Lehigh Valley Heritage Center - engr.psu.edu · Lehigh Valley Heritage CenterLehigh Valley Heritage Center Allentown, PAAllentown, PA Architectural Engineering Penn State University

Lehigh Valley Heritage Lehigh Valley Heritage CenterCenter

JarodJarod F. StantonF. StantonMechanical OptionMechanical Option

Penn State Architectural EngineeringPenn State Architectural Engineering

JarodJarod F. StantonF. StantonMechanical EmphasisMechanical Emphasis

Lehigh Valley Heritage CenterLehigh Valley Heritage CenterAllentown, PAAllentown, PA

Architectural EngineeringArchitectural EngineeringPenn State UniversityPenn State University

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Project TeamProject Team

Existing ConditionsExisting Conditions

Depth: Mechanical System Evaluation and RedesignDepth: Mechanical System Evaluation and Redesign

Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Rooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and ReRooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and Re--sizingsizing

Breadth: Evaluation of Breadth: Evaluation of ElectrochromicElectrochromic Smart WindowsSmart Windows

Conclusions/RecommendationsConclusions/Recommendations

Quality Q &A time with the AE FacultyQuality Q &A time with the AE Faculty





Project TeamProject Team

Existing ConditionsExisting ConditionsExisting Conditions

Depth: Mechanical System Evaluation and RedesignDepth: Mechanical System Evaluation and RedesignDepth: Mechanical System Evaluation and Redesign

Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Rooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and ReRooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and ReRooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and Re---sizingsizingsizing

Breadth: Evaluation of Breadth: Evaluation of Breadth: Evaluation of ElectrochromicElectrochromicElectrochromic Smart WindowsSmart WindowsSmart Windows

Conclusions/RecommendationsConclusions/RecommendationsConclusions/Recommendations

Quality Q &A time with the AE FacultyQuality Q &A time with the AE FacultyQuality Q &A time with the AE Faculty




Project TeamProject TeamOwner/OccupantOwner/Occupant:: The Lehigh County The Lehigh County

Historical SocietyHistorical Society

ArchitectArchitect:: RCG Inc. ArchitectsRCG Inc. Architects

EngineerEngineer:: Barry Barry IsettIsett & Associates& Associates

Construction Construction ManagementManagement:: Alvin H. Alvin H. ButzButz Inc.Inc.





Project TeamProject TeamProject Team










Existing ConditionsExisting ConditionsLocated in Allentown, Located in Allentown, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania$5.7 million, estimated project $5.7 million, estimated project costcostCurrently Under ConstructionCurrently Under Construction32,000 ft32,000 ft2 2 BuildingBuilding

Art GalleriesArt GalleriesExhibitsExhibitsOfficesOfficesLibraryLibraryClassroomClassroomArtifact preparation roomsArtifact preparation rooms





2 stories with a partial 2 stories with a partial basementbasement

Basement serves as Basement serves as storage and mechanical storage and mechanical spacespace





2 stories with a partial 2 stories with a partial basementbasement

Basement serves as storage and Basement serves as storage and mechanical spacemechanical space

Large glass lobby on northeast Large glass lobby on northeast corner of building with glass corner of building with glass pyramidal skylightpyramidal skylight

Serves as entrance to visitorsServes as entrance to visitors

Can be used for exhibits and Can be used for exhibits and displaysdisplays




Existing ConditionsExisting ConditionsMechanical Equipment:Mechanical Equipment:

Packaged Roof Top Units (2)Packaged Roof Top Units (2)DX cooling with Hot Water Duct Coils to provide heatingDX cooling with Hot Water Duct Coils to provide heating

Air Handling Units (3)Air Handling Units (3)Hot Water and Chilled Water coilsHot Water and Chilled Water coilsTwo units are supplied with steam by direct injectionTwo units are supplied with steam by direct injection

Fan Coil Unit (1)Fan Coil Unit (1)4 pipe application4 pipe application

VAV boxes, hot water (19)VAV boxes, hot water (19)Utilized throughout the building as primary heatUtilized throughout the building as primary heat

Steam Generators (2)Steam Generators (2)Gas firedGas firedProvide humidificationProvide humidification

Boilers (2)Boilers (2)Gas firedGas fired





Structural System:Structural System:Standard Steel FramingStandard Steel Framing

Reinforced Masonry Shear WallsReinforced Masonry Shear WallsFace BrickFace Brick

CMUCMU

BluestoneBluestone

PrePre--cast Concretecast Concrete

Concrete Floor Slabs on metal decking Concrete Floor Slabs on metal decking





Electrical System:Electrical System:42 KA AIC, 1000/3 N frame main breaker42 KA AIC, 1000/3 N frame main breaker

