Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
AD-AII 905 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICS CO-ST
LOUIS MO /S 5/8
THE APPLICATION OF BIOCYBERNETIC TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE PILOT PE--ETC(U)
OCT 79 P E GONER. L R BEIDEMAN, S H LEVINE
UNCLASSIFIEg MDCEO 4NL
*M mEEEEEEEEEEEsmmhEEmhhmhlhhmEEsohEEEmhhEEIE10hEEEE0hhE0hEEhhEEEEohEEmhE
CDDNEL OGAS~..
COP ATI
copy No. -C*Y~ ? 5
THE APPLICATION OF BIOCYBERNETIC
I ~ECHNIQUES TO .ENHANCEPILOT
I PERFORMANCE DURING TACTICAL MISSIONS.
]1O0CTGBER-79 it.L FMDGI-Efl4/
' I /1"
FINAL REPORT.
FRANK M ER1 A.. RRY./ IDEMAN.SHELDON H.ILEVINE
ITHE RESEARCH DESCRIBED HEREIN WAS SUPPORTED BY THE
DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY.
t MCDONNELL DOUGLASg ASTRONAUTICS COMPANV -, S. LOUIS DVISON
Box 516, Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 1314) 232-0232
11 CO L D. v, I .=,o~~4..3,
-I -• C, OiTi
I BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE51 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x
PREFACE xvi
I SECTION 1.0 ABSTRACT 1
SECTION 2.0 INTRODUCTION 4
SECTION 3.0 AN OVERVIEW OF MISSION TYPES AND PROJECTEDTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR TACTICAL AIRCRAFT 8
I 3.1 Mission Types 12
3.2 Technology Advances 20
3.2.1 Weapons 20
I 3.2.2 Avionics 25
3.2.2.1 Sensors 25
1 3.2.2.2 Electronic Displays 27
* 3.2.2.3 Multifunction ControlUnit 33
3.2.2.4 Voice Actuated Controls 34
3.2.2.5 Joint Tactical Information
. Distribution System 35
1 3.2.2.6 Airborne Warning And
. Control System 36
3 3.2.2.7 Global Positioning
Satellite 36
SECTION-4.0 MISSION REQUIREMENTS 37
SECION 5.0 INFORMATION NEEDS 59
SECTION 6.0 PILOT PERFORMANCE AND BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS 72
6.1 Time Line Analysis of Pilot Tasks 72
6.1.1 Launch 79
ii
MC0OPWNLL DO.I@LLAI AIrOVAVrTIC COPAA&MV-Sr LOEW ZMV108bO
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
6.1.2 Climb 81
6.1.3 Rendezvous 83
6.1.4 Ingress 85
6.1.5 Medium Range Intercept 87
6.1.6 Surface-To-Air Missile Avoidance 89
6.1.7 Air Combat Maneuvering 91
6.1.8 Air-To-Ground Strike 93
6.1.9 Egress 95
6.1.10 In-Flight Refuel 97
6.1.11 Marshal 99
6.1.12 Prelanding 101
6.1.13 Landing 103
6.2 Real-Time Analysis And InterpretationOf Biological Signals 105
6.2.1 Brain Electrical Activity 109
6.2.2 Peripheral Activity 120
6.2.2.1 Psychophysiological Responses 121
A. 6.2.2.2 Ocular Activity 122
6.3 Biocybernetic Applications 126
SECTION 7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOrIMENDATIONS 144
SECTION 8.0 REFERENCES 147
LIST OF PAGESTitle Page
ii through xvi1 through 150
iii
MCOONMML L DOUOL AU 4*TRONAUTIC3 COPRNPV - WV LO(* IVDWD N
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF FIGURESIFIGURE NUMBER TITLE
3.1 Integrated Crew Station Concept For A 1990 TacticalAircraft.
1 3.2 Descriptions Of The Instruments Depicted In Figure 3.1.
3.3 Pictorial Representation Of The Three TACAIR Missions.
3.4 General Mission Requireiients For Pre-Flight, In-Flight,And Post-Flight Phases.
1 3.5 Mission Profile For Close Air Support. e or3.6 Mission Profile For Air Interdiction. STIS C= &I -
13.7 Mission Profile For Counter Air. Jd
3.8 Guidance Systems And Their Characteristics.
3.9 Types Of Air-To-Air Missiles. utj,,/
3.10 Types of Air-To-Surface Ballistic Weapons. r'3des
3.11 Types of Air-To-Surface Missiles.
3.12 Anticipated Avionics Advances.
3.13 Sensor Characteristics.
3.14 Information Formats And Display Coding Schemes.
1 3.15 Comparison Of Display Technologies With Respect Toj Information Foniats And Coding Schemes.
3.16 Evaluation Parai ieters And Corresponding Performances Of* , Selected Display Devices.
4.1 Pre-Flight Mission Requirements For Close Air Support,- I Air Interdiction, and Counter Air.
4.2 Pre-Flight Mission Requireents (Continued).
4.3 Pre-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
iv
j ,CDOPNILL DOUGLAS AUTrONAUTI0c COMPANY.S7. LOL6WU VUJOW
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
FIGURE NUMBER TITLE
4.4 Pre-Flight Mission Requirements (Concluded).
4.5 In-Flight Mission Requirements For Close Air Support,Air Interdiction, and Counter Air.
4.6 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.7 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.8 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.9 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.10 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.11 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.12 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.13 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).4.14 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.15 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.16 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.17 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.18 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).
4.19 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Concluded).
4.20 Post-Flight Mission Requirements For Close Air Support,Air Interdiction, and Counter Air.
4.21 Post-Flight Mission Requirements (Concluded).
5.1 Information Requirements For Close Air Support.
5.2 Infonation Requirements For Close Air Support(Conti fnued ).
v
MCDOP^WffLL EOWOL AW ASTAVOPWAUTICS COMPA#V -Nmr. L"U CimmON
II OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)IFIGURE NUIbER TITLE
5.3 Information Requirements For Close Air Support(Continued).
5.4 Information Requirements For Close Air Support(Concluded).
i 5.5 Information Requirements For Air Interdiction.
5.6 Information Requirements For Air Interdiction(Continued).
1 5.7 Information Requireiients For Air Interdiction(Continued).
I 5.8 Information Requirements For Air Interdictiun(Concluded).
I 5.9 Information Requirements For Counter Air.
5.10 Information Requirements For Counter Air (Con-tinued).
5.11 Information Requirements For Counter Air (Con-I tinued).
5.12 Information Requirements For Counter Air (Con-cluded).
6.1 Seyments Of A Carrier Launched Escort Mission.
3 6.2 Representative Profile For A Carrier LaunchedI Escort Mission.
u 6.3 Schematic Configuration Of F/A 18 Crew Station.I6.4 Anticipated Task Loadings During Segments Of A Carrier
Launched Escort Mission.
6.5 Dynamic Task Flows For Launch.
6.6 Dynxmic Task Flows For Climb.
!vi
I MCOOOWE LL DOUGLAS ASTONAU tICS COMPANV-ST. LOBES t MIi3PN
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
FIGURE NUMBER TITLE
6.7 Dynamic Task Flows For Rendezvous.
6.8 Dynamic Task Flows For Ingress.
6.9 Dynaic Task Flows For Medium Range Intercept.
6.10 Dynahiic Task Flows For SAM Avoidance.
6.11 Dynamic Task Flows For Air Combat Maneuvering.
6.12 Dynamic Task Flows For Air-To-Ground Strike.
6.13 Dynamic Task Flows For Egress.
6.14 Dynamic Task Flows For In-Flight Refueling.
6.15 Dynamic Task Flows For Marshal.
6.16 Dynamic Task Flows For Prelanding.
6.17 Dynamic Task Flows For Landing.
6.18 Biological Signals Considered As Inputs For Biocyber-netic Applications.
6.19 Electroencephalogram Of A Normal Huuman Adult.
6.20 Vertex Event-Related Potential Elicited By A MatchingLetter Presentation During An Item Recognition Task.
6.21 Lateral And Superior Views Of International ElectrodePlacement System.
6.22 Typical CNV Waveform Recorded From Vertex ElectrodePlacement.
6.23 (A) The Displayed Scene And (B) The Eye-Scan Pattern AndVertex EEG Of One Subject Before And After Detection OfVehicle.
vii
MCDONNELL DOUOLAS ANIRONAU'rICS COMPANY - WT. LOUI.S bVIOC
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
IFIGURE N4UMBER TITLEI
6.24 Examples Of Vertex Readiness Potentials Associated WithFinger Presses During A Reaction Timae Task and DuringVoluntary Movements.
1 6.25 Relationship Between Particular Biological Signals AndEither The Determination Of Pilot Status Or ControlFunctions.I
6.26 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Launch.
6.27 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Climb.
6.28 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot Tasks
During Rendezvous.
6.29 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Ingress.
6.30 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring MRI.
6.31 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksIDuring SAM Avoidance.
6.32 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksI During ACM.
6.33 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot Tasksi During A/G Strike.
6.34 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Egress.
* I
4: viii
I UC0OONE.LL DOUOLA4 AsTmOaAvoCm COAVPANV-0.L04NS MV8mONd
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
FIGURE NUMBER TITLE
6.35 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring In-Flight Refueling.
6.36 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function of Pilot TasksDuring Marshal.
6.37 Biocyberrietic Applications As A Function of Pilot TasksDuring Prelanding.
6.38 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function of Pilot TasksDuring Landing.
i xM,0NOrvAILL DOULOLAN 4*TOVAJDcw COMPAAI V*OT. LOUI ENVSDDOC
1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1i OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONSIAAA Anti-Aircraft Artillery
A/A Air-to-Air
AAR Air-to-Air Refueling
A/C Aircraft
ACM Air Combat Maneuvering
ADC Air Data C(mxputer
ADF Automatic Direction Finder
f ADI Attitude Direction Indicator
AFCS Automatic Flight Control System
A/G Air-to-Ground
AGL Altitude above Ground Level
AGM Air-to-Ground Missile
AGR Air-to-Ground Ranging
Al Air Interdiction
AIM Air Intercept Missile
ALCF: Air Launched Cruise Missile
i AOA Angle-of-Attack
APC Arored Personnel Carrier
AWACS Airborne Warning And Control System
j AZ Azimuth
BCIU Bus Control Interface Unit
. BDM Bcober Defense Missilet
i Bingo Level of fuel necessary to return to airfield
BITE Built In Test Equipment
x
M3FCIDOP'JOMEL LDL 0 40A AVMONAurtce COMANV - 3. LaLMS WVr0bCow
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST UF SYi~bULS AND AEBLREVIATI(JNS (Ccnt'd)
BLU Bowib Live Unit
C3Coi;miaid ,Control and Commi~un icat ion
CA Counter Air
CAS Close Air Support
CBU Cluster Bomb Unit
C/I) Controls and Displays
CET Central European Theatre
CNI Communication, Navigation, Identification
CNV Contingent Negative Variation
COM Communication
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
DAIS Digital Avionics Infoniiation System
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DBS Doppler Beam Sharpened
UME Distance Measuring Equipment
DP Detection Potential
ECG Electrocardiogram
ECM Electronic Countermieasure
EEG Electroencephalograw
EL Elevation
EL Electrolur-iinescence
EMI) Electromechanical Device
EtIG E Iect romyo r ari
EU Electro-optical
xi
hUCDoNNEwLL ochJOL AS AsraMopVAurc TISco~PmmaV- U. LowIs otsfsetoN
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBR 1979 LIST OIF SYM~BOLS AND AbbREVIATIONS (Curnt'd) DE24
EOG Electro-oculocyram
I EPI Elemrents Per Inch
ERP Event-Related Potential
F/A Fighter/Attack
FAC Forward Air Controller
FEBA Forward Edye of the Battle Area
IFLIR Forward Looking Infrared
FLR Forward Looking Radar
FOV Field-Of-View
ftL Foot Lamibert
y Gravity
GBU Guided Bomb Unit
GMTI Ground Moving Target Indicator
GPS Global Positioning Satellite
HACQ Horizontal Acquisition
HMD Helmet-Mounted Display
* IHOTAS Hands-On-Throttl e-And-Stick
HR Heart Rate
HSD Horizontal Situation Display
j HUD Head-lip Display
Hz Hertz
IIAS Indicated Airspeed
IFA In-Flight Alignment
1FF Identify - Friend or Foe
IFR Instrumrent Flight Rules
xii
3 ,.WcDooNNLL. 004ULAS ATMOAur ics COAPRANW -OE LOLMSG IVO.O4N
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Cont'd)
IIR Imaging Infrared
ILS Instrument Landing Systen
IMFK Integrated Multifunction Keyboard
INS Inertial Navigation System
IR Infrared
JTIDS Joint Tactical Inforation Distribution Systm
LC Liquid Crystal
LD Laser Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
LLLTV Low-Light-Level TV
LOAL Lock-On After Launch
LOBL Lock-On Before Launch
LRU Line Replaceable Unit
LSI Large Scale Integration
MFCU Multifunction Control Unit
IIFD Multifunction Display
MLS Microwave Landing System
NMD Master Monitor Display
MMD Multimode Display
,MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
NPD iultipurpose Display
MRI Medium Range Intercept
MSI Medium Scale Integration
NAV Navigation
xiii
M9CDONWELL DOuGLAS ATMrONAUTICW COMPAN'-ST. LOUIS 9"WwwSION
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Cont'd)
IiP3 0 0 A late component of an event-related potential
PAL Permissive Action Link
PLD Plasma Device
POL Petroleum, Oil, Lubricant
R Range
I RBGM Real Beam Ground Map
g RHAWS Radar Homing And Warning System
ROE Rules of Engagement
RP Readiness Potential
RTU Remote Terfinal Unit
S/A Surface-to-Air
*SAM Surface-to-Air Missile
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar
SIF Select Identification Feature
SMS Store Management System
I TA Terrain Avoidance
TACAIR Tactical Air Power
TACAN Tactical Air Navigation
I TACS Tactical Air Control System
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
I TERCOM Terrain Contour Matching
TF Terrain Following
TFR Terrain Following Radar
Ixiv
I MCDONEELL DOUOLAS AorRfOPEAUTaC0 COaMPAWV.-*. LOLa OeMISOeN
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
LIST OF SYMB~OLS AN~D ABEREVIATIUNS (Contad)
TV Television
UFC Up-Front Control
UHF Ultra High Frequency
VACQ Vertical Acquisition
VAS Voice Actuated System
VEL Velocity
Vertex Midline Site For Recording Brain Electrical Activity,Denoted C
VSD Vertical Situation Display
xv
puCOHdMEALL 0O~L AW AWWTNPAETICS COAPANW- *T.L09 z DfrDI~'E
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PER FORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE26
PREFACE
I This report presents the results of a study entitled "The Application
of Biocybernetic Techniques to Enhance Pilot Performance During Tactical
Xiissions." The research was conducted by the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
I Company-St. Louis Division for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) under contract MDA-903-78-C-0181. The preparation of a second
I document - "Proceedings of the DARPA Conference on Biocybernetic Applications
for Military Systems," Chicayo, April 1978 - also was supported by this
contract.
IWe acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Craig I. Fields, Senior Program
Manager, Cybernetics Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency.
I- II
I
II
'I
xvi
MCDONNELL DO0LA0 ASlMOPWAUTCS COMPANV-ST LONS EaO.OO
i .---.
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
1.0 ABSTRACT
This report describes a rather novel means of enhancing man's perfonmance
in highly complex, crew station environments. Specifically, we have related
the benefits of on-line evaluation of physiological data to projected mission
requirements for a 1990 tactical aircraft.
The salient role that tactical air power must continue to play in the
structure of U.S. defense forces has engendered a sophisticated technological
approach to weapon system development. Therefore, we begin with an overview
of the components of a "high technology" weapon system - real-time command
and control, advanced crew station and avionics design, effective defense
suppression, sensor aided target acquisition, and precision-guided ordnance.
Although a reliance upon advanced technology and a trend toward greater
automation of aircraft functions are clearly evident, the importance of the
human element should not be underestimated. This is especially true if the
system is to retain the capacity to anticipate and respond to unpredictable
threats. Herein lies the present dilemma. Man-in-the-loop assures thattItactical aircraft will have an inherent flexibility. However, if man is
I unable to perform increasingly complex tasks both rapidly ano accurately
under all combat situations, he may severely limit, and perhaps even under-
I mine, the inventive technology of the systerm he controls.
IIt may be possible to solve this problem by taking advantage of the same
I improvements in digital computation and siynal processing that currently
influence hardware development. That is, we iaay enhance the pilot's effec-
i tiveness if we monitor momentdry fluudations in attentiveness and in his
1 /
I MCDONIPERL L OUOLAU ASrOONAUrFCe CORMPANV-M. LOUIS OIVISION
M us t --w -" FI ... IP " I ' T . . . -4". ... . . .. . -. .
