108

1-Storage 107

1-Corridor

1-Locker Vestibule

1-Museum Shop

Zone 11 8YHBC-41 870 5.5 12.6 26.9 18.9 340 1.9 16.4 29.2 2-Copy Room

2-Conference Room

2-Processing Room

2-Work Stations

Zone 12 8YHBC-31 870 4.7 7.5 22.5 17 340 2.2 22.2 33.3 2-Office 205 2-Northern Office (x4)

2-Directors Office

Zone 13 16YHBC-31 1780 9.6 4.2 48.2 36.8 710 13 7.3 133 2-Lunch 2-Western Office (x8)

Zone 14 13YHBC-31 1400 7.3 15.3 35.5 26.5 530 3.3 56.9 49.4 2-Main Gallery

2-Gallery

Zone 15 5YHBC-41 600 4 8.3 18 11.8 130 1.4 8 21.8 2-Women

2-Men

2-Network

2-West Corridor

2-East Corridor

2-Restroom 204

Zone 16 4YHBC-31 510 3.2 16.5 13.4 9.5 120 1.4 7.9 21.2 B-Storage 004

Zone 17 4YHBC-31 510 3.2 16.5 13.4 9.5 120 1.4 7.9 21.2 B-Boiler Room

B-Mech 003

B-Mech 006

B-Corridor 005

Zone 18 5YHBC-41 600 4 8.3 18 11.8 130 1.4 8 21.8 B-Collection Storage 001

B-Storage 002

Cooling (1000 BTUH) Hot Water

Fan Coil Unit Schedule

York Model#

Equipment Division # Line # Description Material $ Labor $ quantity Total $

Boilers

15510 Heat Generation Equipment: Boilers and Accessories

400 Boilers, Gas Fired

3320 2,000 MBH Gross Output 11500 4475 2 31950

Chiller

15620 Refrigeration Equipment: Packaged Water Chillers

600 Centrifugal/ screw/ recip.

4070 Packaged chiller, remote A/C condenser not incl., 60 ton 45700 8575 1 54275

Condensers

15670 Refrigeration Equipment: Condensing Units

0750 Air Cooled, compressor, std. controls, 30 ton 29500 2800 2 64600

Air Handling Units

15720 HVAC Equipment: Air Handling Units 100 A/C & Heat

2336 Multizone, 13,200 cfm 7150 935 1 80850920 Single zone, CV, 5,000 cfm 6250 600 1 68502310 Multizone, 3,000 cfm 1625 540 1 2165

Roof Top Units

15730 HVAC Equipment: Unitary Air cond. Equip. 600 RTU, A/C 5170 30 ton 38600 1950 1 40550

5150 20 ton 23900 1375 1 25275

Steam Generators

15750 HVAC Equipment: Humidity control Equipment 500 Humidifiers 0660 200 lb/hr 5575 271 2 11692

Duct Heaters15761 HVAC Equipment: Air coils

700 Coils, Flanged 3980 36x42 540 198 1 738

4660 36x36 650 199 1 849

Louver15850 Air Distribution: Outlets & inlets 600 Louver

2540 Electric operation 28 14.8 1 42.82560 Motor 330 21 1 351

VAV boxes15820 Air Distribution: Duct Accessories

300 Duct Access. 5710 200 cfm 775 53.5 1 828.5

5720-30 201-600 cfm 805 59 2 17285740-50 601-1,000 cfm 860 76 4 37445760-70 1,001-1,500 cfm 930 107 5 51855780 1,501+ cfm 1025 133 7 8106

OA fans15830 Air Distribution: Fans 100 Fans

0530 Direct Drive 5,850 cfm, 24", 1 HP 545 273 1 818

Total : 267832.3

RS Means Mehanical Cost Data 2003Existing Equipment Costs

Equipment Division # Line # Description Material $ Labor $ quantity Total $

Boiler

15510 Heat Generation Equipment: Boilers and Accessories

400 Boilers, Gas Fired 3240 765 MBH 5125 2500 1 7625

Chiller

15620 Refrigeration Equipment: Packaged Water Chillers

600 Centrifugal/ screw/ recip. 4060 40 ton 32000 5175 1 37175

Condensers

15670 Refrigeration Equipment: Condensing Units

0750 Air Cooled, compressor, std. controls, 30 ton 0

Semco Unit15780 HVAC equipment: Energy Recovery

100 Heat Recovery Package

4060-70 10,000-20,000 cfm 11250 973 1 12223

NA NA

For EPCH unit (no sens. wheel) $4.50/cfm + $31,500 (at 12,600 cfm) = $88,200 88200 0 1 88200

Steam Generators

15750 HVAC Equipment: Humidity control Equipment 500 Humidifiers 0600 50 lb/hr 2850 135 1 2985

Fan Coil Units

15765 HVAC Equipment: FCU 200 Fan Coil A/C 3110 1 ton 1470 99.55 1 1569.55

3120 1.5 ton 1750 108.35 7 13008.453130 2 ton 2100 113.3 3 6639.93140 3 ton 2415 148.5 3 7690.53150-60 3.5-4 ton 2660 157.3 3 8451.93170 5 ton 3080 174.9 3 9764.7

Total : 195333

72499.3

RS Means Mehanical Cost Data 2003New Equipment Costs

Total Savings :

Annual Cost Summary Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 psuae 04:53AM

Hourly Analysis Program v.4.2 Page 1 of 1

Table 1. Annual Costs Component

Heritage Center ($)

Air System Fans 4,717

Cooling 2,477

Heating 4,638

Pumps 1,404



Lights 12,429



Misc. Fuel Use 0


Grand Total 33,401 Table 2. Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area


($/ft²) Air System Fans 0.196

Cooling 0.103

Heating 0.193

Pumps 0.058

Cooling Tower Fans 0.000

HVAC Sub-Total 0.550

Lights 0.517

Electric Equipment 0.029

Misc. Electric 0.293

Misc. Fuel Use 0.000

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 0.838

Grand Total 1.389

Gross Floor Area (ft²) 24055.0

Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 24055.0 Note: Values in this table are calculated using the Gross Floor Area. Table 3. Component Cost as a Percentage of Total Cost


( % ) Air System Fans 14.1

Cooling 7.4

Heating 13.9

Pumps 4.2


HVAC Sub-Total 39.6

Lights 37.2


Misc. Electric 21.1

Misc. Fuel Use 0.0


Grand Total 100.0

Annual Energy and Emissions Summary Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 psuae 04:53AM



Heritage Center ($)

HVAC Components

Electric 8,598

Natural Gas 4,638

Fuel Oil 0

Propane 0

Remote HW 0

Remote Steam 0

Remote CW 0


Non-HVAC Components

Electric 20,166

Natural Gas 0

Fuel Oil 0

Propane 0

Remote HW 0

Remote Steam 0


Grand Total 33,401 Table 2. Annual Energy Consumption


HVAC Components

Electric (kWh) 117,519

Natural Gas (Therm) 5,287

Fuel Oil (na) 0

Propane (na) 0

Remote HW (na) 0

Remote Steam (na) 0

Remote CW (na) 0

Non-HVAC Components


Natural Gas (Therm) 0

Fuel Oil (na) 0

Propane (na) 0

Remote HW (na) 0

Remote Steam (na) 0

Totals



Fuel Oil (na) 0

Propane (na) 0

Remote HW (na) 0

Remote Steam (na) 0

Remote CW (na) 0



Table 3. Annual Emissions

Component Heritage Center CO2 (lb) 0

SO2 (kg) 0

NOx (kg) 0 Table 4. Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area


($/ft²)

HVAC Components

Electric 0.357

Natural Gas 0.193

Fuel Oil 0.000

Propane 0.000

Remote HW 0.000

Remote Steam 0.000

Remote CW 0.000


Non-HVAC Components

Electric 0.838

Natural Gas 0.000

Fuel Oil 0.000

Propane 0.000

Remote HW 0.000

Remote Steam 0.000


Grand Total 1.389


Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 24055.0 Note: Values in this table are calculated using the Gross Floor Area.