Step down transformerStep down transformer150 KVA 480 V Delta 3 Phase 150 KVA 480 V Delta 3 Phase

208Y/120 V 3 Phase 208Y/120 V 3 Phase

Bollard and Recessed Outdoors LightingBollard and Recessed Outdoors Lighting

Dimmable Fluorescent Indoor Lighting Dimmable Fluorescent Indoor Lighting







Depth: Mechanical System Evaluation and RedesignDepth: Mechanical System Evaluation and Redesign








Design CriteriaDesign Criteria

Building Climate CriteriaBuilding Climate CriteriaStorage Areas: 45% RH (+/Storage Areas: 45% RH (+/--5%) at 65 F (+/5%) at 65 F (+/--5 F)5 F)

Archival Storage, Museum Archival Storage, Museum Collections Storage, Negative Collections Storage, Negative Storage RoomStorage Room

Work Spaces: 45% RH (+/Work Spaces: 45% RH (+/--5%) at 705%) at 70--75 F75 F

Galleries, Reading Room, Galleries, Reading Room, Archival Processing, Archival Processing, Collections ProcessingCollections Processing

Remaining Building: 50% RH Remaining Building: 50% RH at 70at 70--75 F75 F




Design CriteriaDesign CriteriaBuilding Climate CriteriaBuilding Climate Criteria

Storage Areas: 45% RH (+/Storage Areas: 45% RH (+/-- 5%) 5%) at 65 F (+/at 65 F (+/--5 F)5 F)

Archival Storage, Museum Archival Storage, Museum Collections Storage, Negative Collections Storage, Negative Storage RoomStorage Room

Work Spaces: 45% RH (+/Work Spaces: 45% RH (+/-- 5%) at 5%) at 7070--75 F75 F

Galleries, Reading Room, Archival Galleries, Reading Room, Archival Processing, Collections ProcessingProcessing, Collections Processing

Remaining Building: 50% RH at Remaining Building: 50% RH at 7070--75 F75 F

Building OccupancyBuilding OccupancyTotal Design Occupancy of 497 Total Design Occupancy of 497 peoplepeople




Existing Equipment and Existing Equipment and FootprintFootprint

Existing Mechanical SystemExisting Mechanical System1765 ft1765 ft22 of designated mechanical space in basementof designated mechanical space in basement

Two mechanical rooms housing three air handling units, two Two mechanical rooms housing three air handling units, two steam generators, two boilers, one chiller and a relief air fansteam generators, two boilers, one chiller and a relief air fan

1464 ft1464 ft22 of designated mechanical space on the roofof designated mechanical space on the roof24’ x 61’ Equipment Well containing two roof top units and 24’ x 61’ Equipment Well containing two roof top units and two condensing unitstwo condensing units







Problems with VAV boxesProblems with VAV boxes

VAV BoxesVAV BoxesNineteen in total Nineteen in total Contains a hot water heating Contains a hot water heating coil used for primary heatcoil used for primary heatMotorized DamperMotorized DamperNo FanNo Fan

Problems with VAV boxesProblems with VAV boxesPoor Humidity ControlPoor Humidity ControlPoor Air DistributionPoor Air DistributionPoor Ventilation PerformancePoor Ventilation Performance




Proposed SolutionProposed Solution

Proposed Solution for VAV problems:Proposed Solution for VAV problems:Dedicated Outdoor Air SystemDedicated Outdoor Air System

Provides proper ventilation performanceProvides proper ventilation performance

Provides good air distribution with high induction diffusersProvides good air distribution with high induction diffusers

Provides quality humidity controlProvides quality humidity control




Dedicated Outdoor Air SystemDedicated Outdoor Air System

DOASDOASUse of Use of SemcoSemco energy energy recovery air handling unit recovery air handling unit model EPDmodel EPD--18 for 18 for ventilation requirements ventilation requirements and latent loadsand latent loads

Contains an enthalpy and Contains an enthalpy and sensible energy recovery sensible energy recovery wheelswheels

Place in equipment well on Place in equipment well on roofroof




Dedicated Outdoor Air SystemDedicated Outdoor Air SystemDOASDOAS

Use of Use of SemcoSemco energy recovery air energy recovery air handling unit model EPDhandling unit model EPD--18 for 18 for ventilation requirements and latent ventilation requirements and latent loadsloads

Contains an enthalpy and sensible Contains an enthalpy and sensible energy recovery wheelsenergy recovery wheelsPlace in equipment well on roofPlace in equipment well on roof

4 pipe Fan Coil Units were chosen 4 pipe Fan Coil Units were chosen for the parallel systemfor the parallel system

Able to satisfy remaining sensible Able to satisfy remaining sensible loadsloadsBoth hot water and chilled water Both hot water and chilled water are available through the existing are available through the existing mechanical equipmentmechanical equipmentMust be equipped with condensate Must be equipped with condensate pans and condensate return linespans and condensate return lines