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046ability to process information and make appropriate decisions. The report
summarizes research which has demonstrated that these mental activities are
ranifest in distinct electrophysiological signals, and that such signals,
recorded noninvasively and unobtrusively, can be analyzed and interpreted in
real-time. On this basis, we suggest that the central computer onboard the
aircraft may be able to determine:
o when the pilot is inattentive,
o when visual or auditory information has not been processed,
o when the pilot is task-loaded to the extent that he is unable to
accept additional duties,
o when the pilot lacks confidence in a decision he has made.
For a variety of mission segments we then outline the courses of action which
can be taken to unburden or assist the pilot if biological signal processing
has forewarned an imminent deterioration in his capacity to perfon. The
actions include, among others:
o redistributing task responsibilities,
o reducing the complexity of or "decluttering" information displays,
especially the HUD,
o cueing the pilot to attend to critical flight, weapons, and target
data,
o displaying adaptive decision aids which present weighted recommen-
dations for mission-related strategies, particularly with respect to
fire control functions,
o furnishing remedial "checklists,"
o optimizing the physical characteristics (e.g., contrast, focus, etc.)
of imagery and symbolic presentations.
2
MCDOPMINLL 0OoIOLA ArWONAUTICS COM#0AJVV-ST. .C N vt vboa
i
1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
The recording and analysis of electrophysiological data also may permit
I a direct coupling of the pilot with aircraft subsystems from a control
I standpoint. At issue is whether it will be possible to interpret bioelectric
patterns related to different thought commands, whereby the pilot can "think"
to activate control surfaces.
I We are aware that a great deal more must be accomplished (in computer
technology, software development, and the design of physiological monitoring
equipment) before it is both feasible and practical to apply biucybernetic
I techniques in dynamic, operational environments. Nonetheless, we have
attempted to clarify important basic research issues and to recx;aihend reason-
able priorities for future investigations.
I
II
*II.I
II
3M CONNIELL DOUOL 4 ATMrONdAUTD'CS COMPANiV * T. LOU e VulaOv
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Generally stated, our purpose has been to assess the impact of applying
1biocybernetic techniques to improve human performance and thus enhance
system effectiveness. We have made several assumptions in undertaking this
assessement.
o The human operator is and will remain an integral component of
evolving computer-based systems.
o These advanced systems will be adaptive, that is, the distribution of
responsibilities between the operator and the system will be modified
as circumstances change.
The computer-based system with which we are concerned is a generic
tactical aircraft, and the human operator in this instance is more commonly
referred to as a pilot. With respect to the data requirements for imple-
menting adaptive procedures, we find that digital avionics programs within
the Air Force and Navy are providing the means for a reliable and efficient
flow of information about the current status of aircraft subsystems. Via
external sensing, the pilot also will be apprised of the changing posture of
the mission.
The term denotes a real-time communication link between a human operator
and the system he controls, that is based upon the physiological activity
which is recorded as the operator performs assigned tasks.
4
MWCDONNELL DOUVLAS ASTMONAUTICM COMPANY - *. L0U D0VIeOr'
I1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Rapidly occurring developments in digital computation, data-busing,
Ielectronic circuitry, display yeneration, and input/output technology havecreated a trend toward greater automation. This will reduce the extent to
which the pilot participates in housekeeping functions (i.e., navigation,
subsystems monitoring, communications, and aircraft control), thereby allow-
ing him to attend more closely to mission-related activities (i.e., detec-
tion, location, identification, decision, execution, and assessmient). The
alerted of a. subsystem failure.
While the communication link from subsystem to computer is impressive
indeed, we may ask whether comparable means are available for the pilot to
convey status information to the computer. Status in this context refers to
momentary fluctuations in attentiveness or in the ability to process infor-
mation and make appropriate decisions. An operator usually co(mmunicates with
a computer via manual responses or perhaps a small vocabulary of verbal
responses. It is unlikely that these inputs are sufficiently sensitive to
the types of momentary fluctuations mentioned above. And even if overt
S I behavioral measures could provide such information, the process of supplying
it on demand might prove extrermely disruptive to critical mission-related
tasks.
The program of biocybernetics research sponsored by DARPA since 1974
I has attempted to alleviate the imbalance in the flow of status infonlation
- by adding a communication channel from the operator to the computer. In
5describing the program, Donchin (1979) states:
5
rWCDONNffLL DOUGL AN AerfraTNLoriAcs como-AWPANY.S. LaaIs Dgow
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
"A channel carrying psychophysiological data (unobtrusively) acquiredfrom the operator can supply the adaptive controller with at least partof the necessary information. The program thus assumes that mentalactivities manifest themselves in a variety of physiological signals.It further assumes that it is possible to make strong inferences aboutmental activity from such signals." (p. 3)
We believe that the virtue of this communication channel is not limited
to the conveyance of status information for the purpose of effecting ri1ore or
less automation. Rather, we also envisage, among other applications, a
direct coupling of the pilot to aircraft subsystems from a control stand-
point, such as through "thought" commands.
In this report, we examine whether the pilot's ability to satisfy tac-
tical mission requirements can be enhanced if electrophysiological manifes-
tations of brain function are processed by the central computer. We discuss
quick-reaction situations, where the crew member is vulnerable and where
performance accuracy or the speed of response may be improved. While brain
electrical activity is emphasized, we consider other biological signals as
well. These include peripheral psychophysiological responses and aspects
of ocular behavior.
We have concentrated on pilot tasks associated with (a) the extraction
of displayed information and auditory messages, (b) decision-making based
upon subsequent processing of these inputs, and (c) control activation.
Moreover, the pilot tasks we describe in detail were chosen because they are
very difficult and/or are critical to the success of the mission, or because
they occur during periods of high workload.
6
AP.9WOANE.LL 0VOL.A AST'OpiWNAUTyC COPiA'V -S*V. LO.# dVOi8eN
I1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEOCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
The next section of the report summarizes relevant "ground rules" for
I biocybernetic applications in a 1990 time period. As describea previously
(Goiner and Youngling, 1978), there are significant technical difficulties to
be overcome before closed-loop concepts can be incorporated in operational
settings. We feel that the time frame which has been adopted is reasonable,
in view of the necessity for long-term planning. Sections 4 and 5 compare
Igeneral mission requirements for the principal mission types and outline the
information needs of the pilot, respectively. Three major subsections
comprise Section 6. The first presents time line analyses of pilot tasks
f for a postulated escort mission. This is followed by a discussion of the
particular categories of biological signals which, when interpreted by the
computer, offer the most promise for improving task perforiance. Finally,
biocybernetic applications are presented in a matrix format for each of
thirteen integrated mission segments. Section 7 then offers conclusions and
reco ne ndat ions.
SI
': I
" 7-- I leflMCDOJPEElLL OOU.@L A* A*TMO IdAU TICO COA.iPANV. -r LOUIS OVUOtSIDA
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
3.0 AN OVERVIEW OF MISSION TYPES AND PROJECTED
TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR TACTICAL AIRCRAFT
This summary information is intended to provide a framework for later
discussions of pilot tasks and potential biocybernetic applications.
In general, we have assumed a Central European Theatre (CET), and this
has influenced mission requirements, projected weapons, and aircrew func-
tions. We also have recognized the trend toward one-man aircraft, due to
reduced procurement, operating, and training costs, and the fact that fewer
personnel are exposed to combat. We assume that vehicle characteristics will
be typical of a two engine high performance aircraft (perhaps with direct
force flight control). Ordnance should consist principally of stand-off type
weapons, and command, control, and communication (C 3 ) should encompass:
Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS), Global Positioning Satellite
(GPS), and Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS).
We believe that advanced crew stations will be developed with a concern
for efficient information flow between the pilot and the various aircraft
subsystems (cf. Mills et al., 1978). Figures 3.1 and 3.2 illustrate the
essential elements of such a crew station. Included will be:
(1) Vertical Situation Display (VSD) - presents attitude and position
information in the vertical plane, also predictive or command
symbology for all flight phases,
(2) Horizontal Situation Display (HSD) - provides geographic informationIIin the form of terrain images, computer generated navigational
maps and supporting symbology, and tactics,
8MCDOPNbWLL DOUGLAS ASTMOOAuTiCs COMPANV-Sir. LOUIS 01la#go,
L-L
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
0I~~1~~ It _-
C~ -z
A---
~~~C Lu 10-~h ~ ~~* 0
LL uL Ow w .- Z
/(oL' z IO -0 C? Jz:~ _ 0 0) 0 6
0 0~ __ I-
o LIV
LL z ~
L: 09, __00
1r
FIGURE 3.1 INTEGRATED CREW STATION CONCEPT FOR A1990 TACTICAL AIRCRAFT.
9
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
13 OCT BE 19791
0 1
ic
.......... ...................19...
6, Diia ok2.FeuityPnlsRt
9. Hak Up Display Seet1ael2. Lanin GueSarPtioe Idcao
10Cnp Aet2. Multimode Display No. 1 erAlSoesEegnyJtio
11. TakeCHck Lostadprel 28. Luaice istio Indpars(ef12. Spgiae Panel 29. Moe Qaioy Panel(Rf17. CatoR n dioyPnl3.1/H Engine Fir Alert and Extinguisher Button 2.Ciia nieSau Rf
14. Rydioral Pressr 31. Arant emater Prmeswitch
1. Vercal iUao Displaytactl Dipa 2. Landing Gear Alertio niao10Multimode Di33.ayire.E2tingilher AllSoe mrmec Sw itc n
16. Arametuttion Saecnelctd Jdttsson Panel 34. Masnier CauinAetadEtigihrBto
17. Horizontal Situation Display and Moving Map(Multimode)
FIGURE 3.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INSTRUMENTS DEPICTEDIN FIGURE 3.1.
10
ACOIPHWML DoUOL 4 A3tfiMOOAUTICA COr.PANV -37. LO31S 01VDIOJ
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046(3) Multipurpose Displays (MPDs) - present system malfunctions auto-
I matically; operator selects via keyboard the information he desires
(e.g., engine parameters, flight checklists, target designations,
weapons status, sensor FOV, etc.),
(4) Head-Up Display (HUD) - presents weapons delivery and flight
information, also limited video,
(5) Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD) - a virtual image display (as is the
HUD) which also presents weapons delivery and flight information;
however, it obviates the usual requireient of a fixed display
location,
(6) Multifunction Control Unit (MFCU) - allows the pilot to sequence
display presentations via keyboard inputs,
(7) Hands-On-Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) Controls - fly-by-wire, with
critical subsystem (particularly weapons) controls integrated
directly into the stick and throttle.
Growing alarm over the task demands imposed on the pilot and severe
space limitations within the crew stations of existing tactical aircraft have
forced engineers to discard a design philosophy which prescribes the use of
I dedicated, single-purpose instruments. An accelerated obsolescence of this
conventional approach to crew station design and a new emphasis on multi-
I purpose displays and keyboards have been brought about by remarkable develop-
ments in two areas: digital avionics and programmable electronic display
devices. Large scale integration (LSI) technology has produced the necessaryI,
I microcircuit/ microprocessor electronics to create an extremely flexible
display generation capability. Raster-scan graphics can be used to generate
5realistic and varied synthetic visual scenes, and they afford an ease of
M9CDOMIELL DOVOLAS A*VO4ALITICS COMPWANY*rT. LOG.MU O1DWOi
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046mixing display symbology with the outputs of imaging sensors such as radar,
low-light-level TV, and forward looking infrared. Display presentations can
be limited (in theory) to those sources of information which are most relevant
at a specific time period in the mission. Moreover, the sequencing of
presentations can be controlled by the particular computer program(s) in
operation and by the crew member's keyboard inputs.
While numerous display developments are in progress that offer great
promise for the 1990 time frame we have adopted, the cathode ray tube (CRT)
in all likelihood will remain preeminent. It has a superb capability for
presenting almost unlimited formats (including video).
3.1 MISSION TYPES
Tactical Air Power (TACAIR) recognizes three primary missions to accom-
plish the objective of successfully waging war. The missions are Close Air
Support (CAS), Air Interdiction (AI), and Counter Air (CA). Although there
are other TACAIR missions, such as Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare,
they generally are conceived to be supportive of offensive air-to-air and
air-to-ground missions. Mission definitions are as follows:
Close Air Support - Air action against hostile ground targets that are
in close proximity to friendly ground forces. This requires detailed
integration of each air mission with the battle activities and movements
of those forces.
12
AC4PDONNWLL DOU@LAS ATMOr ALTICS COMPA&V - ST. LOWU MIfDSONW
:,~~~~~~~~~~~ ."+ ...~ ... ..r .' ..n II - -" .. ..
I1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
31 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Air Interdiction - Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize or
I delay the enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear
against friendly forces. These operations are conducted at such dis-
tances from friendly forces that detailed integration of air and ground
activities is not required.
I Counter Air - Air operations conducted to attain or maintain a desired
degree of air superiority by the destruction or neutralization of enemy
air forces. Both offensive and defensive air actions are involved.
Offensive actions range throughout enemy territory and generally are
conducted at the initiative of the friendly forces. Defensive operations
are conducted near to or over friendly territory and usually are reactive
to the initiative of the enemy air forces.
Figure 3.3 summarizes the scope of TACAIR's three primary missions.
Obviously, a large number of mission profiles will emerge for each mission
type, given the unpredictable nature of enemy operations and the broad range
of weapons, sensors, and C systems employed by friendly air forces. Conse-
quently, comprehensive yet representative profiles were developed for the
three missions.
. We have chosen to concentrate on the basic elements of each mission and
to avoid excessive concern for mission details that infrequently impact
aircrew tasks. For example, a pilot does not particularly care whether he
I penetrates at 0.85 or 0.92 Mach, at 25,000 or 29,000 ft, or whether he pulls
6.2 or 7.1 g's. These are operational techniques that take advantage of
I particular design features and overall aircraft performance. Once a pilot is
13
WCDONNOLL DOU@LA A4TRfOAUTICS COAWPAW# NV.. LOUW WbU
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PtILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Air Interdiction
Shallow (Battlefield) I Deep Stirike
\Close Air Support
-00- -
Friendly Land Battlefield Massing and Tactics iBasing and Retupvily
Moving "Engaging"' Semifluid Masaed Fixed, Hard. HighTargets Targets Value TargetsiFESA "Fire Supoort
Coordination Line"'
- Number of Targets
* *~ APC~ Armor/ /
/Q Tactical'*// //
SAM/ Ce ~ /nter /irfield
AAA~ SAM/'/POL/
.....~~D . tad om anoner
FIGURE 3.3 PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF THE THREETACAIR MISSIONS.
AWCOONSALL VUOL AS AsTwopNAUTICcoP~~ C4* S&OY11T. LUAS 4MVIROM
I1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046thoroughly familiar with an aircraft he usually develops "rules of thumb" to
cover the situations most commonly encountered. A pilot frequently will fly
mission segments, such as low level routes, at airspeeds which are even
Itenths of a Mach (0.7, 0.8, or 0.9) or multiples of 60 knots (420, 480, 540).
I This is done in lieu of best cruise or other optimum speeds because it
facilitates solving in-flight timing problems, an important parameter in all
offensive air missions.
I The previous example illustrated that mission timing can be more impor-
tant than optimum penetration speed. Many other examples are possible thdt
would further contrast pilot and aircraft design priorities. The mission
I profiles that follow emphasize the pilot priorities, especially in terms of
decision-making functions and information needs.IGeneral mission requirements are identified in Figure 3.4 for pre-flight,
in-flight, and post-flight phases. Representative mission profiles were
, constructed from these requirements and are illustrated in Figures 3.5
through 3.7 for Close Air Support, Air Interdiction, and Counter Air missions,
I respectively. A detailed comparison of mission requirements for the three
rission types is presented in Section 4.0.
j Although we have considered the mission requirements individually, they
overlap significantly in operational situations.
I
15
I MCtOONWLL DOLO*LAS AarnONAsTICS COami# ̂ wV.Sr. Loans f tngabt
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
1. Pre-Flight - All aircrew functions leading up to and including takeoff.
1.1 Mission Planning1.2 Preflight1.3 Start and System Checks1.4 Taxi1.5 Arming1.6 Takeoff
2. In-Flight - All flight activities beginning with climb and concluding atthe termination of the landing roll.
2.1 Climb to Level-Off2.2 Cruise2.3 Loiter2.4 Rendezvous and Air-to-Air Refueling (AAR)2.5 Coordination2.6 Mission Rendezvous2.7 Penetration2.8 Threat Warning2.9 Detection2.10 Location2.11 Identification2.12 Decision2.13 Execution2.14 Assessment2.15 Termination2.16 Egress2.17 Cruise2.18 Rendezvous and Air-to-Air Refueling (AAR)2.19 Reengage2.20 Return to Base2.21 Descent2.22 Approach2.23 Landing
3. Post-Flight - All mission-related activities beginning after the completionof the landing roll and ending when the aircrew is free to perform otherduties or pursue personal interests.