Table 5. Component Cost as a Percentage of Total Cost


( % )

HVAC Components

Electric 25.7

Natural Gas 13.9

Fuel Oil 0.0

Propane 0.0

Remote HW 0.0

Remote Steam 0.0

Remote CW 0.0

HVAC Sub-Total 39.6

Non-HVAC Components

Electric 60.4

Natural Gas 0.0

Fuel Oil 0.0

Propane 0.0

Remote HW 0.0

Remote Steam 0.0


Grand Total 100.0

Annual Component Costs - Heritage Center Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 psuae 04:53AM


14.1%Air System Fans

7.4%Cooling

13.9%Heating

4.2%Pumps 37.2% Lights

2.1% Electric Equipment

21.1% Misc. Electric

1. Annual Costs Component

Annual Cost($) ($/ft²)

Percent of Total (%)

Air System Fans 4,717 0.196 14.1

Cooling 2,477 0.103 7.4

Heating 4,638 0.193 13.9

Pumps 1,404 0.058 4.2

Cooling Tower Fans 0 0.000 0.0

HVAC Sub-Total 13,236 0.550 39.6

Lights 12,429 0.517 37.2

Electric Equipment 695 0.029 2.1

Misc. Electric 7,042 0.293 21.1

Misc. Fuel Use 0 0.000 0.0

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 20,166 0.838 60.4

Grand Total 33,401 1.389 100.0 Note: Cost per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ....................................... 24055.0 ft² Conditioned Floor Area ............................. 24055.0 ft²

Energy Budget by System Component - Heritage Center Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 psuae 04:53AM


1. Annual Coil Loads Component

Load (kBTU) (kBTU/ft²)

Cooling Coil Loads 777,300 32.313

Heating Coil Loads 491,002 20.412

Grand Total 1,268,301 52.725 2. Energy Consumption by System Component

Component Site Energy

(kBTU) Site Energy

(kBTU/ft²)Source Energy

(kBTU)Source Energy

(kBTU/ft²) Air System Fans 220,192 9.154 786,399 32.692

Cooling 114,933 4.778 410,477 17.064

Heating 528,719 21.980 528,754 21.981

Pumps 65,831 2.737 235,111 9.774

Cooling Towers 0 0.000 0 0.000

HVAC Sub-Total 929,675 38.648 1,960,741 81.511

Lights 580,238 24.121 2,072,277 86.148

Electric Equipment 32,456 1.349 115,913 4.819

Misc. Electric 328,782 13.668 1,174,222 48.814

Misc. Fuel Use 0 0.000 0 0.000

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 941,475 39.138 3,362,412 139.780

Grand Total 1,871,151 77.786 5,323,152 221.291 Notes: 1. 'Cooling Coil Loads' is the sum of all air system cooling coil loads. 2. 'Heating Coil Loads' is the sum of all air system heating coil loads. 3. Site Energy is the actual energy consumed. 4. Source Energy is the site energy divided by the electric generating efficiency (28.0%). 5. Source Energy for fuels equals the site energy value. 6. Energy per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ............................................ 24055.0 ft² Conditioned Floor Area .................................. 24055.0 ft²

Energy Budget by Energy Source - Heritage Center Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 psuae 04:53AM






Grand Total 1,268,301 52.725 2. Energy Consumption by Energy Source


(kBTU) Site Energy


(kBTU)Source Energy

(kBTU/ft²)

HVAC Components

Electric 400,973 16.669 1,432,047 59.532

Natural Gas 528,706 21.979 528,706 21.979

Fuel Oil 0 0.000 0 0.000

Propane 0 0.000 0 0.000

Remote Hot Water 0 0.000 0 0.000

Remote Steam 0 0.000 0 0.000

Remote Chilled Water 0 0.000 0 0.000

HVAC Sub-Total 929,679 38.648 1,960,752 81.511

Non-HVAC Components

Electric 941,478 39.139 3,362,423 139.781

Natural Gas 0 0.000 0 0.000

Fuel Oil 0 0.000 0 0.000

Propane 0 0.000 0 0.000


Remote Steam 0 0.000 0 0.000



Air System Sizing Summary for Air Handling Unit One Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name .................... Air Handling Unit One Equipment Class ........................................... CW AHU Air System Type .................................................... VAV

Number of zones ............................................................ 5 Floor Area .............................................................. 9140.0 ft² Location .................................. Allentown, Pennsylvania

Sizing Calculation Information Zone and Space Sizing Method:

Zone CFM ........................... Peak zone sensible load Space CFM ................... Individual peak space loads

Calculation Months ......................................... Jan to Dec Sizing Data ..................................................... Calculated

Central Cooling Coil Sizing Data

Total coil load ........................................................ 24.0 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 287.8 MBH Sensible coil load ................................................ 178.1 MBH Coil CFM at Jul 1500 ............................................ 4596 CFM Max block CFM at Jul 1700 .................................. 4619 CFM Sum of peak zone CFM ....................................... 5084 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.619 ft²/Ton .................................................................. 381.1 BTU/(hr-ft²) ............................................................ 31.5 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ................................... 57.59 gpm

Load occurs at .................................................... Jul 1500 OA DB / WB ..................................................... 90.0 / 73.0 °F Entering DB / WB ............................................ 85.3 / 69.5 °F Leaving DB / WB ............................................. 48.9 / 47.9 °F Coil ADP .................................................................... 44.9 °F Bypass Factor .......................................................... 0.100 Resulting RH ................................................................ 45 % Design supply temp. .................................................. 55.0 °F Zone T-stat Check .................................................. 5 of 5 OK Max zone temperature deviation ................................. 0.0 °F

Humidifier Sizing Data

Max steam flow at Jul 1600 ................................. 21.29 lb/hr Airflow Rate .......................................................... 4613 CFM

Air mass flow ..................................................... 20473.39 lb/hr Moisture gain ......................................................... .00104 lb/lb

Supply Fan Sizing Data

Actual max CFM at Jul 1700 ................................ 4619 CFM Standard CFM ...................................................... 4556 CFM Actual max CFM/ft² ............................................... 0.51 CFM/ft²

Fan motor BHP ........................................................ 11.80 BHP Fan motor kW ............................................................ 8.80 kW

Outdoor Ventilation Air Data Design airflow CFM .............................................. 2878 CFM CFM/ft² .................................................................. 0.31 CFM/ft²

CFM/person ............................................................. 23.98 CFM/person

Zone Sizing Summary for Air Handling Unit One Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name .................... Air Handling Unit One Equipment Class ........................................... CW AHU Air System Type .................................................... VAV


Sizing Calculation Information Zone and Space Sizing Method: Zone CFM ........................... Peak zone sensible load Space CFM ................... Individual peak space loads


Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 7.8 540 135 Aug 1700 16.0 2700.0 0.20Zone 2 17.3 1095 780 Jan 1700 3.8 2100.0 0.52Zone 3 33.0 1550 120 Aug 1700 3.0 2220.0 0.70Zone 4 31.6 1481 690 Jul 1700 18.2 1610.0 0.92Zone 5 8.9 417 75 Jun 1700 4.3 510.0 0.82