Computer SimulationComputer Simulation

Carrier’s HAP v4.2 building energy simulation Carrier’s HAP v4.2 building energy simulation programprogram

Used to determine the optimum temperature setting of Used to determine the optimum temperature setting of the cooling coil for the cheapest operating costthe cooling coil for the cheapest operating cost

Cooling Coil default temperature set at 70 F, but humidity Cooling Coil default temperature set at 70 F, but humidity requirements control the operation of the coilrequirements control the operation of the coil

Minimum Relative Humidity = 40%Minimum Relative Humidity = 40%

Maximum Relative Humidity = 50%Maximum Relative Humidity = 50%




Reduction in Equipment SizeReduction in Equipment SizeEquipment reductions:Equipment reductions:

BoilerBoilerOriginal : 2x 2,000 MBH gas firedOriginal : 2x 2,000 MBH gas firedDOAS : 1x 750 MBH gas firedDOAS : 1x 750 MBH gas fired

Chiller and Condensing UnitsChiller and Condensing UnitsOriginal : 60 ton chiller with 2x 30 ton condensing unitsOriginal : 60 ton chiller with 2x 30 ton condensing unitsDOAS : 41.5 ton chiller with 1 corresponding condensing unitDOAS : 41.5 ton chiller with 1 corresponding condensing unit

Primary Air Distribution UnitsPrimary Air Distribution UnitsOriginal : 33,751 Original : 33,751 cfmcfm distributed by3 Air Handling Units and 2 Rooftop Unitsdistributed by3 Air Handling Units and 2 Rooftop UnitsDOAS : 12,600 DOAS : 12,600 cfmcfm distributed by 1 energy recovery air handling unitdistributed by 1 energy recovery air handling unit

Steam GeneratorsSteam GeneratorsOriginal : 2x 238 MBH gas fired steam generatorsOriginal : 2x 238 MBH gas fired steam generatorsDOAS : 1x 140 MBH gas fired steam generatorDOAS : 1x 140 MBH gas fired steam generator




$ Savings $$ Savings $Cost Analysis:Cost Analysis:

Operating Costs:Operating Costs:Original Design, $34,643Original Design, $34,643DOAS Design, $32,482DOAS Design, $32,482

Operating Cost Savings of $2,161Operating Cost Savings of $2,161Reasons for such closely related costs:Reasons for such closely related costs:

Fan Coil Units have fans which greatly increases electricity Fan Coil Units have fans which greatly increases electricity consumptionconsumptionLights are a majority of electricity consumption and do not Lights are a majority of electricity consumption and do not change from designschange from designs

Equipment Costs (Mechanical Equipment, not including Equipment Costs (Mechanical Equipment, not including pumps) :pumps) :

Using 2003 RS Means Mechanical Cost Data:Using 2003 RS Means Mechanical Cost Data:Original Design, $267,832Original Design, $267,832DOAS Design, $195,333DOAS Design, $195,333

Equipment Cost Savings of ~$72,500Equipment Cost Savings of ~$72,500








Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Breadth: Structural Framing and Support System, for Rooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and ReRooftop Equipment Well, Evaluation and Re--sizingsizing







Structural Frame EvaluationStructural Frame Evaluation

Structural:Structural:Evaluate and resize structural steel frame in equipment well on Evaluate and resize structural steel frame in equipment well on roof to support roof to support SemcoSemco unit and condensing unitunit and condensing unitEquipment wellEquipment well

Dimensions : 24’ x 61’Dimensions : 24’ x 61’9’ Screen walls surround the well9’ Screen walls surround the well

LoadingsLoadingsSemcoSemco unit weighs 17,150 lbs, distributed over an area of 24’ x 41’unit weighs 17,150 lbs, distributed over an area of 24’ x 41’Condensing unit weighs 3,650 lbs, distributed over an area of 24Condensing unit weighs 3,650 lbs, distributed over an area of 24’ x 20’’ x 20’Screen Wall = 270 lb/ftScreen Wall = 270 lb/ftLive Load = 31 Live Load = 31 psfpsf (snow load controls)(snow load controls)Superimposed dead load = 25 Superimposed dead load = 25 psfpsf

Includes roofing materials, steel members, ductwork and sprinkleIncludes roofing materials, steel members, ductwork and sprinklersrs










Steel Resizing and SavingsSteel Resizing and SavingsSteel Members Reduced in SizeSteel Members Reduced in Size

BeamsBeams(4x) W16x26 reduced to W12x14(4x) W16x26 reduced to W12x14(8x) W14x22 reduced to W12x14(8x) W14x22 reduced to W12x14(3x) W16x31 reduced to W12x14(3x) W16x31 reduced to W12x14