3.1 De-arm3.2 Taxi3.3 System Checks3.4 Shutdown3.5 Post-Flight3.6 Debrief
FIGURE 3.4 GENERAL MISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR PRE-FLIGHT,IN-FLIGHT, AND POST-FLIGHT PHASES.
16ACOOOML L OUVLAS ASTMOPWAUTUCS COMOANYV- *. LOLOM Onq0#00W
II
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEOCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
II
2.20 (2.19) . 2.17
2.21 2.162.22 / / 2.3 2.5 F 2.16
2-2 21 l2l4 12.7b) 2.9 .1
1.6~ 3.1.
Squadron .Operations 36 F FEBAMaintenance NOTES:
I Debriefing 1. Parentheses indicate optional phases.- 2. Numbers refer to phase of flight and mission requirement.
. FIGURE 3.5 MISSION PROFILE FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT.
t,.I
I- I
, I
17
1aCDOOI#WLL DOUGLAS ANTOONAUTICS COAR#APNV.-1. LO MNa
. ... r I
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
;- 2.8
2.17
.Z16(b)
-2.7 2.9-2.15S2. 7(c
2.20 12.18) 7 2.5"--f / • ~2.5
" 'S /.2.16(a)
(21) 2. 2.7(a) 2.9-2.152 .2 2 2 2 .4 1" W
2.23 -
" .
Opertons1. 6 NOTS1
ll2"
1.5.
{N
'j3j4
L .2J %3.5 3.21.1 '813 \ t
Squadron -F EBAOperations 3. NOTES:
Maintenance 1 . Parentheses indicate optional phases.Debriefing 2. Numbers refer to phase of flight and mission requirement.
FIGURE 3.6 MISSION PROFILE FOR AIR INTERDICTION.
18
iWCDONPNELL OOUOLAS A* f RAU rlCS COM 0WANV - T. LONW D VSOW
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
II
2.15,1
2.20 _ .8:.7 2.,9 -VOW
12. 19 2.5 2.6 2.7 j
I 2.22 2.21
2.23 As1
Squadron " k FEBI AOperations 3.6
. MaintenanceiDebriefing . Parentheses indicate optional phases.
~2. Numbers refer to phase of flight and mission requirement.
- 14 \.A
1.519
FIGU EP AS A3.7 MISIONPR-OFILE FC ER
Squdrn°EI
Opraios|.
MCDONN~FUEL 3.7LA MISSIONAPROILEFO CONV-TR AOlJIR.I
i i"1 I I II Ii i i
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
3.2 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
3.2.1 Weapons - The CET's defenses, weather, terrain, and target
characteristics (size, mobility, signature) compromise the effectiveness of
many weapons which currently are operational (cf. Levine, Beideman, and
Youngling, 1978). Therefore, new concepts are needed. Stand-off weapons,
both unitary and dispenser types, with midcourse and terminal guidance offer
one of the most feasible solutions. Figure 3.8 summarizes the characteristics
of various guidance options. These guidance systems also can be used in
combination. For example, midcourse guidance can be inertial while terminal
guidance can be imaging infrared (11R) with data link lock-on.
It is important to emphasize that the key features of future weapons
are that they be stand-off and that they possess accurate guidance and
control. The net results are to increase survivability and effectiveness and
to reduce losses and the resources required to destroy a target.
Figure 3.9 defines the various air-to-air missiles that influence pilot
tasks. The physical characteristics are listed, as are the system components
associated with a successful missile deployment. Important to the crew
station designer are the cockpit components that are required to launch each
missile. The basic purpose of each missile has been provided in the "Remarks"
column.
Figures 3.10 and 3.11 present similar information for air-to-surface
ballistic weapons and air-to-surface missiles, respectively.
20
MCCDOPNELL OJOLAS ATRmONAUTICs COMPANV - ST. LOIS OfV.'gOObp
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
Characteristics
U*Gednrc Adverse Fixed Moving * .. LaunchGuidnceWeather Targets Targets LOBL'LOAL and
Type Leave
Laser Seeker - V V V v
EQ TrackerI (Edge, Centroid, Correlation)Lock On Before Launch- V V VVData Link Lock On- V V V V
IR TrackerI (Edge, Centroid. Correlation)Lock On Before Launch- V V VVData Link Lock On- V V - V V
I IR/Radiometric Seekers (Passiye) V V VV VRadar
Contrast TrackersV V V V V VSAR Line of SightV V - V -
SAR Azimuthi Range Coincidence v V V - V -
Radar Correlation v V - V V VI ~~IR/Radiometric CorrelatorsV VV V V
Terrain Correlators lTERCOM) V v ___
a Antiradiation V VI ~~Inertialv VV V V
*Lock-on before launch flU-
*Lockc-on after launch
I FIGURE 3.8 GUIDANCE SYSTEMS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
21I A9COOPJPELL DOUGJLAN AsrsO~mNuvucm COAPAPJV- T. L04101 DMV101orv
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
h..
0 40
a I 41t o
* cc - 4J r- .0L. c
cc "a7 mu m
41~~3 0 0I '0.006 0 0 4 0. 414 c
-l w1 -4 0.4 0.041 V4 (.0 w m1 uJ . Q
4
2 w0V -1 to m4 .I JVr 0U S. 41;1 0 414 0.- -
S6 41 0 41 6 cu0 w041 w. go 00 (i w.n .
410 x0.
6 .. 6 *0m In14 0UU
10 L 41 41V4 4 ' - 3
O4 I-6 ',a' 'CU4 - 14 44'
rJ-0 0 f 0 0 00 - 04
U 0
0V C3 w-4~11 ~~41 /741 4- ~41fl . = I41
4P4 4..^Z2 4
w m co wI c
4100 u1 -41 1 U mj
41 m 00
en u oU4c 0 0..
.41 4 ~ .4
0c -c C 1
W00OIi 00JOA ASNOWUOO CO#4 LW-Sr LiiSAWOS
" Um v 41ml- W *.-2 U1 -
* BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MVDC E2046
0 0 0 m4 -4 03 Pl wC aD V
9 c .OA x0 c 0' 31 c 00
GD GDG 4 0 en 0 000 0 0 D .CN -4 .
800 0w GD 'o. D J~D
QD. 0. CL 0.0 10 to~ L.to0 0 0 0G 3u. w~-
08o co 4 w-4 , I.N0 f~.j
4.4 IWO "I4 WO CL G .0 a) - GD4G GD GDGDA GD 0)D CLA.c -
00 13 GD GD 4) -4'.4 40 a x- Ea
- L ~ ~ 4)4 c 0 0 0. .GN 0. .
OSJ 0 0 GD 0 In G 0 mD 0 G-4 4,D. D GDG DG
-3 ~ 4 - 31 -~ . 4 -4 4 0>
M.G (a CA CA IA 4) (U4
-7 ccD A.4 4:; Aj A 0
1 4 00 3 cc 00 0) 00C 00 cc C. 0Aj 4) 14 '4 ' DZ' 4' 4'
V44 w ~ 0."4ad GD 0 go C 0.4 WD 0.
cc4' E4 a4 'n m 4 tm '4 In '4 '-4 . 3. 3. W. 3. 3. 3 3 33 3
10 G 0r GD 1U0 0 GD 10 0 'A 0cn 4 Gd D .0 GD GD GUD G G DG
5C 0 LL
"4 '4 '4' 4 1'
AA (A
A* 80 C
GD Q &4- .Cco -4 4
w4 C4 GDv- GD Ac4
.0 -. C D * .4G
C6C'A -- .4 .4x.
cu A (0.0.; .0i-4 GD -4-t4c- 0 0.4 0 0 vi-t. 44 0 a a . A o C4 00 0% a.
N3 0.0G
* D *..0 12 *- . -4
* u "084 .0 -4 0 4 .0 .. 0 .0. .4 4.C .480
:4 80G 01 AAC"6 = 0l .0 0 0 cc 00 0~
x4 0o 0 9 0 76 0r
*WEONIL 004OLA GDMNUISCMAY-7 OSIVSO
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
10 -v41
4C -0. 1 41414.40 J9- cc -
W 41.40 4 0 1
0 04 30 to -41 01 4
0o 41 z4 r- V14 ..- 00 M
w > 1 0A.' 0 '0 cC41 sw 41 0111 ~ 1
41 * ~ ~ 4
w1 co to 0 - ~en 3 0w 0. w~ cc ~ '01 -4 CC4-' cc
41 ~ '4 3' 4 -4- 0 I In.41
2..43 04 wC 0J -.4 14 ~ 4 0.1
.r.U0 .0
41 -4 44 .* ;a 3n .4 4
.4~~a 41 41 . 3 4
41 41U 414 41 U *-L4
41 Cl -441 44 -41 . .. 4-..41 ra1 4 4 411 4 Z
041A0 A 1. 0 a 2.. 41 0a <404 0.4
40. -41 0 E 41 0 1 04 4..
041 -43w -4
41 LI..
C44uvi 4ta 41 to
41~~c to' 1 1 401 E1 4 4 .
%1 w- 0 w 4 c,
-4_
C6 41 41 Ul 0 w' 0.0 co. 10
so . C6 -J 0 1 11 X IV-.
> -
4124
* .0 NOWIELL OOULA -4rf0A1 TIC CLii&PVS.L0N 0V
I
1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
3.2.2 Avionics - The reduction in the cost of digital circuitry and the
U advantages of expandable memory are responsible for an increase in the use of
i digital computers onboard military aircraft. Most importantly, the avionics
are more integrated, with the various subsystems under the control of higher
level systems which, in turn, are under the control of the pilot. By effec-
tive interconnection of subsystems workload can be reduced, permitting the
I pilot to concentrate on those tasks which the central computer cannot handle
effectively.
The advances in electronics will result in more accurate navigation,
improved night and adverse weather target detection, jam resistant communica-
I tions, and more effective countermeasures. The largest payoff may be in
terms of better command, control and communication (C 3 ) systems. The pro-
grams most likely to affect aircraft systems and crew information require-
ments are the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and the
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). Although not directly a C3
program, the Global Positioning System (GPS) may interface with JTIDS for
navigation and blind navigation bombing purposes.
. I A summary of anticipated avionics improvements is shown in Figure 3.12,
with reference to the Air Force Digital Avionics Information System (DAIS).
3.2.2.1 Sensors - The information which is displayed during various
phases of the mission is derived from two sources: (a) real-time sensors andI,(b) the a priori data base stored in the aircraft computers before takeoff.
P. In general, those data which are retrieved assist the pilot in performing
monitoring, navigation, threat location, and target acquisition functions.
25
MCDOPNELL DOUaLAS ASTWONALrlICS CO*MPAAIV-0T. LO.*N D ItCO
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Function Equipment Type Anticipated Advances
HAV Inertial Strapdown; improved gimballed systems
ADC Computations performed in processor
TACAN, ILS, ADF Weight, size, power consumption
GPS, OMEGA Will become operational
Hybrids GPS/inertial available
COm MSI, LSI; Shared Antenna ; Modulationtechniques
JTIDS Will become operational
IFF Improved performance, cost reductions
ECM Power management
Air/Ground Attack Lasers Laser target seekers will becomeoperational
FLIR Reduced costs, weight, size; improved
display
FLR" Improved performance, reliability
C/D Controls & Displays Current displays and controls will bereplaced by computer-driven MPD
plus EMFK
Processing Processors LSI technology and microprocessorswith large central processing capa-bility
BITE contained within microprocessors
MOS (metal oxide semiconductors)Bipolar Schottky transistor-transistorlogic
Power Supply Central power supply core element
Interface Equipment BCIU, RTU Integrated within sensor or processor
FIGURE 3.12 ANTICIPATED AVIONICS ADVANCES (WITH REFERENCE
TO DAIS).
26
PECDOMIEL L DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICB COCMPAI V - er LO4,P DRIVUIONOW
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
The sensors, on the other hand, provide essential information for all house-
keeping and mission-related functions, particularly navigation, communication,
threat detection/ location, and the execution of air-to-air or air-to-ground
attack.
I Representative sensors onboard the aircraft include:
o multimode radar and forward looking EO or IR sensors for target
I recognition; laser designator/ranger/tracker for attack,
o imaging seekers for missile guidance (see Figure 3.8) (implied is the
dedicated fire control computer for directing these seekers to the
aimpoint coordinates available from the target acquisition sensors),
o navigational sensors for INS, TACAN, and GPS,
o radar and laser threat (ground and air) warning sensors, IFF threat
identification receivers, and data-link receivers (e.g., JTIDS).
We should mention that a more inclusive listing would encompass the feedback
j devices which are used to monitor the status of the various aircraft sub-
systems. By restricting our focus to those baseline sensors listed above,
i however, we can describe their characteristics in greater detail (see Figure
1 3.13).
3.2.2.2 Electronic Displays - In the next two sections (4 and 5) of
this report, the mission requirements and the associated information needs of
I the pilot are described for the reader. These sections demonstrate that
3 flexibility in display generation is essential to satisfy future mission
objectives. The pilot must be able to select, or be provided automatically,
I integrated information which is updated or changed accordingly across specific
time periods in the uission.
* 27&MCDONNIELL DOUOLAS ASTMOOEAUrICs COMPANV - T. LOE.N OEVIIN40I
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
0 4XCD >J >C
000.4-0
-m 04 0 0 ,C
4- C' A CVS
0c 0, 39 4
o 00OE C0A -C40 , L 0 ''. .v O - - - - , 04w cu.4, A . t i . C - C .+
0 0A-LAL 0 , S . , G 4- 0 " 4-w -a 0' - O ~ .-- 0 . A , , .- 4-C00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c .4-4AC C - .4S . -*~
-Y mCCE E o- - K ' . . E
0..
0 C0 u 0. 0.
0. ~ 0, , -. 4- *..-.0.CD0. . A - 1 A- "44 AOW
CL uJ
0 . _1%
0wvawW L O O AS CtA~r~jAjr (.4-0.fV -Or 4-MA (0IA C
I1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE'1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
We stated earlier that flexibility is afforded, in part, by the incorpor-
I ation of multifunction display techniques. Our purpose in this subsection is
I to present a brief comparison of those electronic display media which will be
competing for inclusion in tactical crew stations during the 199Os. Recall
that Figures 3.1 and 3.2 illustrated the display units which will present
visual information to the pilot. They consisted of:
I o Multipurpose Displays (MPDs),
Io Horizontal Situation Display (HSD),
o Vertical Situation Display (VSD),
j o Head-Up Display (HUD),
o Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD).
I Presentation media for alpha numerics, symbolic characters, graphics, and
full video should include:
o Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs),
o Liquid Crystals (LCs),
o Plasma Devices (PLDs),
o Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs),
o Electroluminescence Devices (ELs),
o Laser Displays (LDs),
I o Electromechanical Devices (EMDs).
* ITo allow a meaningful comparison of these display devices, consider the
- information formats and coding Fchemes (Figure 3.14) with respect to which
the competing technologies will be assessed (see Figure 3.15). Other factors
3 certainly must be taken into account when establishing evaluation criteria,
and these are illustrated selectively in Figure 3.16.
t Im 29
SMCDONNMELL DOUJGLA AsTROp*AuTICs COMPANV-OS. LOA 06 WOOON
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
A - On-off: legend
B - Alpha numerics: fixed alphabet
Cl - Characters (symbols and alpha numerics), raster or matrixgenerated: variable alphabet
C2 - Characters, stroke generated: variable alphabet
D - Graphics and characters: fixed format and alphabet
El - Graphics and characters, raster or matrix generated:variable format and alphabet
E2 - Graphics and characters, stroke generated: variable format
and alphabet
F - Full video (or fixed image)
G - Color coding
H - Size coding
I - Depth coding
J - Time coding (typically a software problem)
FIGURE 3.14 INFORMATION FORMATS AND DISPLAY CODING SCHEMES.
30
ACDONMELL DOUGLAS ANTRONAUTOCS COMPAPIV * *E LOWS DNVISIeOI
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
II
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
LD EMD EL LED PLD LC CRT
A X X X X X X
B X X X X X X X
Cl x x x x x
DISPLAY D X X X X X XFORMATTYPES Ex x x x x
(SEE FIGURE3.14) E2 X X
F X ? ? X X
1 G X X X ? ? ?
H X ? X X X X X
.I IJd XXI
II* FIGURE 3.15 COMPARISON OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES, WITH RESPECT
TO INFORMATION FORMATS AND CODING SCHEMES.
I
t 31
rMVCDONWfLL DOUOLAS ASVONAVICS COMPANW-.7. LOLW* DlVIOpII!