Zone Terminal Sizing Data

Reheat Zone Zone Reheat Coil Htg Htg Mixing Coil Water Coil Water Box Fan Load gpm Load gpm Airflow Zone Name (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (CFM) Zone 1 18.2 1.82 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 2 16.2 1.62 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 3 4.9 0.49 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 4 29.2 2.92 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 5 5.5 0.55 0.0 0.00 0

Space Loads and Airflows

Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 B-Storage 004 1 7.8 Aug 1700 540 16.0 2700.0 0.20Zone 2 B-Storage 002 1 1.7 Jan 1700 120 0.0 600.0 0.20 B-Collection Storage 001 1 15.6 Jan 1700 975 3.8 1500.0 0.65Zone 3 1-Archive Storage 1 31.9 Jul 1700 1498 1.9 2075.0 0.72 1-Negative Storage 1 1.1 Aug 1700 52 1.1 145.0 0.36Zone 4 1-Reading Room 116 1 31.6 Jul 1700 1481 18.2 1610.0 0.92Zone 5 1-Archivist 1 3.4 Jun 1700 158 2.3 130.0 1.22 1-Processing Workroom 1 5.5 Jun 1700 259 2.1 380.0 0.68

Air System Sizing Summary for Air Handling Unit Two Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name .................... Air Handling Unit Two Equipment Class ........................................... CW AHU Air System Type ............................................... SZCAV



Zone CFM ....................... Sum of space airflow rates Space CFM ................... Individual peak space loads



Total coil load ........................................................ 10.1 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 120.9 MBH Sensible coil load .................................................. 73.5 MBH Coil CFM at Aug 1500 .......................................... 1976 CFM Max block CFM .................................................... 1976 CFM Sum of peak zone CFM ....................................... 1976 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.607 ft²/Ton .................................................................. 344.3 BTU/(hr-ft²) ............................................................ 34.9 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ................................... 24.20 gpm

Load occurs at .................................................. Aug 1500 OA DB / WB ..................................................... 90.0 / 73.0 °F Entering DB / WB ............................................ 87.7 / 71.6 °F Leaving DB / WB ............................................. 52.8 / 51.7 °F Coil ADP .................................................................... 48.9 °F Bypass Factor .......................................................... 0.100 Resulting RH ................................................................ 51 % Design supply temp. .................................................. 58.0 °F Zone T-stat Check .................................................. 1 of 1 OK Max zone temperature deviation ................................. 0.0 °F

Central Heating Coil Sizing Data

Max coil load ....................................................... 111.8 MBH Coil CFM at Des Htg ............................................ 1976 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 1976 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop .................................. 11.19 gpm

Load occurs at .................................................... Des Htg BTU/(hr-ft²) ................................................................ 32.2 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 17.1 / 70.2 °F


Max steam flow at Des Htg ................................. 46.08 lb/hr Airflow Rate .......................................................... 1976 CFM

Air mass flow ....................................................... 8767.81 lb/hr Moisture gain ......................................................... .00526 lb/lb


Actual max CFM ................................................... 1976 CFM Standard CFM ...................................................... 1948 CFM Actual max CFM/ft² ............................................... 0.57 CFM/ft²

Fan motor BHP .......................................................... 4.60 BHP Fan motor kW ............................................................ 3.43 kW



Zone Sizing Summary for Air Handling Unit Two Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name .................... Air Handling Unit Two Equipment Class ........................................... CW AHU Air System Type ............................................... SZCAV


Sizing Calculation Information Zone and Space Sizing Method: Zone CFM ....................... Sum of space airflow rates Space CFM ................... Individual peak space loads


Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 35.8 1976 1976 Jul 1600 13.5 3470.0 0.57


No Zone Terminal Sizing Data required for this system. Space Loads and Airflows

Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 2-Gallery 1 10.7 Jul 1600 590 6.4 960.0 0.61 2-Main Gallery 1 25.1 Jul 1600 1386 7.2 2510.0 0.55

Air System Sizing Summary for Air Handling Unit Three Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ................. Air Handling Unit Three Equipment Class ........................................... CW AHU Air System Type .................................................... VAV






Total coil load .......................................................... 8.8 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 105.8 MBH Sensible coil load .................................................. 70.7 MBH Coil CFM at Aug 1500 .......................................... 2043 CFM Max block CFM at Sep 1700 ................................ 2050 CFM Sum of peak zone CFM ....................................... 2050 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.668 ft²/Ton .................................................................. 299.6 BTU/(hr-ft²) ............................................................ 40.1 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ................................... 21.16 gpm

Load occurs at .................................................. Aug 1500 OA DB / WB ..................................................... 90.0 / 73.0 °F Entering DB / WB ............................................ 83.6 / 67.8 °F Leaving DB / WB ............................................. 51.2 / 50.0 °F Coil ADP .................................................................... 47.5 °F Bypass Factor .......................................................... 0.100 Resulting RH ................................................................ 43 % Design supply temp. .................................................. 55.0 °F Zone T-stat Check .................................................. 2 of 2 OK Max zone temperature deviation ................................. 0.0 °F


Actual max CFM at Sep 1700 .............................. 2050 CFM Standard CFM ...................................................... 2022 CFM Actual max CFM/ft² ............................................... 0.78 CFM/ft²


Outdoor Ventilation Air Data Design airflow CFM ................................................ 960 CFM CFM/ft² .................................................................. 0.36 CFM/ft²


Zone Sizing Summary for Air Handling Unit Three Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ................. Air Handling Unit Three Equipment Class ........................................... CW AHU Air System Type .................................................... VAV




Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 28.9 1358 840 Sep 1700 3.5 1665.0 0.82Zone 2 14.7 692 90 Jan 1700 0.0 975.0 0.71


Reheat Zone Zone Reheat Coil Htg Htg Mixing Coil Water Coil Water Box Fan Load gpm Load gpm Airflow Zone Name (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (CFM) Zone 1 16.9 1.69 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 2 1.4 0.14 0.0 0.00 0


Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 1-Orientation 1 28.9 Sep 1700 1358 3.5 1665.0 0.82Zone 2 1-Museum Shop 1 6.6 Jan 1700 311 0.0 275.0 1.13 1-Corridor 1 5.0 Jan 1700 235 0.0 300.0 0.78 1-Mens Room 1 1.3 Jan 1700 62 0.0 170.0 0.37 1-Womens Room 1 1.8 Jan 1700 84 0.0 230.0 0.37

Zone Sizing Summary for Fan Coil Unit Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ................................... Fan Coil Unit Equipment Class ................................................ TERM Air System Type ................................................. 4P-FC

Number of zones ............................................................ 1 Floor Area ................................................................ 585.0 ft² Location .................................. Allentown, Pennsylvania



Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 6.4 870 870 Sep 1200 6.2 585.0 1.49

Terminal Unit Sizing Data - Cooling

Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 9.3 9.3 78.1 / 70.3 68.1 / 67.3 1.86 Aug 1500

Terminal Unit Sizing Data - Heating, Fan, Ventilation

HEATING COIL SIZING DATA FAN SIZING DATA VENT Coil Water Coil Ent/Lvg Flow Design Fan Fan Design Load DB @20.0 °F Airflow Motor Motor AirflowZone Name (MBH) (°F) (gpm) (CFM) (BHP) (kW) (CFM)Zone 1 14.9 60.4 / 76.5 1.49 870 0.402 0.300 128


Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 1-Loading Dock 1 6.4 Sep 1200 870 6.2 585.0 1.49

Air System Sizing Summary for Roof Top Unit One Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ......................... Roof Top Unit One Equipment Class ....................................... PKG ROOF Air System Type .................................................... VAV