GirdersGirders(2x) W24x62 reduced to W16x26(2x) W24x62 reduced to W16x26(1x) W21x50 reduced to W16x31(1x) W21x50 reduced to W16x31

Reasons for such a reduction in the size of the members:Reasons for such a reduction in the size of the members:Calculations did not take into account seismic or lateral forcesCalculations did not take into account seismic or lateral forcesExisting design had Existing design had dunnagedunnage on top of the framing system where the original on top of the framing system where the original equipment was placedequipment was placed

Savings in costs of steelSavings in costs of steelBased on a cost of $490 per tonBased on a cost of $490 per ton

$1,290$1,290









Breadth: Evaluation of Breadth: Evaluation of ElectrochromicElectrochromic Smart WindowsSmart Windows






Smart WindowsSmart Windows

Window ComponentsWindow ComponentsElectrochromicElectrochromic FilmsFilms

Multiple layers of ceramic thin Multiple layers of ceramic thin filmsfilms

Apply low voltage to activate Apply low voltage to activate electrochromicelectrochromic layers to darkenlayers to darken

Need dimmable ballasts to Need dimmable ballasts to supply DC Voltagesupply DC Voltage

Cannot be turned opaqueCannot be turned opaqueBlocks 95% of UV rays in its Blocks 95% of UV rays in its clearest stageclearest stage

Prevents fading of interior Prevents fading of interior materialsmaterials





AdvantagesAdvantagesVoltage does not have to be Voltage does not have to be continuously suppliedcontinuously supplied

Memory from 12Memory from 12--48 hrs48 hrs

Can be integrated with lighting Can be integrated with lighting controls to provide controls to provide daylightingdaylightingwhen possiblewhen possible

Saves electricity consumption Saves electricity consumption through natural lightingthrough natural lighting





ProblemsProblemsDarkening of the glass increases Darkening of the glass increases absorptivityabsorptivity, which can leave the glass at , which can leave the glass at temperatures up to 122 degrees Ftemperatures up to 122 degrees FBoth weather conditions and the size of the window affect the swBoth weather conditions and the size of the window affect the switching time itching time of the glassof the glass

Switching may takes minutes, while weather conditions can changeSwitching may takes minutes, while weather conditions can change in secondsin secondsThermal shock could occur if switching occurs too fastThermal shock could occur if switching occurs too fast

Costs are very expensive, $1,000 per sq. ft.Costs are very expensive, $1,000 per sq. ft.Hard to compete with a typical quality window priced at $20 per Hard to compete with a typical quality window priced at $20 per sq. ft.sq. ft.

Cannot control direct sun and Cannot control direct sun and daylightingdaylighting simultaneously, they are inversely simultaneously, they are inversely relatedrelated

Does not reduce glare on surfacesDoes not reduce glare on surfaces










Conclusions/RecommendationsConclusions/Recommendations





ConclusionsConclusions

DOAS should be used in the building, as it can better DOAS should be used in the building, as it can better control space climate requirements and can reduce the control space climate requirements and can reduce the operating and first cost of the mechanical systemoperating and first cost of the mechanical systemThe existing steel frame for the equipment well is The existing steel frame for the equipment well is adequate for the new energy recovery unit and adequate for the new energy recovery unit and condensing unitcondensing unitAt this time, At this time, electrochromicelectrochromic windows are not feasible for windows are not feasible for the Heritage center based on first cost and the inherent the Heritage center based on first cost and the inherent problems encountered with the windows at this stage in problems encountered with the windows at this stage in their developmenttheir development











Quality Q &A time with the AE FacultyQuality Q &A time with the AE Faculty




Questions?Questions?

http://www.julienstern.org/img/question.gif




AnswersAnswers

http://uuis.umich.edu/8ball/8ball.cfm




AnswersAnswers

http://uuis.umich.edu/8ball/8ball.cfm




DunnageDunnage

http://nationalcart.com/DunnageRacks.asp




Vibration IsolationVibration Isolation

Housed Spring MountingHoused Spring MountingRatings to 30,000 lbs. Ratings to 30,000 lbs.

Static Deflections to 4" Static Deflections to 4"

External or Internal Adjustment External or Internal Adjustment

Lateral Movement Control Lateral Movement Control

Upper & Lower Housing with Upper & Lower Housing with Neoprene Neoprene SnubberSnubber

Rugged FailRugged Fail--Safe Design Safe Design

Excellent for Most Applications Excellent for Most Applications




SAGE SAGE ElectrochromicsElectrochromics

Documents

Lehigh Valley Heritage Center - engr.psu.edu · Lehigh Valley Heritage CenterLehigh Valley Heritage Center Allentown, PAAllentown, PA Architectural Engineering Penn State University