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
1AME ELECTRLU[NESCEl(CE LIGHT EM.ITTING LIQUID
PARAMETER PLASMA PANEL DIODES CRYSTAL
Resolution 30-60 epi .20-50 epi. large panels 30-50 epi 10 epi, large panels 120-1600 epi
500 epi, small panels 588 epi, small panels
Brightness -30-50 ft L '30 ft L l00 ft L • Ambient Dependent -30-1000 ft L
Contrast _20:1 Binary '10:1 Full Video 100:1 20:1 Full Video 20:1 Full Vioeo
Oisplay Size '1024 elements Z4O elements, 6 inch 250 elements, 350 elements, 3.5 in. 480-830 elementsT7 inch sq 500 elements, I inch 6 in. sq. 600 elements, 1 in. 1-25 inch sq.(ac driven)
Color Primarily Neon Phosphor Dependent Red; green and Prirary Black/White PhosphorOrange Full Full Color Possible yellow also but Contrasting Dependent,Color Possible available Colors are Available Discrete Colors
Also
Power 200-300W lOW 1.5-2.0W/cm2
Swlcm2
to 1.0 mW/cm2
100 WattsRequirements 01.5-2.0 volts @3-15 volts
Thickness <l inch I1 inch 1 inch 'l inch z12-18 inch
Weignt 50 lbs -Up to SO Lbs.
Environment Rugged Rugged Rugged Rugged but Tempera- Ruggedizedture Limits
Aspect Wide Aspect Uniform, Wide Aspect Slight Gain But Restricted Uniform Wide
Viewing IBasically UniformITime Constants Std. Video Compatible With Std. Compatible With 10-500 ns (with scan 3-1OHHz Std.
(dc driven) Video Std. Video converter LC can Videodisplay std. video)
Storage/ yes (ac driven) Yes, but is config- No Limited Storage None (storageRefresh no (dc driven) uration dependent CRTs are
available)
Reliability/ 100,000 Mrs LRU 1.000 to 10,000 hrs, 10,000 to 100,000 20,000 hrs, LRU 15 to 15,000 hrs,Maintainability LPU [rs, LRU LRU
Status Operational/ Laboratory Demonstra- Commercially Operational/Labor- OperationalCommercially tion Models Available/ atory DemonstrationAvailable Operational Models
FIGURE 3.16 EVALUATION PARAMETERS AND CORRESPONDING
PERFORMANCES OF SELECTED DISPLAY DEVICES.
32MCDONNELL DOUOLAS AOTOrNAVIrC* COM#&4NV -T. LOUL wUoW
I BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
The CRT will probably remain the fundamental display medium in the
I 1990s, because of its versatility in generating data for all display units
listea above (i.e., MPD, HSD, VSD, HUD, HMD). However, as new display media
are developed (e.g., electrophoretic, magnetic particle, and electrochromatic
I devices) the pilot's information needs, which translate to display formats
and codes, rust be considered as the most significant evaluation criterion.Ig 3.2.2.3 Multifunction Control Unit - Multifunction switches, a rela-
tively new concept in control technology (see Figure 3.1), are a counter-
I part of coriputer generated multifunction displays. They may be thought
of as versatile sets of switch contacts which perform different switching
Ioperations.
Each switch within a nultifunction control unit addresses computer
logic, which determines the specific function of that switch and initiates
the desired action when the control surface is activitated. Since the
I function of a particular switch changes, current status of the switch must be
displayed. There are several ways in which this can be accomplished:
o rear projecting legends onto pushbutton switches,
I o generating legends remotely and transmitting to switch face with
fiber optics,
o generating legends on an electronic display with switches located in
the periphery,
o generating legends on an electronic display and then activating the
I area which has been designated (touch, light pen, photo-sensitive
detectors, etc.),
o generating legends directly on the switch face.
t. I 33
MCDONNEWLL DOU@LAS ASTONAUTOCS COMPAWV -S. LOUDU CrWISq3.ND
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
3.2.2.4 Voice Actuated Controls - As modern aircraft become increasingly
wore sophisticated, additional responsibilities are created which add to an
already burdensome pilot workload. The concept of voice actuated systems
(VAS) is one potential solution to this problem. In fact, the applications
can be extended in principle to incorporate "thought" commands, as discussea
in Subsection 6.3.
The purpose of VAS is to permit more direct communication with the
computer, thereby alleviating conventional workload and providing additional
time to perform higher level tasks.
The particularly desirable features of VAS are: a reduction in manual
control procedures (especially during critical flight phases), a reduction in
eye-hand coordination problems, and a reduction in visual demands inside the
cockpit. A representative application may be found in weapons delivery.
During this mission phase, the pilot is concerned with the sequence of events
necessary to properly arm and deliver weapons on a target, to maintain
altitude and airspeed within acceptable limits, to performnrequired communicd-
tions, and to remain alert for enemy threats. With VAS, it may be possible
for the pilot to change radio channels and to arm and deliver weapons by
simple voice commands. Hence, more time and attention can be given to target
acquisition, lock-on, flight control and threat avoidance.
Voice data entry systems are already in use for a number of interactive
command and control functions. However, these systems have a limited vocab-
ulary and dre speaker specific. Vocabularies typically consist of digits and
a small set of control words and phrases.
34
ACDORPrELL DOLOOLA40 AeWROmAUTIC C0MPANV-0T. LOUx0 Dotlooml
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
3.2.2.5 Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, (JTIDS) - JTIUS
is a digital communication system for secure, redl-tirie colmmand and control
of combat operations. JTIDS will interconnect the tactical defense elements
of all services with surveillance/intellegence centers and with command and
control centers in the theatre of operations. Precise time-of-arrival
r:ieasurements, coupled with the transmission of emitter location, are used to
generate a common grid coordinate system containing the location of all
active net participants. The system uses Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) to interconnect all users via one common channel for the distribution
of information. Each authorized element is allocated a number of trans-
mnission time slots. When not transmitting, each element monitors the trans-
missions of all other elements and extracts the information as needed.
Although the specific benefits of JTIDS have not been documented,
several generic benefits affect tactical missions. These are:
o jam resistant communications,
1 o intercept enhancement,
o "Beyond Visual Range" threat identification,Io supplementary threat warning,
Io relative nagivation,
o blind NAV bombing capability.
' IJTIDS is a multiphased program which is scheduled to achieve full
. operational status by 1984.
'" I
35- I 9CDO~tPWNELL DOUVLAS ASVTRO#WALTC COaMPANV-ST. LOCIS OS ISlJON..
-' -..- =] 1 ... LII '% 'I' "t' '1 ' I'*,' 1 - ' -- .. ...... n - --,, . . .. .
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
3.2.2.6 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) - AWACS will
provide air surveillance for command, control and communication functions
throughout the U.S. and overseas. Its radar will detect and track aircraft
at any altitude over land and water.
3.2.2.7 Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) - GPS will provide precise,
three-dimension6l position and velocity information to aircraft, ships, and
ground Forces. The GPS development is currently in the validation phase,
with early results indicating that the system can meet anticipated accuracy
requirements. Full scale development should begin in 1982. Eventually, 24
satellites will be orbited for full global coverage by 1984.
tkt
36WCEPOOMELL 00OL *8 Asrnoow^LTDCS COMPR*N V-Sr T. a00 OuIOMMVa
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
4.0 MISSION REQUIREMENTS
General mission requirements were listed earlier (see Figure 3.4) for
pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight phases. From these requirelents,
representative mission profiles were illustrated for Close Air Support, Air
Interdiction, and Counter Air missions (see Figures 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7,
respectively).
VOur intent in this section of the report is to describe the mission
I requirements in more detail. This is followed (in Section 5) by an examina-
tion of pilot information needs. After establishing tactical objectives and
I definin, the corresponding information requirements, we present (in Section
6) time line analyses of the specific tasks which must be performed.
IWe have chosen a presentation format (adapted from Mills et al., 1978)
which will facilitate comparison of the requirements for the principal TACAIR
l missions. The numbering scheme used to identify individual mission require-
ments is the same as that used in Figure 3.4. Notes are included whenUfurther clarification or differentiation is necessary. We should emphasize,
I again, that the mission requirements overlap in combat situations.
4 I37
MC00P#O#ELL 0O0OL LA ASTrOAVAU TICe COMPANYV-0T. LOLANS OVIb#NW
2- -AL---v---- ---'----7-
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
0.
0. Giil 0
W. 4- -040(II L LV 4
GoE00 O . 1
Mn1i 01 0 u
UL -2 c0 E.011- L) . 0 4> 00
4j A - An E f
Ul~ 4V 0A L. 0 1010. 0 0 6 00inz~ ~- Li 41
01 4
41 0 011 041 L04 .- 2 1ifl 0.
0 m
7;;-~ $01 - E
0r.0 be2.
Z -0 0in0Ln In ,
0U 01- 0.
_W E0 -o AsLA fuCLu
41 T 00 010 24ru -C 06.CC 01 4) r41 7; 0L71 MI- 0
L-r 01.- 410 C > =- 1
(u 'M_ a, 010'V -z c0 2 mn0 Q)-> rL41 U 40 C-: 4,C
CL 0 m1 L .i *0La -a,> 0 "a4. C;L =i39 4
(M A L4 'TL 1 0 -Or.04.- 0 m d 0.S
w0 un V. =V -Q ; a 1 wc&4 C m~C1, 0
W 0V01 m C. 4 LAi1010
.Cl-
010 - j r-.
L_ 060 W4 41 c , 0 S-'a CL %_L 0 1 Ic
&414- .- 0 V4,m 0 Sn4S01~4 in z~.0i C C.0 ii i LU 0 . U 1 0 E n01 ~~~~ ~4 V0 0- 1 . un 1~0
4.1 * -W 4 -4C 00 1 L 1 0 0 O
4 1 . . * 0m 0 1u Na * * 5 0 1 .=10 1 0 6ch- V U Z )0 01 m E Un C4 0 1- 1~~~~~~~~ V C 000 '0 0 0 CN 4- 04-> C
4.14-3~~~4 W1100 n C 0 V 0 14A0 I ' t
Go ~0 - 0l i 411 0. E OC( 41 0n. 1 * m .L. - Z C . 1 0- 40 1 2 1 1- - - I0LII 9L -C CA'0 -V - 4> 0- ~ n i L 1 I-IA 4 01O 1
4- 10, n 0 1In 01 in - C C 0 La
o F -GUR ULE 4.11 PR-LIH MISIO 01UREET 01R i0 CO AIRiJ~~SPOT AIRin CNTRDCTON AND. COUTE LAIR.141i L--
U ~ in - 01 1L 4 0 C - - - 0 ~ 0 010 410380"C001E~fL 0 0 1.)'I = LIC 0 AS#a4~rc cov-C~-w .-.- 0 410101 o -0
2 ~~~i- I* 1-0 1u0U U.-. .4
I
1C E9BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
L .
04
atI*CA
I--
It
4..
"I. a -.
i S. 4Im9
I _ D= X , C1.
cr~~~~ 'mw c m aW L
I- *: VL. - -C! '110 c 'A 0 0 o 4-U .!: - M _ CLm v
w/ Q _ a w m A .u4.'
! CI- *;; o zC 0 Com
- j 06.4 *.4.' 41 Cw
I 0~~~~~~~41 -.. V- L - CI S
4.'uI0.41~~0 wILI 1
FIUR 4.26 PRE-0LIGH MISIO REUREET (CNTNUD)
U L LL * UL'-~439.
WCOCONNW&L 00VO.A -SMNATC 'UL0IJON Sr 4-KN 0WRS
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MVDC E2046
ci
NJwA
wo Ln
L' m aiU
EEa~wL 41~
CEL
u ~ ~~ ~ ~ u -IEcu (
W.T 'o c 4
0) cc )c ,C2c,0S
CY0
w- =. c 0. at
CL ) 0C C) m x +j 0 LW 0 UUa
~ 4- ~ .Oa)'U~~i 4- C' t'4~ C)CJ O C4m
. rE
W C .U 0Ii - U --4- 0L~ LD.U CD06
U., j0... 41.C) U Cad, J-~0- U C)~~U~ L .- a
f. FIGURE 4.3 PREFLGH MISSIO REUREET (CNIUE)
Li'U C ~ 4-G ULCJ4 0 LLC
MCP00NL LDCJC).d A LC~fJ fC COMRAY-O.L.A ENVOciC
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE KD 24
0 n -0-W: UE '
.~ 4.~.C W .WU 4
U _ - 0. w-.
)( -Wia *OCWu
i m w m
vi A,>% j 0 o-
*l =C C C C m
11 -C.
%_ 0
L* .U
EUC C.
I EU
-~~a Eu L-0r_.'-G
0'- 0 3L. W La)4 .4I nV
wi A r-_ a) C'AL. EU U~ £. ' .- C .CGD E U
43 -~' 0 U ~ -'Z (1)G~ .
I~~~~S 43 00D- 0" -
L_ =- V Cu. a a)-- aC EU4 >. .L14 cDU u4-4..T E 0nS.01 U .- AC3 1V3u- mf C:U. A
V3- 0 C 14 03-- L4-.. =3 EU 10 a 0_;
'A XE* _CU.-EU- - w =U - .- . 4j u 0 4-0U~ W 391.1 CDV V3.- 4.CL.L 4J C Ql
M 0 0'~EU C 4 w tm ",&0 -W0 00 Cw 0 0 s
%- CLW(.
Le 414 U 1 Z 0 _uC0 )EPACOOMIVELI WO@ 48 ASMOZUTC CO .1 - uT LOU 0f m L_~p
WS A, I-:
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CAC
V)39
x S-
00 "o
LL
o' $ , _ .- wc , 4,.1a. - ;. , ., - 0 f,. @3 =,o0 4 0 0 fe
W~,u
.. , *. , , = LL0 m m - v s- , CS.. cuu RE(J -U' C 4?
4"C. *0 0C4"
-'--*J -u . -
c3 LW 4COJ cu.-43.0 U- @i S' u0 4
Cfl43'C - ,,- -. 04-t
.) ,- .,-4- =@.,
4Au
4).-
EV3 C * U."- U
I. =. 0.' 41 2- @ * @
:FI UE 4.5 .)IN-FLIGHT ~ -MISO E URMETSFO ULS AIR
4£
0N
CL aC w33- 43 3~ c ' c V !?4A 0 ~ &~ m~ 4 0C c- - n
... . 3... >-0 'V" U' ' ' 43' 43. | "" + + ,
wl Ev. S@0 EL .- ~. E >1 CACiU
CV 0 4'- Cx, 0 3u E .u.L.'43 L.' 04(3i4.L c 0 'o' 3 C,-0V 4 .C 4-3-- - ~ O4
4n. 4W @33J0) 14 -w 0m C s-; C 30>'Vv L 0Z 0 m3 0a. U0 0 0. cu-
4.) ~ ~ ~ ~ C a-) a-=L~o o.'U C 4- -LW r>-403 @ @3L - 3 N-
43@3C .O CIV 3.CW O,...CO.-. 4j ~ 43 0 U43 4A N c-3 U ~ C 4 . . I u V 4 ' - C. - '
42.
OWC000VWAM 00V LAS40rf0N 4Jrf0 C ^0lWAN -6r-0UM0f~Z# .
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
'AA " U
Inc 4" ' G i,,,{:~ 05 -
GJCG6J&A 0
0- 0300N>.1 * • -. 3
" 0
%_ C. fo X
Ca Eu.-'i, d
- * a) u4 .
. 0 1 1 I di filL :I
CD cc A 4 Eu -
,'-5 4j >. ' "GJu E u~o-
S.- G1 ;1 t
L. ~ ~ ~ ~ S U A u~O - 0
I. .m U , " ' 4 .
I ,,., 1L. J4...J.- LL. 6.
0 0
Eu 4'4I 43uUu > 0. 0
.MCDONNELL uE A.NAT' .ELUE 0
*~~ ei u *j00J L O 0 40~~ zuUC -W a)S .C E -0.0
(.J~ ~ 5 E 0 5415 L 4 6C
0S E cu U)
El) >-0 4v s64E 0 r-Wm c 0> 4 L _u L_.'