Total coil load ........................................................ 28.5 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 341.9 MBH Sensible coil load ................................................ 240.4 MBH Coil CFM at Jul 1500 ............................................ 7134 CFM Max block CFM at Jun 1500 ................................ 7625 CFM Sum of peak zone CFM ....................................... 7741 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.703 ft²/Ton .................................................................. 130.7 BTU/(hr-ft²) ............................................................ 91.8 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ...................................... N/A



Actual max CFM at Jun 1500 ............................... 7625 CFM Standard CFM ...................................................... 7519 CFM Actual max CFM/ft² ............................................... 2.05 CFM/ft²

Fan motor BHP ........................................................ 10.00 BHP Fan motor kW ............................................................ 7.46 kW



Zone Sizing Summary for Roof Top Unit One Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ......................... Roof Top Unit One Equipment Class ....................................... PKG ROOF Air System Type .................................................... VAV




Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 12.9 607 360 Jun 1700 4.3 680.0 0.89Zone 2 18.4 866 9 Jun 1700 11.7 1075.0 0.81Zone 3 133.5 6269 2265 Jun 1400 53.5 1970.0 3.18


Reheat Zone Zone Reheat Coil Htg Htg Mixing Coil Water Coil Water Box Fan Load gpm Load gpm Airflow Zone Name (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (CFM) Zone 1 10.0 1.00 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 2 0.0 0.00 11.7 1.17 0 Zone 3 36.2 3.62 53.5 5.36 0


Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 2-School Program 1 12.9 Jun 1700 607 4.3 680.0 0.89Zone 2 2-Stair 1 1 13.3 Jun 1700 625 10.1 210.0 2.98 2-East Corridor 1 5.2 Jul 1700 242 1.6 865.0 0.28Zone 3 1-Lobby 1 131.9 Jun 1400 6191 50.7 1760.0 3.52 1-Stair 1 1 1.8 Jul 1700 85 2.8 210.0 0.41

Air System Sizing Summary for Roof Top Unit Two Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ......................... Roof Top Unit Two Equipment Class ....................................... PKG ROOF Air System Type .................................................... VAV






Total coil load ........................................................ 12.2 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 146.0 MBH Sensible coil load ................................................ 116.8 MBH Coil CFM at Jul 1600 ............................................ 3226 CFM Max block CFM at Jul 1700 .................................. 3374 CFM Sum of peak zone CFM ....................................... 3449 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.800 ft²/Ton .................................................................. 369.4 BTU/(hr-ft²) ............................................................ 32.5 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ...................................... N/A



Actual max CFM at Jul 1700 ................................ 3374 CFM Standard CFM ...................................................... 3327 CFM Actual max CFM/ft² ............................................... 0.75 CFM/ft²


Outdoor Ventilation Air Data Design airflow CFM ................................................ 764 CFM CFM/ft² .................................................................. 0.17 CFM/ft²


Zone Sizing Summary for Roof Top Unit Two Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Air System Information Air System Name ......................... Roof Top Unit Two Equipment Class ....................................... PKG ROOF Air System Type .................................................... VAV




Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 10.3 483 75 Sep 1300 3.9 915.0 0.53Zone 2 15.5 729 75 Sep 1500 6.6 495.0 1.47Zone 3 16.7 783 75 Aug 1600 6.3 550.0 1.42Zone 4 4.3 202 15 Jun 1700 2.8 170.0 1.19Zone 5 9.9 466 60 Jun 1700 5.1 440.0 1.06Zone 6 7.9 369 15 Jul 1700 2.2 1235.0 0.30Zone 7 5.4 252 60 Jul 1700 0.7 385.0 0.65Zone 8 3.5 165 45 Jul 1700 0.5 305.0 0.54


Reheat Zone Zone Reheat Coil Htg Htg Mixing Coil Water Coil Water Box Fan Load gpm Load gpm Airflow Zone Name (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (MBH) @ 20.0 °F (CFM) Zone 1 5.1 0.51 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 2 1.2 0.12 6.6 0.66 0 Zone 3 1.2 0.12 6.3 0.63 0 Zone 4 3.0 0.30 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 5 6.0 0.60 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 6 2.5 0.25 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 7 1.7 0.17 0.0 0.00 0 Zone 8 1.3 0.13 0.0 0.00 0


Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 2-Work Stations 1 6.1 Jul 1700 285 0.7 400.0 0.71 2-Copy Room 1 2.2 Jul 1700 104 0.3 165.0 0.63 2-Stair 2 1 2.4 Sep 1200 113 2.9 350.0 0.32Zone 2 2-Lunch 1 6.6 Sep 1200 311 2.8 165.0 1.89 2-Western Office (x8) 3 3.3 Aug 1600 157 1.3 110.0 1.42Zone 3 2-Western Office (x8) 5 3.3 Aug 1600 157 1.3 110.0 1.42Zone 4 2-Directors Office 1 4.3 Jun 1700 202 2.8 170.0 1.19Zone 5 2-Northern Office (x4) 4 2.5 Jun 1700 117 1.3 110.0 1.06Zone 6 2-West Corridor 1 4.4 Jul 1600 208 1.6 900.0 0.23 2-Office 205 1 2.4 Jul 1700 112 0.3 180.0 0.62

Zone Sizing Summary for Roof Top Unit Two Project Name: Lehigh County Heritage Center base design 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:47AM


Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft² 2-Network 1 0.4 Jul 1700 17 0.0 25.0 0.68 2-Women 1 0.4 Jul 1600 17 0.1 65.0 0.26 2-Men 1 0.4 Jul 1600 17 0.1 65.0 0.26Zone 7 2-Conference Room 1 5.4 Jul 1700 252 0.7 385.0 0.65Zone 8 2-Processing Room 1 3.5 Jul 1700 165 0.5 305.0 0.54

Annual Cost Summary L 04/05/2004 psuae 04:39AM


Table 1. Annual Costs

Component

LVHC DOAS 45 55 ($)

LVHC DOAS 55 55($)

LVHC DOAS 60 60($)

LVHC DOAS 65 65 ($)

LVHC DOAS 70 70($)

Air System Fans 3,944 3,993 4,003 4,012 3,988

Cooling 8,562 6,062 5,567 5,189 4,956

Heating 4,567 3,915 3,053 2,276 1,661

Pumps 401 407 402 394 329

Cooling Tower Fans 0 0 0 0 0

HVAC Sub-Total 17,474 14,377 13,025 11,871 10,934

Lights 13,800 13,982 13,983 13,974 13,855

Electric Equipment 715 724 725 724 718

Misc. Electric 0 0 0 0 0

Misc. Fuel Use 0 0 0 0 0

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 14,515 14,707 14,708 14,698 14,573

Grand Total 31,989 29,084 27,733 26,569 25,506 Table 2. Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area

Component

LVHC DOAS 45 55

($/ft²)

LVHC DOAS 55 55

($/ft²)

LVHC DOAS 60 60

($/ft²)

LVHC DOAS 65 65

($/ft²)

LVHC DOAS 70 70

($/ft²)Air System Fans 0.142 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144

Cooling 0.308 0.218 0.200 0.187 0.178

Heating 0.164 0.141 0.110 0.082 0.060

Pumps 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.012

Cooling Tower Fans 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

HVAC Sub-Total 0.629 0.517 0.469 0.427 0.393

Lights 0.497 0.503 0.503 0.503 0.499

Electric Equipment 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026

Misc. Electric 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Misc. Fuel Use 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 0.522 0.529 0.529 0.529 0.524