- - 0 a C* =- 411. 41
In* ,i 4.) W .0u 0Z~= 0 WCS >C C
41 -
I) 0= u a)Ipc A m%I1L-- o4
FIUR 4.6 iN IGH 4mISO REUREET (CONTNUED)GoI S '= - tA41 m 10434U44 1SS.4 )4
*~~~~~~ 0.COddL WOJOA mTPAU U 0O9P WY c 0V O~D
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
434. M 0 c
'U 41 -W43s
3 J. C- (A
ui 4143 4 '
c . iC4C U'Cl UC S_ _ wZ 'At
Lo 414 . U 40f WIU 0 r_4j~
L14..a 04~ 4 .430 C>L~- '
U.' ~~'u 4. E V 3
= 43.. 'U43 '4- 4LI~ ~ cU C7,4 , -
Vn c m. w4 -! 4m.C -. 2"a *-3 -' 0 'UC m
c >4 cU uow 1 E 41 3 ~
w f4~ A ~ 4 E IV Cl *C '
444m. I.. W344 - C4iL .- C 'UO.2.L .-.- , Z'U
W S_ W4, -0 CU-
43'Uj u4) =3 - 43 Li C
_0 0 U ~ 43u 40-W m34U .4 0 '3 CL 0 A -'Cc .11CC 1 , 41
- ) L a4U U -0 -C ), .4
Utz.L44-' '043:;;3a (U CU 'S_ a
tU .C v4- 0C. O 4-4J A r-L V. ) uC E4jlz )s -; -- S 0 m3>
w- - 434 0 c s - I.. 'a 'Uc'4
=33U =3) 41 w .! o U cCC J' %.4.4 -g~%_-3' U0.C a= 4 a CL W T- -4e 4.c 0
41, 0 a - ='V SOU -U0 ' 3i> u4' )' m 34'4- . I* w4 4343 aW 41 O 4Cu__ LI a34 04' CU 3- LL-'U U~'n4.443c u SLUf m 0 U L> U 43
m4.4.- 43 43 43- a :r4.'E , .
43'CL0 WUO ~ .a w-.' 0 C c.O L.u U. 0 414- ot 4240> L. 04 - C 4
- 430 0 L.'4J W ' C4OCJ 4 M.C W 0 E M4in - %A 4 0 1- 4 ) E4 c3 _ _ - sf 1)4 44 '. S 43 4, CL4 > w L. . =
IA ~ 1 3 -O0 m'LU _r_ C.- j 0 .C.-.' cO 44.04c3043 'a .3:4- u4. a3 E3 w43.-
m -U0 -o
I -L 4392. U8
FIGURE 4.7 IN-FLIGHT MISSION REQUIREMENTS (CONTINUED).
t. 44
MCoOPIEWLL DOUOL AU A*TWO#NALITUCS COAP'A V - T. LdXA DeVDSPOW
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE VDE24
C C 4) 1 . 4'
CL ou tl: a
1 4 J - r- 42 cIL 1.4.14
0. L1U~ cl . .E> 4-'C- , C
*~c. S C, +- J1 VU m1 0 U r EC'4#a0 0- CQ 4; a0.C~- I n W1LI
u 0 1 V W 41.- C
li4E X. 1.
o 0 r E1.4 41 1QIZ 0. LI. C 0 W !
*.. 41 .
I 0 4!C4- m1 14- 4A
* ~41 a' 1~ . -0
CL )C 3: u a' u r_0. .1 LI 0 .-
UI~~~~~~ C 4 4- . E,1
I 4-oI L. 4.44 C 4 - 4 14.~ uI m*OC U c C
4, 10 C4'. S a) 0..
14.- 0 : 0-cc u41 41U
3.LL C 4141 04; o w 041
U 0 M4- C41 E
U, 41
UICr 4~ 0 w-41 =
4- w-
24 &A4IA-!0
* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 AEDO.NL >ODL£ OMPATCCWAV-8.LG
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
wo ' L. 4
u L W 0.
w 0
J 4J W~G
4,1
4j C2 0LSC w -4 a 0 0 Wf vi c
-W I-. fa~4 W..'A UU --'Z W W CE~~~ 'aU 'aU aO0 4 ' ~ . ~ ~ ,LGJ'1, 4fla1 0-- U 0O~ L WC Wa0 W J
4wL-C. G IWO20 0 M C S_>3,wW 10 c -W'
w W.14 M0 S 0 *'L C> o- . OW'In Co. C.~ L. 0)4,0 u.1"L J.' UWa.GJ U 0 - 0 W 0.W. LA ~fC -C LaC I+>- SW S_ >C 4
cx 0 n * 4- o-r-0. E~-0 Wa0 W0 a C,.CLLA I. 0 ,1- 0La 0W '~,' m __ a -' 10 :310
o4~ W ~ C 0) 4fl ccU 3 3A- . 0 0 ::f- -, J U '~ ~~. M SC W'~4 W .1
a... >0~ q ' d 0' C ' 04- Wc CL 41U
4, a La I W Zbe cm m 4) W IV O W 4
3.0fl0 -C a) W - u =C. iC 0 U' GJ *,4- (An C..C 'a- - 'MS-1a
a I 1.. a %JL. U t _ -a1.I.CW ) a .V J O.-
4,aV1 C0 >, 4,410, W j3 E C -~ *(D C4 U.O O U 3 C O CIO0 0 .al
0 ~ ~ r 4, =03 Q a.) =,'0 I,44- O'
d). wLI, a ' Ua C_-LU 'a40I C 3c = W --- ) -. A.2. ,~4, w,) , w V rL UIV c UOp.- E 1'a - -,z M S 01J )0W0mJ mC W.'0 U 41L S n 1 a,0 .
42WO C - omm4 Q.='a =- W0) 4C>)-> . C ==4- Au- j *.ao r_ 'aV .CC-L0u0. *-Q-C '-30 S_.-m . 0 C .I,S 4 - $-- '6 4 QU'a 4,0 c .00)o0 ' 0 '
41. . r_ a)~ U Sa 41 *- 10 ).. 1 )" U.0 ) .0-0 m1 0),Si) LL.34 0J0.0 , .C 0L a--) 041= _a .
IGI- L ,U~a mC 00). 0.- >. W), A-.' EC S S4) Q 0 a0 W.. -0 ))4- C3W oJ IC-C >1 0...~~ WU0)-*C O- .0- 0O oI0C )0 a I..c'J ~ ~ ~ >C s-''4L4,,' 7C',4'0a 0 3 a) Z-OS-
a.i %_5 ..S_ 'v i S _ i a -. a = ",W441W04 0 Q : 0 Z CO 0WJO
FIGURE_ 4.9 INFIH MISO REUREET (CNTNUD)
0 - 3 . 1$46 03 _ d)c
pAOO, 4L SOUG V1 W*M~jE >IC EO~4 '*S.LuSDV
1 COER17 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
W CL41c
cu~I
wi ra- o ~ V
C, m LO W *4--CeI= %J _ u
c, > 40- c
o We -'> 'a~jn
- 0 -'C mW. c.0
CZ - 0 Sa
g 'aL *Ou
. cc
cU> 4-IC)-a
00go t:::U 3 4= - 04jL 00 0
C' 4. C- )E0~CJU it- 41 >1 ~ 0 rd.-LLICGLGJ' I- C.-
O L 10 4AJCU rCL >0. 1-~ 4-u O.EC *-GJ jG
sW E~ s m )4->.
~'41 50 0 4'I2 'U '>CE
llO.' I-'aGU *C4-4.060UL I 4' 2 _ . t,0~4 0U W c' L
LGJ. E 4 m"V, G C m C -' S . C C U '
ICV%ASlQ.1 amc
=& Ci um~ 0 r
evco.
soI
FIGURE 4.10 IN-FLIGHT MISSION REQUIREMENTS (CONTINUED).
47A@CVD70AMLL VOLOaL 45 ATWOiAJTics COA~fpAPIV0r LCN fi7MAT.
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
4U 0) ' .. *. C E
,. 41
4 1 _ V0
CM A u0 w"
u C- - S-~ 4-
, . C 0.
.C e ,4,'4" .II
~>4.1: 0
>" "0 S _ € "
I -40 w - >E
cc
.0 4 39
,al -. C 11Z 1; 1;4
. o .- C E .-
- .a)4 40. 4U 4
'a U 4
c.4.E0 cm 03.
W 4) S..
rZ- ::O~f4' In ) c
-~~~ 0 z4L0
11-01
faC a r d 3: 0 "
Cl --
4- 4A GEl 0 4 0 C s_.
4fl 10E L) t1
foe %2 .1.00 a 40 - %4)
=.5 ' ! S) 4- 4 0,V
4* C .EC El a,- 0
o~~0 03l4)- 0~4~~
zU. 0),0 1E
8 410 CI
Cl. LI E4 Q. aj -
V C .SI) S0 C
4S m 04 4'C..40O *
EU *41.S*-U 0
FIGURE 4.1 I -LGH M...ISION REUREET (CONTINUED). -
C .- -48
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
CluIiLO 0.0 ' a i .-
4' E
o) oiCiL a 4
00 C > 0o
.J 06 J io0. C=.! =1
qu4 00
ci a) I.. .1 0 3I 41S )4
$_ > 4' (41:;m'a' .4 4 0 411 cu
1 00 US1W~ >
0 0 4
>1 mcii 0. cmL0 0 CL09 L
a 4' 0 W Mr S. 0 'oi4
u~i L4 c
Cli 0 4 4'0 .1 w
u0~ 4j-S
2.4-00 i r- w
4'
I= (
Lu 0 4A 0
In j 4' a) Ac c m
4D m ' S 4I . c Wi SUwci f 4w W 3). CL 4
j'1 i 4' ' '. E. I S.E~CU OI ai - = 0 C,4
U4-C~ . _ 2 4jC u w CL'c . 4 m4 a,2v
4j 49AC OM E LL D0I L 8 Sm O AUTC C; A P N' 01 %_ D u~
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979MDE04
'Z C 1 0= 1-c
0 GJ ~ E
d- L , u oic -.- :Mu u EU am
w~ L4 Gio)E,.~
L, -
I- 3.E s-4-.E 4j 41 1"O' 41 41E 6E0L. Wi~ o C41E
ou IM. C E~
Efl A C) r) 44r .0 0I L.
M u 4w wo0E~ u C
Cr Cu
C fa~uci -0
8,, 2
4-4 -J A
GOL G# C 41E 6,v- z -- C2
=- ERGc. wU S. 1.'A E L %.. 0
FIUR .1 INFIH ISO EURMNS(OTNE)
50MC 0WN . kGJCO -'- AS W OI.c aww~jvw~~xwgm po
I7
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
43 . 063.C - A5 =
4A 3%A' 4
w C 0 4-b u c
IL'tU CA 4-).4
,A GAL 43
4A
a6 43 L
M64 43 - 7
EU >
41 46' &A
00 4A
w 63 '1! >1 o5 0 - .
I. .A-0 0/ U- L.A W .44 )
50 CLwC.:r d L0 A
I V 4.34 M M wII L '6. Q) m 43 10u 0 J
5V~~~~ -00 =564 0 I04
ey0 .0 Zo cw .00-4 CA
L.. U'UE. 10 0 L Q M U0: a 41
- j 0.4 0L 4U E - c3
&Ao U3 CA44'3E X. 43 Us- U~~
Z m ' 066.ICU lA43 Z 3 4340 630Ul
FIGURE 43.4 INFLGH MISIO REUREET (CONTINUED).
-L-0 343 435 43 .433E~A0~3 V514
*164343.SL OaOLEUE 1./I w~urc .. 435L,343. E'C-...LAWE
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
I S_
V -0 V w 4 0wl 0 C %_ $-
In 0 43y
aw 4)a
Cw 0L-4
~0 04I-. U 4-4-
z
V) 4c
-CC
> u
UC 03U m
43 E) -
a_ 43 -
o mfl C43
m Ll a 04)Q %
V) 4- La C ,k
C) C)a)0>L C
O La 0
Um. m4) cc - CrQ
c7% 32 La 0 4
.C 0
C'j 40. U
m . wa I- >3 0
> >~C 540 - >43
#434 LoU 1 4)3U a.u .31 -14 C
'A 4- j4fG r-144 4) . CL 0
430 0 m.4E~1- La 4)fl
L. 43 M 43 4L a>O4 4 .r-43 2
~~I zCL3L ~ ) tn ,4 CW-~ C~ a,40. 43. L..43> c3 t03- > w w fL
La024)502
U4)4 . 0~-3.)L ~0
-IUR 4.15V INV-FLIGHT MISSION.S REUREET (CNINE)
O (A0NWL 0. 0 V, A 43CAormcpCCA4)>,co4 C M 0 V-rL U Laf~~
Jr0o ~4)4U~a4)4LaL'~4WO 4)m.UL43
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
&A -. a - v*c 030 CL. LL- )
m 03- L 0m
C tAL ~ .~C 0CC2-E Li03 0 C a ot
CL0 -' S_.2tcc l Cm 3 Ci LCaatc u
I- C .C0- 4 0 J 0-. C:M
Q3 43WEc cmt %Lz S - c 03 C
4-a -z E* 431
CL -C cu s- A 0 3(, 4 - - C4w o -V 033 Ctflt 'A Ea Uc
L4. r_3 Lxn C I _ a a1 I _L
4* o)C 3 0 -U c~ w4*La, S- 0 F. S_ 0 =t cre U
-u- - U LU *LQ 4
- 0 4*L03Ca m wl4 c- 4-)'0 a3*0- 4A 0L 2 LO 8 C 4- C' u L
CCLo - Z* 4 .--- Ex 00. O, 03 -U4 a. 3 40 m0 3
ul 0 U.. ZO 0*- ~ m a
_c C E '" ,o* CtL
t0m 4-4
ex *0C' C1 'Uu ::: m 0 O Strt
CQ. .- Ut. wU UtmC C C4
= r c* Ut 03 l ) ~ m *o 0.j 0" La a0EC c 4ur LL ,.a
C L 3-C at 'U 03 . .U C s tr03L4-*w
10Z 0 a u L m. 4_ c 0 0- 1*a ' Z *-.-E.ILai 0 ot3 4* 'A c C_ d) L ) 430 w* Lt
tA 1o ct.- 0 - v CU 03t S.Ut 03 0m3L .. ll*~~~C cm dL w 3- ~ 3 3Ut'U ~ L 'U t t L'U 4 >'
I. - LA. 0 D 0 C L_ > 0 *4 >,0c33,34*E 200 CC 4*2 ' EL
itj U E * - - - - 4-4 - 4J Go)00303
C,
3 C 4
FIUE41 NFIH LaSIO REUIRMNS(OTNE)
5 N53
tCiNWL 4AOA NWNLTISC0 #AVSTLN 1IPO
Il'I i
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Z ~ 0 %
E cJ
Ln 41
*20 V' ra) a) 41
'ow
tt54
r.CDONM.2 OOUO 48 AT-'ATC OWAV-*.LUOIDO
1 OCTBE17 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE MDCI 1 OCTOBER 1979 DCE2046
I . o,
41
W 0Ur 4. a
D . m ma
CL cu cli4v. U,
.,. -I .. /
I
-
L. 4.'
55c
U 414 IV . 6
0 41
I 41~~ 41411 > UU'~ C
a U V.- 0
C34
w 4 . VwE u _
0. 4))a)-~~ -V4' , 0 >, 4
04)C-41-, -
CD'I O I C4 1 4 4 "
C4U - 4 00C4.- A) OR) !:a0
-4 0ov c N U -0A -' 41' UC
CL. 0 ) A1 4a o41 .0 C
4- f 41-n 4 E C U4*: 'A 4)10 4 41 41t &-A
Ii cI4-CA 4 c uc
06 4 )> 0 a - 4'A u A V 1 E55'
AWCDONPJELL DOUGL AS ~ ~ ( 47 O VU ,3C PPPY*S~L USD~D
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
w41
p.-4
c J
0n
0 '3
cJ U UU
U,)'
I* U N 0 w
NL 0 N c C
I-) ~ ~ -' a"L ucuC1
0 , L, C 3 cow olieOJ (U cr;O
Po V E >-V 0 -E . -. 0 .C
0. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0...W . 0C0C G ~
-6 0.,00 * W)L ' ' C C C C
L.J ~ ~ ~ I =J.@., ID-~. a)JO M3 3(3/3 ~cl c~~j~ cE( c .0J J
o -,: Itt- c
FIGURE4.19 -IN-FIGH MISIO REUIEMNT (CONL- E)
'3 0~~ 0)) *-'C 56
MCEPONNIFL 00-CA Aw o ,(wur s c p...3-3( .cm~ mwgs
a BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
I-- 0
I
r_ 3.C - a
*- T I- .1 N L wM- C 4-.
a. 'i c,, 61 cr u ,A J_ 0,- 0- 0 c' .,,.
"a I- w0 06 0 C c4
fa . ,- S4U 4SPO AIR mI A -ONTR 4-R
a 4) AS ~ 43L. U Ca w' cu4
43 '0 0.4' 00 4 0) S_ C
I 03 L.03-...... 4-4.4
o? a 0. ('J ru U4j 05u %- 4m.0'0 m0Jr'a c - a 4 0 Un
0 'u w 10-00L
C7 m44~ tmC 4-00 44343U'0 00
FIUE42 POST-LIGH MISSION00 REUREET FORi'0. CLOSEAI
MCVCWWLL 0VOLA 0r-L'.'00CS COMODAW-S. 004W ~UCft#PK
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
A 0
o s'
C,, ,.
-- U
,.-~ .'C -,. - o oC. .. C..)O
oZ
,.- .,,,- 0 0" = 3
2 ~25
1,.
MCDONNELL .OUOLA- ACTONATIC COPA%6C . O C lllO
: E'- .. . . ,- . . 4-0
O~01 4-~0 0 --- 0 0m
4) LC4-' z.- - ~--0 ,
= r.
1 4= CL 12C'-'D 1knu s-C 04- 0 w 0
S(4JO., oC C 4-0E
. * .0 0 0 M AC.C .L0uC U
' X0. 0 ) o 0 0U ) .4A W 0u %-.a 4j w- m.a4 0 w
7L-.) E m4v 0v. u t IOLCC, a 1)o =0 ' c w'O .. 4- .o E ='C
_%9 -C 'C IM.-'A -004'U 0 A VWC . C>M = C -' " *0 -
'fl)0 *0' W 4V 1E 1 1U 0 0 ;Z0 - WVo. CfC.0 I 0 '0C'- o -
'o 0,E L JC - % ' "cI 40 x ) m0 0 a-r
n 0 a, w0). " 3u 4"a m4 .
4.).ad.0
In (
FIGURE 4.21 POST-FLIGHT MISSION REQUIREMENTS (CONCLUDED).
58
ACDOWNWdLL 0OUOL AS ASTMONJAUVUco COaMMOAV-S 5. LOUIS 00t'DSUOA
I1 OOBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24
5.0 INFORMATION NEEDSIIt should be obvious, from even a cursory reading of the mission require-
ments, that a combat pilot must spend considerable time processing displayed
information. In Section 3, we reviewed the various display units which will
present visual information during the 1990s (see Figures 3.1 and 3.2). In
I this section, we are concerned with the specific types of information which
must be displayed at different stages of each TACAIR mission. Therefore, we
have provided comprehensive listings of information requirements. We believe
j that the mission and information requirements, coupled with the aircraft
characteristics, determine the assignment and sequencing of pilot tasks.
The tabulations which appear in Figures 5.1 through 5.12 (adapted from
Mills et al., 1978) indicate whether the displayed data are: required (1),
frequently required (2), or merely of additional value (3) at a certain stage
of the mission. Thus, an entry of "2" or "3" signifies that this particular
I information is less essential than information assigned a weight of "I."
I
Ild
I
59
I ,MCDO4EWILL DOUOLAS ASTMOWIALTICS COMOPAPNY - B. LOW DDVIUON
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Pr~igIIn-Flght Piisk-Fkiglo
,I~ ii, At
AdossmstrativeI'sumat,oiCalSin 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1Flight Poiti I 1 1 2Anc,aft Ass.9innII
pal kinSpo. I 1 1 2 3SP- ePloce-l-e---- ----------- 2-2-------------------------- - ------ -- - -------A..crati Configuration I11I1 112 2 21 22 12 22 2 1 111 121 1 2211 1 1Fm,,io sc .& 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1IFF /SIF Pcoc~duses 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1
We~hiI 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 2 1 I 1 I IR.ju I 1o I I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I1 I I I 1 : I I I I I I I
Anifid StatusA., 11.0d Dinc,.ptron 1 33 11 2 2 211 11 2 1Lanctin- R...ai 1 2 21 I 1 2 21 1Rr..dy Length 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1BAr., mI 2 2 1 2 1 1
Ap1~re 2 2 2 I 1 1M,,,et Approach Instructions 3 1A., I..Id EI.grr1 I 2 1 -2 1 1Os,.-n ftit 32 1Pa, k,ng A, ea I I 1 1 3 1 1 1 1IT..' Ho Ies 1 22 1 13 1 1 111 1A. n. n Area I I 1 2 12D." M-r9gAsror 1 1 3 2 12AIIernaie Arheld 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22
T insBr-d-g T-ne ISta::,, 1Tni. IStar Eng nre Tnm. IIIFI.yirr Cir,ck In T. 1 ITa., Trnse. .__ . . . .I .T.k~otffTrne-------------1A., R.Inelinn Conict Trme 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1T.r.errn T.gei 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 11.r :o CIlnrl, I 2 1 2T7meoGO 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cIwrTanes -1 1 1 1 I 1 I ILI I I I I -j Ij 1 1 -1 I
ToflD.y 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Cautin arid Warning System
C-Io.ru.InsWainrrrgs I I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
Frmr~ rrm~r 1 1 1 . . . . . . . - -L 1- 1- L I - t- 11 IJ I J 1 1 1 -1 1 I I -2
O.g~~ar1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2
Aulr~srrioiDnenrgapil 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2A n -~rM.Ilucinor I I I 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 1Ahr1r,,ri. Lo 1 2 2 2 322 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 1 2 1 1 1AnspgeerlLow 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1I 1 1 1L L L1..2.1L2 1A.1.1
FIGURE 5.1 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT.
60MCEPOPJPJEL 0OVOL AS ASTOIAUTDCS COMrPPANW.Mr 3&MLOI 1199s0(
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
I 1 OTOBE 197 MDCE204INAI AIo pF a s vsh. 40s NN m v ,N V Vftvtu4, 1
eIFuel Off1 LoadingiCuoss Weiqi ++ 2Autilot Sutnode 1 1 1 223 2 2 1 1 11122 1 1 1 + IAuwilos gunmg . 2. I 2 3 1I _ ___2_ _ __
commncationsCo, Ii .lig Agenicy 1I I 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 . . . . . .Aui.+c, IlSign 1 2 2 2 2 2 . . . 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
IF ,I A'n1 1 2 1 1 111 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Mi~~i~ini 2 2 2 2 2 2
fhligit AidsNo,,ii:,.ChecI, lshs 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1Erne qiciy Checkthsh, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Eniegency A., fields 1 3 2Peiso.ie Tecdis 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
*Heading 2 2 1 1 I++l 1 l 1111 1 1 11 11 2 1 2F1,1 Pith I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I 1 1 2
P.Iik Sieinlg 2 1 1 + I I I I IIILI I I IJIJ1J2 2...
GlnAe Slulm 3 2 3 2 11 2Local,ter 3 2 3 2+ 1 1 2
Distaneto Desination 1 2 2 1 11 111111 1+ 1+ ++ 1+1 1 +1 +Be a ;:::g o Destmiiiiot 2 1 ++ 1111+++II1 1++1+I 1l++I 2Desui,,ion Selected 1 2 2 1 1+ III ++I I I ++II +II++I++II+I1+ 2mask., Beacon--------------------------------- - - - - - - .1 --Cleo, i,on~ifuis 1 21 2l+1 1 1 + 1 + +1 1 + 1Majqiieic Vaiiion 1 1 3 I2Coi,i,".iess 1 2 2Nd.g.iw Point 1 12 1 11 11 1 +1 I++1I+++1 1 1 + + 1 I
3PIdnnei Rnuqof Flih 1 1 +2_ 11 11 11 1 11 J-L L- 111111--j 1 -1 -LJJ
Hoai 4 H I Vnr 2 11 2 2- 2-
* FIGURE 5.2 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT, W (CONTINUED).
t 61
1. I AEMC10OIll DOLAL* allTMOIAUIJTCS CCOPIAPIV * UT LOWSavait
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
0
AigtitueAoe ouqd Level AGLI 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 I 1 IAttiudeAbove MeanSua Leel 2 1 21 1 11 11 11 1 11 12 11 1 1 1111.1.
*Alumel, Selling I I I I I I I ICommand Aimiwi 1 21 1 11 1 1 122 22 12 211 1 2 1 111
M,,m~m .,.iSe lude I I . . . . . . I I I I 1 1 I . I I I
Cl 'a cI' 2 1 2 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 2 2 1 21 1 I I
Valcily
Aoi..n SpeedI ITake.,It Speed 1Chirik Sp-.ls I
I' Spewd ManwlvfrncI3 IMd.r.u~m R~inie Cewse. I 1 1 2 2Mjs.nmum E,.,.Iuianco 1 2 2Ma..,m.m R...,ge Descent 2 2App...ach Si*ed 3 2 1 I
lil-m..m Sat.Spieed 3 2 2 3Mif- . C.,,.iIjlIe Speed 1 2 2 2 2 1 1b~~in . . Ia - 1I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I
T,. ., i1,ed 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3A gi .1 Allack(AOA) A-- - - - - - - - - - - -
G~ow4.,.d Speec 1 2 3 3 23 33233333233f- - 273- 3-2 2 22 2W-1l Veloc, IV and O,,.chmo 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 1Tu.- Rat., 2 22
:., Rate of Climb 2 2 3esm Anyie of Climb 2 2 2
Macli Naml.. 3-3 ~ -1 -3 -j -3 3S, Iec edSliced 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26Em1ency Anspeack 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
ZOOM .I.&%# Speed% 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2lAs
Fwi.Fiow I 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3F.ulRem~aining I I112 111 1 1111 11 1 11 21 11 11 11 1 1 1222I1 2Fw.l Rtqulfncto Desination 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 3 3 3 3 3
Fuael Maagement 21 2 22 33 33 33 3 333 33 33 3 333 33 33 33 3 33 2
Hylectrical 1 3 3 33 3 3 3 3i 3 3 3 L3 3 2 3 1 3 33 3 3 3TT2T
O.Ygme 21 33 3 33333 3 33 3332 3 333 33 33 33 222
V .FIGURE 5.3 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT(CONTINUED).
62
ACPONEJLL DOUVOLAS A*TOW00AUTDC COM4PR4NY-ST. LOIAS11 DflV000
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE fD 24
Ii
J z? ccJ , 5 -I
Pentisitor Aief
AtWa.ng 1 222.21 1ii 1 11 123 3
ThetA~iinc 2 2 2 2 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3O.1posttlesStatus 1 1 213 33 22 21 1 111 11 11 22 2 2 223 2 2 1IECMSttus--- -- ---- - ---. J 2 -2 -2J -1 LLLL LLL.L. Z Z2 J- - - -ECM Tctic 3l 3 2 222 1 11 1 1 1 12 2 22 223 2 1
tIt: bTpuc.Iro,;I 1 1 3 32 22 1 11 11 11 1122 22 2 22 1
I rp~Enelope I 1 1122 2 2 3 13W.porns Re.dV I i IlIl11 332?2 2 12 IW,.p isReleas I 1 11212332 221 2 1
P~e n___ - - - - - - - L ' L 22Jj 2 1 2 1W,jo Im~pact 2 2 22 22 1 1222
We~,Fu" Sele mpct ~ n 1 2112111112 2 1
ePcins Opin Selected 1I 1 11 1 1 1 2 22 12 1
We I 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
SAr so 1i Tar1et
Ali,,,,di D.110venialI I I1aw Tn T.-nRate 3 2 2 2 2
IdentuicaltonI 1 1* ~T.Met AllirtoeI
1,, Range 2 1 1 2Ai -t3 I 3
11akawway
At, to Ground Turget AsqiitilsonT:,:: Range 1 1 1 1 1Tag. S earing I I 1 1 11Pots:.. Target 10 1 11 1 111 1 2 IAr.. Po "t 2 1 12 1 3 1Breirk A*.v (PullupI ltl l ~
L~grnd: 2 F-wertifir ,.Q-red .0 sta s e3 Additional trn
FIGURE 5.4 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FO'R CLOSE AIR SUPPORT
(CONCLUDED).
63
ACDOC4PNLL aOUOL AS A111TWOAUJVDC7 C0M-p4 Nv - sT. LOtOM ANu.'uu0v
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
o lb 11 I I nI
Fwua..Call Signs 1 2 2 2 122 I 121 2 2 21 2 2212 2 22 1Flight Positin I 2 11 11 1 .I l Illl 11112A.,c,alo Atug~nment 1 I 1 I111I1Pa.king Spot I1 1 2 3 2 11 111 1SponePodi.i _ __ 1 2 2 2 2A..c,.i Con.bgwiabw 1 1 7III2 F I 1 1 1 I 2 21
F~ie-s1 2 12 1 12 1 1 21 22 22 2 21 1 1 112 12IF F SIFPixedwas 2 2 ,112 1 12 1 1 .112weilI.., 1 22 22 1 12 1 2122 22 22 22 2 21 1 11 1
Al.dStatus,A,dieI, Does.ploon 1 1 2 1 I 1 2 21 1 1 1 2 1L,,J! R...-ey 2 . . 2 21 III
u o*.ay Length 1 2 2 I 21 1ew:s1 2 2 1 1 I
Atppo.,.hes 1 2 2 2 2 1 11si,ssed Approkdt Instruction$ 2 1 1
D~c.,, He4,qt 2 1 IP k I q 2)e I I
Ti,.. R -teii I I I I I I I1 1 I IAm,,,,9 A,.a I 1 I 2 12Lk.,,-g. A,ea I 1 I 2 12Ali,..nole A,.,heId I 2 22 2 2 222 22 22 22 1 22 2 2 2 2___
B..eI...9 Time ISt.I,.. In",. I 1S., f I... To.@ I I IFightm ch-k, in rime I I I IT... ],.
Ao, Hui.n.dq ContactTom 1 22 22 2 22 t 2 2 21 1,nm.T.,qor 1 22 22 2 22 2 11 2 222 11 1 1 11... .. I b I 2 22
1,n1eg,61,. I1 11 I Il ~ l l l I1111Co,,,,., ines, I- I I I I I - L _ L L LI 1..1jJ* j -1 -1.a .L -t. ,I y .m n. 1 2 2 22
C.,u,.l.nT nn I2 I 12 222
F ,-,,,,,,e i inn,, FailI 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I
1111 1 11 11 11 1 1121212F-1 L..1 1 1 1 1 II I I 1 1111 2
Op...,.,q C~inio Lm,,.t moonW.,n nnq . . .I . .I. I I . . I I .I 1 I1 I 1 1 I . 1 I I I 1 IAlp -1iyS.1 w"ileI 2 221 21 1 1 111 1111111 1 1ll ~ ~ l l 1 111 1
Ait~~lel22221 1 I 11 1 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 1
Ai,bl.,r., 2 11 2 1 11 11 11 1 11 11 1 11 11 I
FIGURE 5.5 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION.
64
OACOONEEL L DOU10ML 4 AS7MOPEWAU 790 COMANW-r.A.LOAJ98 Df'Sgopd
1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
I
IP,*Flghl la-Fk.I Pat Flih
I / ]
Fuel ojdNn I I I
Gols Weighl I I I I I 2Aut.op.lo Subrnod.I 2 21 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 IA.c.al L.Chng 1 I
9 2
Cofmml r. 1iOStC.,tollng Agency I 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 11 1 1 1112A tiC411IS["n 1 1 2122 I 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Alh r -l-ii 1 2 2 2 2 22 2 222222222222 2 2 223 3 3 2IfF5IF I 2 3 3 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Ce...c.. , i ,12 , , 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2, 1 2 2 2 2 1 _ 2ZJ_ jS1c,,eCo'ncdo! 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22222222222 2 22 2--
o~ ~s1 2 22 22 2 22222222 2 22 22 2I = Rii- I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2_,__o_.R ____,__ I 2 2 2 2? 2 22 22 2 22 222 2 22 2 22 22 2 2 2
Fivht AidsN~l,, the khslS I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 1I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I1 I
EI, , KycheckhH$ 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Aptl., h Ad% J 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1
En.W."VAhrs1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
HehnI 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II 1 1 1 2 1 2Fi.uht I 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I 2 2Phs .... q I I I 1I1111 1 II I 1 1 1 2
S."kSli't-1 -. -J J I-J L .L LLLI_.JJJ -1 2Gd" Slope I 3 211 12L -.~e 1 3 2 1 1 1
Wstic It) natlonflon I I 2 222 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 21 1 .1 2be,,q Io Deson 4 ho. Io 1 i I 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 II 1 I 2O eilo1 ecIteu1d 1 I I I 112 1 2 11 1 l II I 1 2M.,Le, 8econ '- 2 IP,- P1hun 2 2 1111 11 I ITI TI -T-I I 1hio OlfftI 11 2 2 2"M ql * V .,l I dO,, I 2
CO l~4eSII I I I I 111111I 111 I 11II II I
Ni.hon P lI P int I 1 1 2 2 2 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1I " FPl,, H-le o I I I I I I L L L L 2 -I- -.. .I -I -.l !.1.1d l qd.nq P~iI.t, 2 1 1 I 2 2 2 2M n.,. 0 il Atltude 3 3 2
M,iI Appluah Point 3 3 2 1 1SIFIGURE 5.6 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION
(CONTINUED).
i:
65MCDONNELL DOUQLAS ASTWOP'AUTICU COMPANW-DT. LOLeS ANIvuM21w
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Pw.Fhg 2~k2 Pg~kJ
.1E(3 J Z4
AlItitde AbovMe GudLevelIAL 3 2 3 2 3 2 11 1 112121 111 133 1 1l 2
Alt tei Selling I I I ICummand Ali ude 2 222 1 1211 11 1111 1 1 1 1111'u~gei Eleeatwn -___ 1 -..... -. -1-.I ..Minimum Enicoute Safe Alitude 1- -1- - - -TI2II TT TT::::in Altitude 1 2I 1 1 1 1 2 1 lTedn Cledanrce 122 2 1 212112 2 1 11 ___
VeloctyVemtcal1VetfliyI I I 1 1 12 1 1 11 t lR.tioa Spetd1Takeoit#Sp.edIChieck SpeeihClimb Speed (Normal) 2 1 2- - - -Climli Spitd (Mxi3tfeIomaneMaximum Range Crisea 2 2 2Maxmum Eiidur.PwA 3 2 2M...mxm Runge Descent 2 2Appwih Sliced 3 2 119..und.og Spxed 3 - ±
Saiu.atepeed 22 3333333323Mi.nmum Conlroildble Speed I 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 I
Ciune, Sped 2 2TruieA.' sned 3 3 33 3 33 3 33 33 33 33 3
Giocind Swed 2 3 2 23 2)2.22 22 22 22 23 23 33 2W. j Vlioc.1V and Drctiont 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1
Best, Ratecil Climb 2 2 3
B.,l Aiiiqte of Climb 2 2MacbN,nL*t Ii~ . .... I _ L 2_3-- 2_.2- J_.Seleced Spetil 21 11 1 2 222 221 11 1 121 2 21 1Emeigency Aitipeeds 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2W.apon, Releas* Speed$ 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2IAS
riuel-, t 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1F i.l Aemaing 1 2 2 2 2 2 I I 1 I 1 I 2 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1F -:Rrequ,ed to Destination 1 1 2 2 2 1 I 2 2 1 I 1 I 1 2 2 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 I 1
C.F.e M..aemet 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2"Va.dli 1 12 22 33 3 33 33 33 33 3 3 233 33 33 33322 2
0,21 2 23 VT3 333 3 3 3 3 3 2 33 3 3 3 3 3 13 3 V21 222133 3 1 3 333 33 33 3 3 233 333 313 33 222
FIGURE 5.7 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION(CONTINUED).