Grand Total 1.151 1.047 0.998 0.956 0.918

Gross Floor Area (ft²) 27790.0 27790.0 27790.0 27790.0 27790.0

Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 27790.0 27790.0 27790.0 27790.0 27790.0Note: Values in this table are calculated using the Gross Floor Area. Table 3. Component Cost as a Percentage of Total Cost

Component

LVHC DOAS 45 55

( % )

LVHC DOAS 55 55

( % )

LVHC DOAS 60 60

( % )

LVHC DOAS 65 65

( % )

LVHC DOAS 70 70

( % )Air System Fans 12.3 13.7 14.4 15.1 15.6

Cooling 26.8 20.8 20.1 19.5 19.4

Heating 14.3 13.5 11.0 8.6 6.5

Pumps 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3

Cooling Tower Fans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HVAC Sub-Total 54.6 49.4 47.0 44.7 42.9

Lights 43.1 48.1 50.4 52.6 54.3

Electric Equipment 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

Misc. Electric 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Misc. Fuel Use 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 45.4 50.6 53.0 55.3 57.1

Grand Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Air System Sizing Summary for 45 55 Project Name: L 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:33AM


Air System Information Air System Name ................................................ 45 55 Equipment Class ................................................ TERM Air System Type ................................................. 4P-FC

Number of zones .......................................................... 18 Floor Area ............................................................ 27790.0 ft² Location .................................. Allentown, Pennsylvania




Cooling Coil Sizing Data

Total coil load ........................................................ 64.1 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 768.9 MBH Sensible coil load ................................................ 576.0 MBH Coil CFM at Jul 1500 ............................................ 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.749 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ................................. 153.87 gpm

Load occurs at .................................................... Jul 1500 OA DB / WB ..................................................... 90.0 / 73.0 °F Entering DB / WB ............................................ 85.6 / 63.4 °F Leaving DB / WB ............................................. 28.1 / 28.1 °F Bypass Factor .......................................................... 0.100

Heating Coil Sizing Data

Max coil load ....................................................... 261.6 MBH Coil CFM at Mar 1500 .......................................... 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A

Load occurs at .................................................. Mar 1500 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 27.5 / 53.6 °F




Ventilation Fan Sizing Data


Fan motor BHP .......................................................... 5.48 BHP Fan motor kW ............................................................ 4.09 kW Fan static ................................................................... 2.00 in wg

Exhaust Fan Sizing Data





Zone Sizing Summary for 45 55 Project Name: L 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:33AM






Zone Sizing Data

Maximum Design Minimum Time Maximum Zone Cooling Air Air of Heating Floor Sensible Flow Flow Peak Load Area ZoneZone Name (MBH) (CFM) (CFM) Load (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 26.5 1465 1465 Aug 1700 3.0 2220.0 0.66Zone 2 132.3 7305 7305 Jun 1400 50.7 1760.0 4.15Zone 3 29.1 1609 1609 Jul 1700 18.2 1610.0 1.00Zone 4 26.0 1434 1434 Sep 1300 3.5 1665.0 0.86Zone 5 7.4 417 417 Sep 1200 7.4 870.0 0.48Zone 6 5.4 396 396 Sep 1200 10.8 1050.0 0.38Zone 7 8.5 469 469 Jun 1700 4.3 575.0 0.82Zone 8 15.2 843 843 Jun 1700 12.9 420.0 2.01Zone 9 13.0 720 720 Jun 1700 4.3 680.0 1.06Zone 10 13.3 733 733 Jan 1700 0.0 1305.0 0.56Zone 11 17.5 969 969 Jul 1700 2.3 1255.0 0.77Zone 12 15.9 876 876 Jun 1700 8.2 790.0 1.11Zone 13 32.4 1850 1850 Aug 1600 12.9 1045.0 1.77Zone 14 32.0 1766 1766 Jul 1700 13.5 3470.0 0.51Zone 15 11.4 632 632 Jul 1700 3.5 1960.0 0.32Zone 16 6.6 540 376 Aug 1700 16.0 2700.0 0.20Zone 17 6.5 457 457 Aug 1700 16.7 2315.0 0.20Zone 18 15.5 1095 857 Jan 1700 3.8 2100.0 0.52


Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 20.4 20.4 71.6 / 56.4 58.5 / 51.0 4.09 Jul 0900Zone 2 88.4 88.4 71.0 / 52.2 59.7 / 47.2 17.69 Jun 1500Zone 3 18.3 18.3 68.7 / 52.4 58.0 / 47.7 3.67 Jul 0700Zone 4 11.5 11.5 65.5 / 50.3 58.0 / 46.9 2.29 Sep 0800Zone 5 5.9 5.9 71.3 / 57.7 58.0 / 52.4 1.18 Aug 1000Zone 6 4.2 4.2 72.1 / 61.6 62.1 / 57.9 0.84 Aug 1200Zone 7 7.1 7.1 73.3 / 58.1 59.1 / 52.4 1.42 Jul 1700Zone 8 16.3 16.1 77.0 / 64.3 59.1 / 57.9 3.26 Jun 1700Zone 9 5.7 5.7 67.0 / 51.1 59.6 / 47.8 1.13 Jun 1100Zone 10 11.6 11.6 73.3 / 60.3 58.5 / 54.6 2.31 Jan 1300Zone 11 13.0 13.0 71.0 / 55.2 58.4 / 49.9 2.61 Jul 1400Zone 12 14.7 14.7 75.5 / 60.7 59.7 / 54.8 2.94 Jun 1700Zone 13 32.0 32.0 75.8 / 59.6 59.6 / 53.3 6.40 Aug 1500Zone 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000Zone 15 8.7 8.7 72.1 / 62.3 59.1 / 57.6 1.75 Jul 1600Zone 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000Zone 17 3.5 3.5 68.9 / 60.3 61.7 / 57.7 0.69 Aug 0800Zone 18 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000




HEATING COIL SIZING DATA FAN SIZING DATA VENT Coil Water Coil Ent/Lvg Flow Design Fan Fan Design Load DB @20.0 °F Airflow Motor Motor AirflowZone Name (MBH) (°F) (gpm) (CFM) (BHP) (kW) (CFM)Zone 1 9.3 66.2 / 72.2 0.93 1465 0.461 0.344 453Zone 2 77.8 65.6 / 75.6 7.78 7305 2.299 1.714 2265Zone 3 27.5 64.0 / 80.0 2.75 1609 0.506 0.378 690Zone 4 15.9 61.9 / 72.3 1.59 1434 0.451 0.336 840Zone 5 8.9 65.2 / 85.1 0.89 417 0.131 0.098 133Zone 6 11.8 65.6 / 93.4 1.18 396 0.125 0.093 105Zone 7 5.7 67.0 / 78.5 0.57 469 0.147 0.110 107Zone 8 12.7 69.3 / 83.5 1.27 843 0.265 0.198 42Zone 9 9.1 63.0 / 74.8 0.91 720 0.227 0.169 360Zone 10 2.1 67.3 / 70.0 0.21 733 0.231 0.172 170Zone 11 6.6 65.8 / 72.2 0.66 969 0.305 0.227 318Zone 12 9.0 68.1 / 77.7 0.90 876 0.276 0.205 120Zone 13 14.5 68.9 / 76.2 1.45 1850 0.582 0.434 200Zone 14 37.6 57.1 / 77.1 3.76 1766 0.556 0.414 1605Zone 15 5.8 66.4 / 75.0 0.58 632 0.199 0.148 178Zone 16 29.0 55.8 / 106.2 2.90 540 0.170 0.127 540Zone 17 18.3 63.2 / 100.7 1.83 457 0.144 0.107 188Zone 18 20.8 55.8 / 73.6 2.08 1095 0.345 0.257 1095


Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft²Zone 1 1-Archive Storage 1 25.6 Jul 1700 1413 1.9 2075.0 0.68 1-Negative Storage 1 0.9 Aug 1700 51 1.1 145.0 0.35Zone 2 1-Lobby 1 132.3 Jun 1400 7305 50.7 1760.0 4.15Zone 3 1-Reading Room 116 1 29.1 Jul 1700 1609 18.2 1610.0 1.00Zone 4 1-Orientation 1 26.0 Sep 1300 1434 3.5 1665.0 0.86Zone 5 1-Loading Dock 1 5.9 Sep 1200 328 6.2 585.0 0.56 1-Receiving 1 0.5 Jan 1700 26 0.0 100.0 0.26 1-Shower 102 1 0.2 Jan 1700 13 0.0 70.0 0.18 1-Vestibule 1 0.9 Aug 1700 50 1.2 115.0 0.43Zone 6 1-Stair 2 1 2.3 Sep 1200 126 2.1 350.0 0.36 2-Stair 2 1 2.4 Sep 1200 133 2.9 350.0 0.38 B-Stair 2 1 1.3 Aug 1900 138 5.9 350.0 0.40Zone 7 1-Processing Workroom 1 4.8 Jun 1700 267 2.1 380.0 0.70 1-Archivist 1 3.2 Jun 1700 176 2.3 130.0 1.36 1-Corridor 112 1 0.5 Jan 1700 25 0.0 65.0 0.39Zone 8 1-Stair 1 1 1.8 Jul 1700 102 2.8 210.0 0.49 2-Stair 1 1 13.4 Jun 1700 741 10.1 210.0 3.53Zone 9 2-School Program 1 13.0 Jun 1700 720 4.3 680.0 1.06Zone 10 1-Mens Room 1 1.1 Jan 1700 62 0.0 170.0 0.36 1-Womens Room 1 1.5 Jan 1700 83 0.0 230.0 0.36



Cooling Time Air Heating Floor Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space Space Name Mult. (MBH) Load (CFM) (MBH) (ft²) CFM/ft² 1-Janitor 110 1 0.2 Jan 1700 9 0.0 60.0 0.14 1-Coats 108 1 0.4 Jan 1700 21 0.0 110.0 0.19 1-Storage 107 1 0.3 Jan 1700 17 0.0 100.0 0.17 1-Corridor 1 3.7 Jan 1700 202 0.0 300.0 0.67 1-Locker Vestibule 1 0.4 Jan 1700 22 0.0 60.0 0.37 1-Museum Shop 1 5.7 Jan 1700 317 0.0 275.0 1.15Zone 11 2-Copy Room 1 2.2 Jul 1700 124 0.3 165.0 0.75 2-Conference Room 1 5.5 Jul 1700 304 0.7 385.0 0.79 2-Processing Room 1 3.6 Jul 1700 198 0.5 305.0 0.65 2-Work Stations 1 6.2 Jul 1700 343 0.7 400.0 0.86Zone 12 2-Office 205 1 1.9 Jul 1700 108 0.3 180.0 0.60 2-Northern Office (x4) 4 2.5 Jun 1700 138 1.3 110.0 1.26 2-Directors Office 1 3.9 Jun 1700 215 2.8 170.0 1.27Zone 13 2-Lunch 1 6.7 Sep 1200 368 2.8 165.0 2.23 2-Western Office (x8) 8 3.4 Aug 1600 185 1.3 110.0 1.68Zone 14 2-Main Gallery 1 22.4 Jul 1700 1235 7.2 2510.0 0.49 2-Gallery 1 9.6 Jul 1700 531 6.4 960.0 0.55Zone 15 2-Women 1 0.4 Jul 1600 20 0.1 65.0 0.31 2-Men 1 0.4 Jul 1600 20 0.1 65.0 0.31 2-Network 1 0.4 Jul 1700 20 0.0 25.0 0.80 2-West Corridor 1 4.6 Jul 1600 255 1.6 900.0 0.28 2-East Corridor 1 5.4 Jul 1700 297 1.6 865.0 0.34 2-Restroom 204 1 0.4 Jul 1700 20 0.1 40.0 0.49Zone 16 B-Storage 004 1 6.6 Aug 1700 540 16.0 2700.0 0.20Zone 17 B-Boiler Room 1 0.2 Jan 1700 14 0.6 90.0 0.15 B-Mech 003 1 1.3 Jan 1700 72 2.5 785.0 0.09 B-Mech 006 1 3.4 Aug 1700 280 11.9 890.0 0.31 B-Corridor 005 1 1.7 Aug 1700 92 1.7 550.0 0.17Zone 18 B-Collection Storage 001 1 14.2 Jan 1700 975 3.8 1500.0 0.65 B-Storage 002 1 1.4 Jan 1700 120 0.0 600.0 0.20












Max coil load ....................................................... 176.2 MBH Coil CFM at Oct 0600 ........................................... 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A

Load occurs at ................................................... Oct 0600 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 36.0 / 53.6 °F


















Zone Sizing Data



Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 20.4 20.4 71.6 / 58.0 58.5 / 52.8 4.09 Jul 0900Zone 2 88.4 88.4 71.0 / 53.9 59.7 / 49.1 17.69 Jun 1500Zone 3 18.3 18.3 68.7 / 54.1 58.0 / 49.6 3.67 Jul 0700Zone 4 11.5 11.5 65.5 / 52.0 58.0 / 48.7 2.29 Sep 0800Zone 5 5.9 5.9 71.3 / 59.2 58.0 / 54.1 1.18 Aug 1000Zone 6 4.2 4.2 72.1 / 63.0 62.1 / 59.5 0.84 Aug 1200Zone 7 7.1 7.1 73.3 / 59.6 59.1 / 54.1 1.42 Jul 1700Zone 8 16.5 16.1 77.0 / 64.4 59.1 / 57.9 3.29 Jun 1700Zone 9 5.7 5.7 67.0 / 52.8 59.6 / 49.6 1.13 Jun 1100Zone 10 11.6 11.6 73.3 / 61.7 58.5 / 56.2 2.31 Jan 1300Zone 11 13.0 13.0 71.0 / 56.8 58.4 / 51.7 2.61 Jul 1400Zone 12 14.7 14.7 75.5 / 62.2 59.7 / 56.4 2.94 Jun 1700Zone 13 32.0 32.0 75.8 / 61.0 59.6 / 54.9 6.40 Aug 1500Zone 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000Zone 15 9.2 8.7 72.1 / 63.1 59.1 / 58.3 1.84 Jul 1600Zone 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000Zone 17 3.5 3.5 68.9 / 61.8 61.7 / 59.2 0.69 Aug 0800Zone 18 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000





















Max coil load ....................................................... 180.3 MBH Coil CFM at May 0600 ......................................... 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A

Load occurs at .................................................. May 0600 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 40.6 / 58.6 °F


