66&*a cP:PPPIErLL L cpo 43.A AermOP4fiALICS CO~3P4P'J V-0T. LOUDU otiviesciN
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
2 Z
Aide
SAWsnng 2 I t11 12 2 3ThlAtW nsn .1 2 2 2 2 3l1 l 1 2O'spo..bwe. a '12 12 2 2 2 1 1 111111 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1(CAASlam~ _L21. _L .LL L-LLL- 1_2-2.. 2ECU Ta.csc 1 2 2 2 21 11 1 1 1 1 2 2 2M~asu.IS..ppoff 2 22 2 1 . .. .. ..I .:,2 2 3Sp..' Tn,.av 2 22 2 1 11 1 1 2 2 3lwespons W~onialU.,
We4pon,E.Ip 2 2 3 II1I I2 3WW-%Ray112 12 22 1 IIIIIII2I 21 1
W..uo,.Acq., Rel1222 2 2I I I I I 2 211
Wepons Imfpact 1-1-11L111111W..poo Selected I1 1 2 2 II I I I 2 3 3
anil ~iT~.n! mP ua 1on 2 2 2 1 111111I 12 3 3WS vansOopioo Selected 1 2 122 2 2 1 11I1ll1 2 3 3 1 1
Wpn evSeetd1 12 22 2 1IIII I2 3 3 1 11
Ali to A., Tuupt
Bw r ...rn Rag - - -I - - - -
T&,gu, Al,tut.. 2 2Wdell f~cal'un I IT.,vi AIltud. eIn N.g. 2
Ae t o G,owtd Target AawuibsmTa.wl R-nge
I I I ITogwi Bea..,g I I I IPot,., - Ts.'pt 10I l l ~
SLogmnd: 2MOM *. piUy , o PU .. 1.u NeIl i 890caOO S0S
3 Adol'al No petl
I FIGURE 5.8 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION(CONCLUDED).
67
I MUCHOJJLL VJOL AS ATrMOlAsirTcs COAIPANY -UT. LOCJIS DeVIboW
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
P,.Fl,o.s In-Fhght PFlt Fhg
h i' Flight.Ac3t As0nn ! I 1 1
I~1 2...J
Foirmahio CalSin 2 2 2 2I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Autod af 1sinmn 1 1 1 2 22 1 112La..duj Spot~a I 1 1 22 2I
ARocfd4t Colnguiah I 2 2 1 2 211TT TF~j .. c~sI I 1 2 2 2 2 21 1IFSI tcdcs2 2 2 1 2 2 2 111 2 2 2 2 21 I
PaW..the 1 1 2 21 2 2 2 11 11
TA., beld0-.lo 1 1211 122221 1 11 21
Auoiwny Lengt1 2 2 , 2 2 1 2ooDe.snAe 1 2 2 1 2 21 2Al 'ge ,,is I 2 2 2 2 2 2
Statoit Apn,.c Iotucin 1
Sta. I n leq .h 2l2 2 1 1P, k,og C,eak 1n Trm 2 1 I IT... Houes1 2 1 I I I
A ... RI... Cna c T . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1_' 2 2~. 2 2 1 1 2 IA I, , An.,1.. 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2I 1:me l yI I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I
Ca.. In .aina S tn
I~ Re 1 u. Co tc Tim 1 2 2 2 2 2 12 1 2 1I I I I I I I I I
Pn , Ta,gset aI I I 1 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1
E .. ... e. as . t o~ v ' t~ e . .- - - - - - - -- I I I I -I I - IEJt ti - t 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1
A,.. ,,,v S~ ,, ,t,ns Fail I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 2 2 I I
AO-vW-- Lo. 1 -1 1 2-T-T-T-T IT-T1 T Ff-i- -12-11 1 I TC-11olI 1122221111112111 Iann
FIGURE 5.9 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR.
68
OP4C0DOWNSAIEL DooiGLAo ASoP4ooAurtco coNpAv * S. LO-em oovocSIO
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
I JJ' v
w Off LoadinG~o-J Wingh 2IIuoua ~md
AwG ;.on h 2 2 2I 2 221
gfF F 1atLgl~n 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2
S"~.~.. o-cncah 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ,..tC~I~i 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
CIA.Wnc __mht 2I2 2 222 21122 222222 2 2 2. 2L 2 2 2 2 2 2.21Re-s1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Emog VChckissI 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2-eJ " I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E__________________ me._______ __________ A,,_____ ________ 2_22__22__22__22_22__22__22__22
Conjse k~l I I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 1I I 1 I1 I 1- 1 2 1 1 1 1 1I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
Ai.p4 , A,1 I 2~h 2 2
l"Ijth ,- 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
O,,i~. Oesnation I2
Be 1 I I 1tio I I 1 I I 1 I I1I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 2 2 I
InSlce I IIII I I I I II II I II I 1I 2Mjok., se-0con I 1 2
I ~~ ---------------T T -1TT T TfF -f-~h i-i-1-1T -1 -11-T 77TW .I,.~.,Wilsl 1 12 22 22 22 2 222 22 22 22 22 22 22 222c W 4t o I I 2
N-q~i~wI PonI IIIII I ~ IlI I II1I II I II I 2
l~~~u~l~,i2 2 22*"'mn Mweo Atituwde 2 2 3 2 1
UMmed A1 ,,n..2 Point, 2 2 312 1 I
* FIGURE 5.10 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR- (CONTINUED).
69UACDOOPOP4ELL 0OLIOLA A4 4OTMONAUTICS C09P4P.WV - Si. Loam gw0poj10
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEO .CTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Pv.I.uIIn-Fight, Awl Fhof
I ~ ! borIh
A:,,ue Above Gound Level tAGLI 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 47 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 1
A ude Aboe Moan SaLevl 1 I 2 1 1 11 11 1 111 1 11 11 1 1 11 1 1
Alf.-.wiSetting I 1 1 222 22 222 22 22 22 '2 2 2 22 11 1
VCo lmir ek~C. Aliud 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
,t7I'~S~.lonI -"' 3 ___ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 2 1 2 2 22 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 3j - F Cit uiae 1~c 22 22 22 2 22 22 22 2
*1t~d 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sp~ I 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2I ~.S'-d 1 3I1
1l, 3f Ifloni. 1 _2j ?-u -.,tlSI Mxium1p ~fe iad -1 21 2 2 2T 2 2 2' 2- 2-72- 2 -2 2 2 2 2 2 2-2 23-5-
Rw, I~~s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I
Sp.-d 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sale ~ ~ Spe 2 21T22 2 22 2-2 22 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2COIOll Spe 2 2 2 2 222 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 I
2 ,tcoCInt 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2333
J 31 1 333 L 333 3L33 33 3.J 133
i* A I4, Of 2lm 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 I
A.,sped 12232 2 3333333333333 22 2233332 2110.a2 '.LJ. 12 2I I I L 2~3~ 2J 2J 2.1 21Li. 2 3.11-? 222
Il2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2
O.~.., 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 21
M,-y-rni 21 2 2 2 33 3 3 33 33 33 323 3333 233 3 33 33 212 2
-FIGURE 5.11 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR(CONTINUED).
* 70M*CE1100WELL 0O@L AS ASTMPN4 TICS COONW801 -7 LEJ D 0WO
13COER17 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
* 1 OCTOBER 1979IMDCillis
A LI
v, k.. J01 1 tii f / ! 4
Penutratio AideAI Wairn~nq 1 1 3122 2221 11 11 11 1 1 122 12 3 33 1SAM Watang 1 1 322 22 2 11 11 11 1 112 2 2 3 33 IT ~aA~oidaroce 1 1 3 2 22 22 1111 1, 1 12 2 12 3 33 1I OspositIStatus I 2 I 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1ECM~agc S1 us22 22 21_1 1I 22_2 21 IEMI AI .pw T 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
Wpons Retdv 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 I I 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2Wapons elease 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
fWuprnRemns 1 1 23 22 22 2 11 11 1 111 1 12 212 3 33 233 _W apos Imnpact j_ 3 -112T T~rI F~r I- I--l 12-2- -3 -3 -3
Bomb FilTimelimpact Point 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3* &Pons OPwors Selcted I 2 1 1 2 2 21 2 21 1 1 - 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 1 22 22 2 1WeapvonsefiefySelected 1 21 1 2 2 212 21 1 1111 11 11 12 11 22 22 2 21fRange 2 1 21 11 1 11 11 1l
Ie'. 211 1 11 1 11 1 IOwfake I 2 1 11 11 111 .1 1AIl,,de ,It, ta 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
if faget Tu~n Rate J2 I 2111L11111 IT a~gal Atgttde 1 2 11 11 111 .-1- ---I
*IdenI,hiral'on 1 1 2 1 1111 1 11 1I1-Ta, get Alitude 1 2 111 11 1 11 1 1
in, Range 1 2 11 1 11 111 1I1Ain, Point 1 21 11 1 11 11 1I1efeahaway 1 2 11 1 11 111 1 1
Air to Ground Tarot Assiullate
Bleak Away:::*:.:7-I I Claim"a phoss ----'1Legenld: 2 F,swyenwI ".~.w""t.,o.
I FIGURE 5.12 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR(CONCLUDED).
71
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
6.0 PILOT PERFORMANCE AND
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
The preceding sections have provided a framework for discussing pilot
tasks. As we noted earlier, the assignment and sequencing of tasks are
dependent upon the aircraft characteristics, the tactical objectives, and the
inforryiation require, ents.
Subsection 6.1 attempts to convey the dynamic, time-varying nature of
pilot tasks. Subsection 6.2 then describes the biological signals which
reflect the pilot's status or which may permit a direct coupling of the pilot
with aircraft subsystems. Finally, Subsection 6.3 examines the manner in
which biocybernetic techniques can be expected to improve pilot perfonmance
and thus enhance weapons system effectiveness.
6.1 TIME LINE ANALYSES OF PILOT TASKS
To avoid the redundancy of presenting detailed task listings for each
mission type, we have generated time lines for those tasks commonly associated
with segments of a carrier launched escort mission. Figure 6.1 shows that
.iost of the miission segments integrate several of the general mission require-
ments illustrated previously in Figure 3.4. Further, we have included both
air-to-air and air-to-ground scenarios, as evident from the representative
miission profile depicted in Figure 6.2.
72
M0CDONEMLL DOUL A ASTRONAUT'ICS COPAW * SFT. LOUJIS DIVDSON I
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
III
I MISSION SEGMENT MISSION REQUIREMENT MISSION SEGMENT MISSION REQUIREMENT
Launch 1.6 Takeoff Air-to-Ground (A/G) 2.5 Coordination* Strike 2.7 Penetration
i Climb 2.1 Climb to Level-Off 2.8 Threat Warning" U 2.9 Detection
Rendezvous 2.2 Cruise 2.10 Location2.5 Coordination 2.11 Identification
2.6 Mission Rendezvous 2.12 Decision2.13 Execution
Ingress 2.7 Penetration 2.14 Assessment
2.8 Threat Warning 2.15 Termination
I Medium Range Intercept 2.5 Coordination Egress 2.16 Egress
(MRI) 2.8 Threat Warning 2.5 Coordination
2.9 Detection 2.8 Threat Warning
2.10 Location2.11 Identification In-Flight Refuel 2.17 Cruise
2.12 Decision 2.18 Rendezvous and
2.13 Execution AAR
2.14 Assessment2.15 Termination Marshal 2.20 Return to BaseI2.21 Descent
Surface-to-Air-Missile 2.5 Coordination
(SAM) Avoidance 2.8 Threat Warning Prelanding 2.22 Approach
2.10 LocationI 2.12 Decision Landing 2.23 Landing
2.13 Execution
Air Combat Manuevering 2.5 Coordination(ACM) 2.8 Threat Warning
2.9 Detection2.10 Location2.11 Identification2.12 Decision2.13 Execution2.14 Assessment2.15 TerminationI
FIGURE 6.1 SEGMENTS OF A CARRIER LAUNCHED ESCORT MISSION. (THEFIGURE SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEGMENTS AND
* MISSION REQUIREMENTS PRESENTED PREVIOUSLY IN FIGURE 3.4.ISOME OF THE SEGMENTS (E.G., MRI) ARE COMPRISED OF
SEVERAL MISSION REQUIREMENTS.)
MOMU73* U ,..4cOaPEWdELL OOIJLOOLA ^0MOPEAUT#Ce COMMAPNV - S.L4 L O M VIWOA
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
D
w- 0;(4-
LLL
IIC -
Iccuu
0cc
ww +zuui
T T
w
-Jz
n
(n
) I
V.. z
r0
FIGURE 6.2 REPRESENTATIVE PROFILE FOR A CARRIER LAUNCHED ESCORTMISSION.
74
M pCDONNELL DOUJOL AS A TONAUFIC* COAPANM -NT. LOVES. DIVUSJOb'd
: , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L 'LIL " l ' I' ,-.r•" r ' , •.--
I1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
In the construction of dynaiiic task flows (Figures 6.5 through 6.17), we
I have incorporated existing documentation on the multimission F/A - 18 air-
craft (Wise and Asiala, 1977). The crew station of this aircraft (see Fiyure
6.3) has been designed for both air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, and it
features many of the avionics advances highlighted in Section 3.
We stated in the Introduction that we would restrict the application of
biocybernetic techniques to those pilot tasks which are very difficult, are
critical to the success of the mission, or occur during periods of heavy
workload. In order to eliminate less essential tasks from later consideration
(more inclusive listings of tasks appear in the time line analyses), military
pilots familiar with the F/A - 18 crew station and with the projected wission
requirements rated each task on the basis of difficulty and criticality. The
following factors were taken into account when judging task difficulty:
o amount of information that must be processed,
o degree to which the relevant cues are discernible,
o number of control actions and precision with which they must be
performed,
1 o time available to perform the task (or a cluster of related tasks),
o dependence upon an integrative process in reaching a decision,I
o other variables (such as stress, fear, or fatigue).
I While the relation of the task to the success of the mission was emphasized
in estimating criticality, the pilots also indicated whether performance of
I the task affected flight safety.
II
75- rMCDONEdLL DOUGLAS ASTWONAUTIC COMSPANY.IT. LO6. MD.VOS
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE VDE24
1 COE 97 D 24
W0 -
z 2 o
2'L. a o a o
0 0 1 a 4C4
I- -j
CCH
C)
IL-
z 'o 6 ' -j -
V V)
C0
z0
21L. 1 L1
02 Z
00 > 2'a 028-teU - 0 10.