Zone Sizing Data



Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 22.8 22.8 73.1 / 60.0 58.5 / 54.4 4.57 Jul 0900Zone 2 100.5 100.5 72.6 / 56.2 59.7 / 50.9 20.10 Jun 1500Zone 3 22.0 22.0 70.8 / 56.6 58.0 / 51.3 4.40 Jul 0700Zone 4 15.9 15.9 68.4 / 54.9 58.0 / 50.6 3.19 Sep 0800Zone 5 6.6 6.6 72.9 / 61.3 58.0 / 55.7 1.32 Aug 1000Zone 6 4.8 4.8 73.4 / 64.8 62.1 / 60.9 0.96 Aug 1200Zone 7 7.6 7.6 74.4 / 61.4 59.1 / 55.7 1.53 Jul 1700Zone 8 16.9 16.3 77.3 / 64.5 59.1 / 57.9 3.37 Jun 1700Zone 9 7.6 7.6 69.5 / 55.5 59.6 / 51.4 1.52 Jun 1100Zone 10 12.7 12.5 74.5 / 63.2 58.5 / 57.4 2.53 Jan 1300Zone 11 14.7 14.7 72.6 / 58.9 58.4 / 53.3 2.95 Jul 1400Zone 12 15.3 15.3 76.2 / 63.8 59.7 / 57.9 3.06 Jun 1700Zone 13 33.1 33.1 76.3 / 62.6 59.6 / 56.5 6.62 Aug 1500Zone 14 7.5 7.5 62.4 / 51.5 58.4 / 49.8 1.50 Aug 1500Zone 15 10.9 9.7 73.5 / 64.0 59.1 / 58.2 2.19 Jul 1600Zone 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000Zone 17 4.5 4.5 70.9 / 63.8 61.7 / 60.7 0.89 Aug 0800Zone 18 0.0 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.0 / 0.0 0.00 Des 0000





















Max coil load ....................................................... 180.2 MBH Coil CFM at May 1000 ......................................... 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A

Load occurs at .................................................. May 1000 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 45.6 / 63.6 °F


















Zone Sizing Data



Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 25.2 25.2 74.7 / 62.2 58.5 / 56.3 5.05 Jul 0900Zone 2 112.5 112.5 74.1 / 58.6 59.7 / 52.9 22.52 Jun 1500Zone 3 25.7 25.7 73.0 / 59.2 58.0 / 53.3 5.14 Jul 0700Zone 4 20.4 20.4 71.4 / 57.9 58.0 / 52.6 4.08 Sep 0800Zone 5 7.6 7.3 74.5 / 63.1 58.0 / 56.9 1.51 Aug 1000Zone 6 5.8 5.3 74.7 / 65.8 62.1 / 61.2 1.15 Aug 1200Zone 7 8.2 8.2 75.6 / 63.4 59.1 / 57.5 1.64 Jul 1700Zone 8 17.3 16.5 77.5 / 64.7 59.1 / 57.9 3.47 Jun 1700Zone 9 9.5 9.5 72.0 / 58.3 59.6 / 53.4 1.90 Jun 1100Zone 10 14.4 13.4 75.6 / 64.0 58.5 / 57.4 2.89 Jan 1300Zone 11 16.4 16.4 74.3 / 61.2 58.4 / 55.3 3.28 Jul 1400Zone 12 16.3 15.9 76.8 / 64.7 59.7 / 58.6 3.27 Jun 1700Zone 13 34.1 34.1 76.9 / 64.4 59.6 / 58.3 6.83 Aug 1500Zone 14 16.0 16.0 66.9 / 55.3 58.4 / 51.8 3.21 Aug 1500Zone 15 12.8 10.6 74.9 / 64.8 59.1 / 58.2 2.56 Jul 1600Zone 16 2.5 2.5 65.8 / 54.6 61.4 / 52.8 0.50 Aug 0700Zone 17 6.2 5.5 73.0 / 65.3 61.7 / 61.0 1.25 Aug 0800Zone 18 5.5 5.5 65.8 / 54.6 61.0 / 52.7 1.11 Jan 1700


















Total coil load ........................................................ 39.1 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 468.8 MBH Sensible coil load ................................................ 344.6 MBH Coil CFM at Jul 1500 ............................................ 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.735 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ................................... 93.81 gpm



Max coil load ....................................................... 180.9 MBH Coil CFM at Jun 0600 .......................................... 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A

Load occurs at .................................................. Jun 0600 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 50.6 / 68.6 °F


















Zone Sizing Data



Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 29.1 27.7 76.2 / 64.0 58.5 / 57.3 5.82 Jul 0900Zone 2 124.6 124.6 75.7 / 61.2 59.7 / 55.2 24.93 Jun 1500Zone 3 29.4 29.4 75.1 / 61.9 58.0 / 55.5 5.87 Jul 0700Zone 4 24.9 24.9 74.3 / 61.0 58.0 / 54.8 4.98 Sep 0800Zone 5 9.1 8.0 76.1 / 64.2 58.0 / 56.9 1.81 Aug 1000Zone 6 6.9 5.9 76.1 / 66.7 62.1 / 61.2 1.39 Aug 1200Zone 7 9.3 8.8 76.7 / 64.5 59.1 / 58.0 1.86 Jul 1700Zone 8 17.8 16.8 77.8 / 64.9 59.1 / 57.9 3.56 Jun 1700Zone 9 11.4 11.4 74.5 / 61.2 59.6 / 55.6 2.28 Jun 1100Zone 10 16.4 14.3 76.8 / 64.8 58.5 / 57.4 3.27 Dec 1300Zone 11 18.3 18.1 75.9 / 63.6 58.4 / 57.2 3.67 Jul 1400Zone 12 17.7 16.6 77.5 / 65.2 59.7 / 58.6 3.54 Jun 1700Zone 13 36.4 35.2 77.4 / 64.8 59.6 / 58.4 7.28 Aug 1500Zone 14 24.6 24.6 71.5 / 59.2 58.4 / 54.1 4.92 Aug 1500Zone 15 14.8 11.6 76.3 / 65.8 59.1 / 58.2 2.96 Jul 1600Zone 16 5.4 5.4 70.8 / 58.7 61.4 / 55.1 1.07 Aug 0700Zone 17 8.4 6.5 75.0 / 66.7 61.7 / 61.0 1.68 Aug 0800Zone 18 11.4 11.4 70.8 / 58.7 61.0 / 54.9 2.28 Jan 1700










Air System Sizing Summary for Final System Conf. Project Name: L 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:33AM


Air System Information Air System Name ......................... Final System Conf. Equipment Class ................................................ TERM Air System Type ................................................. 4P-FC






Total coil load ........................................................ 41.5 Tons Total coil load ...................................................... 498.3 MBH Sensible coil load ................................................ 373.3 MBH Coil CFM at Jul 1500 ............................................ 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Sensible heat ratio .............................................. 0.749 Water flow @ 10.0 °F rise ................................... 99.70 gpm



Max coil load ....................................................... 151.3 MBH Coil CFM at Jun 0600 .......................................... 9408 CFM Max coil CFM ....................................................... 9408 CFM Water flow @ 20.0 °F drop ..................................... N/A

Load occurs at .................................................. Jun 0600 Ent. DB / Lvg DB ............................................. 50.3 / 65.4 °F






Fan motor BHP ........................................................ 18.10 BHP Fan motor kW .......................................................... 13.50 kW



Fan motor BHP ........................................................ 18.10 BHP Fan motor kW .......................................................... 13.50 kW



Zone Sizing Summary for Final System Conf. Project Name: L 04/05/2004 Prepared by: psuae 04:33AM


Air System Information Air System Name ......................... Final System Conf. Equipment Class ................................................ TERM Air System Type ................................................. 4P-FC




Zone Sizing Data



Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 10.0 °F PeakZone Name (MBH) (MBH) (°F) (°F) (gpm) LoadZone 1 28.1 26.8 75.6 / 63.8 58.5 / 57.4 5.63 Jul 0900Zone 2 126.0 126.0 75.9 / 61.2 59.7 / 55.2 25.22 Jun 1500Zone 3 28.4 28.4 74.6 / 61.7 58.0 / 55.6 5.68 Jul 0700Zone 4 24.0 24.0 73.7 / 60.8 58.0 / 54.8 4.81 Sep 0800Zone 5 8.4 7.9 75.4 / 65.2 60.9 / 59.9 1.68 Aug 1200Zone 6 6.6 5.6 75.4 / 66.5 62.1 / 61.3 1.33 Aug 1200Zone 7 8.9 8.6 75.9 / 64.7 60.1 / 59.0 1.79 Jun 1700Zone 8 17.0 16.1 77.2 / 65.1 59.8 / 58.7 3.41 Jun 1600Zone 9 10.9 10.9 73.7 / 60.9 59.6 / 55.6 2.17 Jun 1100Zone 10 15.8 13.8 76.1 / 64.6 58.5 / 57.4 3.16 Dec 1300Zone 11 17.6 17.4 75.3 / 63.4 58.4 / 57.2 3.53 Jul 1400Zone 12 17.1 16.0 76.9 / 65.0 59.7 / 58.6 3.42 Jun 1700Zone 13 35.4 34.2 76.9 / 64.7 59.6 / 58.4 7.09 Aug 1500Zone 14 23.5 23.5 70.9 / 59.0 58.4 / 54.1 4.71 Aug 1500Zone 15 14.3 11.1 75.6 / 65.6 59.1 / 58.2 2.86 Jul 1600Zone 16 4.6 4.6 70.0 / 58.4 62.1 / 55.3 0.92 Aug 0800Zone 17 8.0 6.2 74.5 / 67.1 63.0 / 62.3 1.60 Aug 0900Zone 18 10.5 10.5 70.0 / 58.4 61.0 / 54.9 2.11 Jan 1700










Annual Cost Summary L 04/05/2004 psuae 04:43AM



LVHC DOAS Final ($)

Air System Fans 8,267

Cooling 4,918

Heating 2,029

Pumps 48



Lights 13,588



Misc. Fuel Use 0


Grand Total 32,482 Table 2. Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area

Component LVHC DOAS Final

($/ft²) Air System Fans 0.298

Cooling 0.177

Heating 0.073

Pumps 0.002



Lights 0.489


Misc. Electric 0.105

Misc. Fuel Use 0.000


Grand Total 1.169


Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 27790.0 Note: Values in this table are calculated using the Gross Floor Area. Table 3. Component Cost as a Percentage of Total Cost


( % ) Air System Fans 25.4

Cooling 15.1

Heating 6.2

Pumps 0.1


HVAC Sub-Total 47.0

Lights 41.8


Misc. Electric 9.0

Misc. Fuel Use 0.0


Grand Total 100.0

Annual Energy and Emissions Summary L 04/05/2004 psuae 04:43AM



LVHC DOAS Final ($)

HVAC Components

Electric 13,233

Natural Gas 2,028

Fuel Oil 0

Propane 0

Remote HW 0

Remote Steam 0

Remote CW 0


Non-HVAC Components

Electric 17,221

Natural Gas 0

Fuel Oil 0

Propane 0

Remote HW 0

Remote Steam 0


Grand Total 32,482 Table 2. Annual Energy Consumption


HVAC Components



Fuel Oil (na) 0

Propane (Therm) 19

Remote HW (na) 0

Remote Steam (na) 0

Remote CW (na) 0

Non-HVAC Components


Natural Gas (Therm) 0

Fuel Oil (na) 0

Propane (Therm) 0

Remote HW (na) 0

Remote Steam (na) 0

Totals



Fuel Oil (na) 0

Propane (Therm) 19

Remote HW (na) 0

Remote Steam (na) 0

Remote CW (na) 0



Table 3. Annual Emissions

Component LVHC DOAS Final CO2 (lb) 0

SO2 (kg) 0

NOx (kg) 0 Table 4. Annual Cost per Unit Floor Area


($/ft²)

HVAC Components

Electric 0.476

Natural Gas 0.073

Fuel Oil 0.000

Propane 0.000

Remote HW 0.000

Remote Steam 0.000

Remote CW 0.000


Non-HVAC Components

Electric 0.620

Natural Gas 0.000

Fuel Oil 0.000

Propane 0.000

Remote HW 0.000

Remote Steam 0.000


Grand Total 1.169


Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 27790.0 Note: Values in this table are calculated using the Gross Floor Area.



Table 5. Component Cost as a Percentage of Total Cost


( % )

HVAC Components

Electric 40.7

Natural Gas 6.2

Fuel Oil 0.0

Propane 0.0

Remote HW 0.0

Remote Steam 0.0

Remote CW 0.0

HVAC Sub-Total 47.0

Non-HVAC Components

Electric 53.0

Natural Gas 0.0

Fuel Oil 0.0

Propane 0.0

Remote HW 0.0

Remote Steam 0.0


Grand Total 100.0

Annual Component Costs - LVHC DOAS Final L 04/05/2004 psuae 04:43AM


25.4%Air System Fans

15.1%Cooling

6.2%Heating 0.1%Pumps

41.8% Lights

2.2% Electric Equipment9.0% Misc. Electric

1. Annual Costs Component

Annual Cost($) ($/ft²)

Percent of Total (%)

Air System Fans 8,267 0.298 25.4

Cooling 4,918 0.177 15.1

Heating 2,029 0.073 6.2

Pumps 48 0.002 0.1

Cooling Tower Fans 0 0.000 0.0

HVAC Sub-Total 15,261 0.549 47.0

Lights 13,588 0.489 41.8

Electric Equipment 704 0.025 2.2

Misc. Electric 2,929 0.105 9.0

Misc. Fuel Use 0 0.000 0.0

Non-HVAC Sub-Total 17,221 0.620 53.0

Grand Total 32,482 1.169 100.0 Note: Cost per unit floor area is based on the gross building floor area. Gross Floor Area ....................................... 27790.0 ft² Conditioned Floor Area ............................. 27790.0 ft²

Energy Budget by System Component - LVHC DOAS Final L 04/05/2004 psuae 04:43AM






Grand Total 1,332,866 47.962 2. Energy Consumption by System Component


(kBTU) Site Energy


(kBTU)Source Energy

(kBTU/ft²) Air System Fans 379,633 13.661 1,355,832 48.789

Cooling 226,683 8.157 809,583 29.132

Heating 219,948 7.915 219,965 7.915

Pumps 2,189 0.079 7,819 0.281

Cooling Towers 0 0.000 0 0.000

HVAC Sub-Total 828,453 29.811 2,393,198 86.117

Lights 623,869 22.449 2,228,104 80.176

Electric Equipment 32,328 1.163 115,459 4.155

Misc. Electric 134,454 4.838 480,191 17.279

Misc. Fuel Use 0 0.000 0 0.000



Energy Budget by Energy Source - LVHC DOAS Final L 04/05/2004 psuae 04:43AM






Grand Total 1,332,866 47.962 2. Energy Consumption by Energy Source


(kBTU) Site Energy


(kBTU)Source Energy

(kBTU/ft²)

HVAC Components

Electric 608,513 21.897 2,173,259 78.203

Natural Gas 218,020 7.845 218,020 7.845

Fuel Oil 0 0.000 0 0.000

Propane 1,921 0.069 1,921 0.069


Remote Steam 0 0.000 0 0.000

Remote Chilled Water 0 0.000 0 0.000

HVAC Sub-Total 828,454 29.811 2,393,201 86.117

Non-HVAC Components

Electric 790,649 28.451 2,823,747 101.610

Natural Gas 0 0.000 0 0.000

Fuel Oil 0 0.000 0 0.000

Propane 0 0.000 0 0.000


Remote Steam 0 0.000 0 0.000



Appendix B Structural:




Structural Calculations












































Structural Detail

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