7 i W .6 :: 'a 42 -i -i i
76>2 > '
MCAaiOWE L 404OL S A MOPWA TO S CP 02AN -S 2L0NW MVIPO
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
We have defined workload in terms of the number of tasks a pilot must
I perform in an arbitrary period of time. For each mission segment, we cuunted
the number of individual tasks, including repetitions of the same task, which
are presumed to occur in a 5 second interval (see Figure 6.4). Tasks which
continue in successive intervals were counted for both time periods. Descrip-
tive statistics were derived from these tabulations. Across the entire
I mission, mean "task load" per 5 second interval was equal to 3.93 tasks, with
i a standard deviation of 1.77 tasks. High task load intervals were assumed to
have task frequencies greater than 7.47 (two standard deviations above the
I mean). The tasks which appear in these intervals and the tasks assigned high
ratings with regard to difficulty or criticality comprise tile row headings of
the biocybernetic matrices in Subsection 6.3.
The time lines which follow are meant to be illustrative, since the
duration of any mission segment will change dramatically as conditions
change. To demonstrate the process of creating dynamic task flows, we have
presented complete time lines for launch, surface-to-air missile (SAM)
avoidance, air combat maneuvering (ACM), and landing. For tile remainder of
" I the mission segments, time lines are provided for only the high task load
j intervals. In general, the task listings should be read from bottom to top.
Further, the reader may find it helpful to refer again to the relevant
Smission and information requirements described in Sections 4 and 5, respec-
tively. A brief narrative introduces each mission segment.
'7I
It. 77
M~CDroPNtVLL DOJ@L A* A*TMOPVlAUTUC8 COMU~PNV - ST. L0U9l DEVIDOON
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MVDC E2046
ix
N 0 0 00 o000o o o o
0 U
o --
0 0 0 O 00oO0 00 -1 c w - ) u U ww
W C 0.-0 0- 0 00- 0 o:CN ( 0- *cLM L C
LL a: cz W ~-L-- V ccu C)C/ =1: -=-
< r CD mN 0 - - WN 0 0 0 <) LLJ C- =- : LUol -n c L L-~~~~L W M~ F- Q- C)~'CO C O o ~~2
LL LI C() V)CO) C LL LL-~'L- -J
~~cv V-C d)C )C4 (DO) 0CF- < LUj Lui=O' U
LU = = V) L = LUF Vc,4 ~ a) COCt - (0 00CO) OD CF LU < C) = V)-)
I- - ci - W) XI: I- U -Lcc _ (D w ) LuL- LU
0~~~ CNI Z- <I CDV)c>cL V 0 J C%4 I C4 -0 W Cr- It -0 0) .) LL t4 V U-
a : L U 2: N(D CNL.-0V) = U) C
- < -- -. r-C- co) *0 (n U0 0
cn Ncy2: I- * 2: I*-m=: -0 : 0 ) - 'Co
CV -l L! F- C/) :LU V)Li.j z V) ~L L0
0j wl t0 V f N u )Q L - = = =2
I--=
Lo LUieLL
< w-- ==F
0. z -
z =a u -jo =
L) Er = V) co
w )C - Lcc < - Mct 78C
AWCDOPINE > OO SATOA ISCAPN T ON ~rSO
z
I
1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
II
6.1.1 Launch - Within this 60 second segment, the pilot catapults from
the carrier, establishes and maintains proper attitude for climb, and retracts
the landiny gear and flaps for normal flight. Throughout the seyiient,
critical flight data are processed and attitude adjustments are perfoned.
Visual search of surrounding airspace is required to monitor the position of
the other escort aircraft (assuming a dual launch).
' I
79I %#OCOOMP*ULL OOUOL A AWTWOOWAUrICS COMANMr. LOLMS Ifr'DS#ON
- A- fl-K 0h- W -XkiiM:
AD-A1OI 905 MCOINELL DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICS CO-ST LOUIS MO F/S 5/8
THE APPLICATION OF BIOCYBERNETIC TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE PILOT PE-ETC(U)OCT 79 F E GOMER. L R BEIDEMAN, S H LEVINE
UNCLASSIFIED MDC-E2046 NL7. E///EEE IEhE hEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEE-lEIEIIIIEIhEIIIEEIIIIEEEEEIEIIIIIIIIIEEI
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
00z 220-- --'
____'Ui.
0) C)
a: 0 I 0
< <
o LL.
* * *
z-
0 L0
I-X
CCj0 m W W
U4 5 5 5 5 U 0 . U . (4U . r. U
a a IU3
4
ld 4< I- - P :R -
0 ~~
80nwa
1.O NAL 4PVO A Aerm iwOro( ecm-A w mr o02mr mo
I1 OOBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
III
mi Ii 6.1.2 Climb - The lead pilot joins with his wingman, and they clinmb
to their assigned altitude. Both pilots are in constant communication with
the air traffic controller and with each other. Climb and level-off checks
are frequent, as is the monitoring of other flight parameters. Once clear
I of the carrier, the pilots establish proper spacing between their aircraft
and then engage the Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS). The flight
monitoring tasks continue throughout the mission segment. Additionally, the
I Identification-Friend or Fue (IFF) system is activated, and preliminary
subsystems checks are perfonred.
I
I
': I
I81
MCaOONNAELL DOUGLAS ASTWOWAU TICS COMPANV- ST. LO(NS OVSbON
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE VDE24
1 OCTBER 179 MD E204
0
0 c
z~1~0
ww
oco
o c!___ __ i<_ ___ _ _ '--- ~ - - I~
00 0 0 0 0 00 i u uw0wL U
LL JJJJJ Ji0 -
U L ZLLU ~ <4 4 LL L ZZcXF
(n -. I- 2 U)~ S-ZS) 2.Z Z c~~ZZZU) U)Z 2 2U) z z z z
00>
U) U)
z wi 0 -Jw 0 . a:
cc 0 L)Zw O zW W 0 L-0 LL>. 0 )
< -> 00 Z z
LL 0' -LUJ<<D L
1~f 0 < U LL > u D J u < <uXW wO0 ccoc~c
> ~ a~ <g.o z w->zoi
0 ~ Oco > za D <0 )0 Qoco- 1 00u Dw zx0.~ ~ <_____ ______ ______ ______ w 9 in
*v L)0 2 ( 0.J e5 z 0 Lco 0 s e4ul )C
le LL< ;82r wCOPNL < OO ( A* A*MOiAJTC COA*N - T LI m
I1 O OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
III
6.1.3 Rendezvous - The escort pilots are principally concerned with
joining the strike force. Radar parameters are selected (to assist in the
location process) and then a system check is performed. The pilot also must
achieve UHF communication with the strike force. Since most of the flying is
conducted under AFCS, task load is relatively low. The pilot continuously
monitors displayed flight data and the position of the other escort aircraft.
Once the strike force is joined, the pilot disengages the AFCS to begin
formation flying.
4
83I CE4DONLL 0400JLAS AerON0AUIT800 COMPANYl-ST. LCKAMl gDIVI"kF"
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Li.0 . I w
z -U0 _ _ _ _ _.
Sj*
>* , * ,
D ______ D .:.........3 D D
LL mU*00000 00000 00000 0000 0 OUJUW
-j -- - i i2 -JJ
C-))
U -j- Ow-
C) <
w Z LLo LUL0
> z
(n 0C : ~ :
2: >~ 0 2: cc~
0 LL> 0 LZ2 :
D (L D
o -0 >- ~zw
u _jr- n~c~ - w w CS-
0. ~ ~ l ______ >2____ > ____ z____ in < __>_b
cc .V
u CcLu inLu U 84MCOOP4Ez -OGA AVO4VDu COuN -ST Z~a e~g
I1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
IIII
6.1.4 Ingress - This segment commences as the aircraft cross the
j forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). Counter-threat and armament sub-
systems are set and checked, and the pilot flies a level weave maneuver until
the strike force reaches the target or until ingress is interrupted. To
reduce the possibility of detection by enemy ground forces, the radar alti-
,eter is deactivated.
II
! I
; 85U Z,4DOrJLL VOLUOA8 ASTrMOAEJTIC COMOPANW-S. LOdXM mvuaW
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
0
mL a
000 U, I I
LL LU 0 0 0 U0 0 0 uj 0 00 0 L
U L LU LJw LU LW CLL U. Z z z LL z zZ Z ZLLA.U.U.U. L-L LLL U UZ Zz z L.-
c _J L L- L - LL _j _J._j -.J-J-- - C(3 LL E .3 L-LL ILLL ULL LL -0L.
LU
LI-
LU ..
0i >
LUL LU W-J cc (c ~
1: LUD L
cc LU
(n -
L U a) tjb u 0~I L" 3Z ~ ~ L LU< n o
_Z U.: D 6 <. L 0 1-LU L.ZU L<L
0 3 w (D 00 U LU'Ir0 LL.7> _jw 0 c
W < j U w u 0
U LUfl =) oU LU> ..
0- 5Uc ~- &1L OZ 0U o 0 ui<Z 'n WZ Z.~0c~~D 1 -
L :) UCCa. 0 0w LUL L U U. n( uju WU UU
-cnz 0 w' >0 mw U-0f
a)Ur4. a:4 - < < 6 z o U 01LU-Jcr -
FSLU (4L U <', 0 < a 0 LU < 0
U. x CC x i
4~ 0 00 0 L I LU w Z w LC LW W )LUm 4 ra:: m ~u0> >000 >4cn 0-I
Z I- .a
wC~VIL OULu 43 A8MVOAC i wJC CO4PN -cr Lc t OV bO M
I1 O OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24
6.1.5 Medium Range Intercept (MRI) - Should enemy fighters be encoun-
tered, the escort aircraft must defend the strike force. Therefore, fire
control functions have the highest priority within this segment. Pilot
responsibilities include:
o configuring the aircraft subsystems for the appropriate attack
mode,
o selecting azimuth and elevation coordinates for radar antenna,
o monitoring radar display and IFF evaluator,
o arming and assessing status of selected missile,
o achieving target lock-on,
o maneuvering so that the enemy aircraft is positioned within the
missile launch envelope,
o firing the missile,
o observing flight path of the missile.
The outcome of the engagement is communicated, the master. arm is set to safe,
and navigation data are processed. The pilot then will proceed to rejoin the
strike force.
'"
87! MCDO4NELL DOIUOLAS ATrOA4AUTICW COMPAPIV-ST. LOMU ENVlOMWNO
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE VDE24
00
0.
Ix
au I I0I I
U) UU
0. : u0 *U
U)U
4 * :. I-
2 00 0 0 <W 0 2 0 0 2 0 W WWW2WW 00 0 000
(n n-- zn -FA -ii -( n( )V n GF nr n5
(n w V) oo (n cn (n)I ZZ Z V ) (n (n (n V) V) cn U) U) (n En V ) ) 'n U
0 V0
o U.
W Ln
w 4r C
w 0-~0U -i
0 0I
0En wi 0m
4 Wi
% 0
U) 4 0 cc Z w
zW U . 0 0
4~04Z0 ~JO~wW40o Z Z J*4
U) w z ~ O 00 00
4 ZW~W 0JD Ui mWWOWOW 00OU >0 0 U-I- -: I w i - u aIW 2- U -J 0 m 0 ccz In'3 cra D w ) - o:x - jzQ0 c j<o 0 c ut C u u
-J , _ _ _n _ o<z0- wc jV4Yc <0c
m as 4-*
2 C Dcr>z n QC) c J88 -< O PIILL DO , *8 A* M P A9 T C <O P P V ST. LO w De<<V r m< OW
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEi 1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
!
" 6.1.6 Surface-to-Air-Missile (SAM) Avoidance - Should a warning of
possible SAM launch be displayed to the pilot, he must determine the azimuth
5 Iof the SAM site and inform the other pilots of the direction of the threat.
If a SAM launch is confirmed, the pilot must bt-in to search visually for the
missile. He also will dispense chaff and flares to decoy the missile or will
I initiate jamming to confuse the missile's radar. If the missile cannot be
detonated or avoided in this manner, the pilot must perform evasive flight
i maneuvers. He will track the smoke trail of the missile so that he may time
the necessary abrupt changes in altitude, velocity, and direction.I*" i
~I
.1
:2 1
| 89MCDOXPPNLL OOUI4LAS AarnOpIAvTICS COMPANYi. LOWII S mlasOO.d
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MVDC E2046
c(0
0-
0 00
w - IU) -
>o >>> >>-~V0
0 - wwww:
0:w ..
cc LL.
> :) z > L) .
0ii ZZ Z
0 CC 0i. i -. U
C - D ) D
t Ii
0 - 0 '< L) >
F - 2 -
<- J ) u ) Z < -%22u0) coIt u l LoIio'n r
U) w490
MOMPNWAFL EPVOw AS4 VNUTISAWS
I1 O E BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
- !1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
6.1.7 Air Combat M1aneuvering (ACM) - When "beyond visual range" threats
are first encountered, long or wediu, range missiles (Subsection 6.1.5) are
deployed. Should these weapons prove ineffective (due to enemy maneuvering
or an inability to achieve lock-on) or should eneroy aircraft successfully
avoid radar defenses, then close-in combat will result. Consequently, within
this segment we are concerned with those tasks related to either AI[,-9
(Sidewinder) missile or gun attack. It should be noted that crucial flight
ana weapons data are displayed on the HUD in order to maximize the time
available to the pilot for visually tracking the enemy aircraft. A compli-
cating fuctor is the high g environment in which the tasks must be performed,
since violent manuevering is required to properly align the weapons with the
target and to position the target within the missile launch or gun envelope.
-91
1ACDONPNELL DOUOLAS AU TRONAUTCe COMPANV-WT. LOUIS DfV eVSVI
-~~~~QTV -7" ... - ' . . ' - l ,"r , SIM-ON- ' , I "" t ""- ! nffI j '
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
C- 6 2 s I s I I I I I 1 .F 0 IIJ 1 T rT1T 7T7 e 5 6 6 £
AD DETECT STRIKE FORCE AAE 915 ,0%..... ... 10v 1 1 .3 SE.E CTNAUIGA
T ON MOTE Ml55,11% .0Ev j I ...... ..... :
DETERMINE NETFAHAOITG TO STAFF< FOECE NISSEIl IT DIU ....... . . ...31 SET MASTER ARM TO SAE F.. SAF I. ...... - ....... ....... ... ................ . . .
.. EC ANGLE. ..... ....AC ... .............
AS OBSERVE RETICLE OVR TARGFT ...SSIO M .. ...
A OPTIMIZE RFTICLE TNAMICS MSS MIN M ...
A.. ---- - -S.
.--
33 C FCKROUNS REMAINING MI SSION . -.. mAD ORSETVE GUN STMRTLAGT -F550 -.0Ev -- ..... -.............31 SELECT GUN M FO T I, M N . I
MISSIONUTIOT. 1,S71O.
R :LAtL- ASSESSISIL SUCCFESS M.SOIT ONITORMISSILE FLIGHT MSSIO
2R GISEALLECERICT MISSILE LAENCR MISSION I. ...........27 REPRESSORIGGEMS'O LOW 4- ---- - - ---- -4 - -. . .. ..6 ERAF RE IN RANGE C TERO LIN
S HEAR MSSILE TEP CRIRT MEUM.N AAINTAIN STEER COT ITRIN ALOWNABLE STEERING-
.. .IO..
23 CEPRES ENCAGE SWITCH MSTISS.O..M..IEM FE RAR MISSILE TONE AROSE THRESROLD N1ISSON MEDIUM TASK --- -AIR COMBAT ...... (ACM).
I..
2T ORSERVE TARGET DETECTION EAT SIREWINT.E CAL L MNS M
ITEE RETRACT SEER RAE ON ON.
JR PESA ROARER. ..ETALS..... ....ON..OT ....
TI ORSERE RARER LACK ON MS'N MTO
FE SE..FCTOISEAL ACTUISITION MORE. RACA. EACA RORESIGHT LESSO .AT..IS ORSERVE SITFWITJCFR SYMPLOOT STATUS MIONl L. ...
II SET MASTER ARM TOTERM MISSION towl
I] SEECTi WIC NDAER MOTE MISSION WT...H.IA RECIGVE COmMMNIUATI'ONMISOUTREMENCT MSSIN ..... ....~
IOCRACC TRGETCVISUAL L C1 FTSAFE~TE .... ....... =FSCANOUTIR ILT SAIET, MEau.IMONI TOR :I TUR MISSION AT1 -
MoNITE A'S.E MSSON .0Ev.S ATTAINDESIRER'-,IST MISION MEUDIUM ----.
SATUS .NU1o SET TING IR SAFE F , OT .I R.CE EGIN PARAME TE RS MINIMA, . ....:MONITOR ATT .UA MISIO MFFM D . ..
I ATTAIN CFERSIR'ER ATT.TIOT MISSION soCH.
FIGURE 6.11 DYNAMIC TASK FLOWS FOR AIR COMBAT MANEUVERING (ACM).
92
ACKOPNELL aOOfOLAS AUFTMONAUTRICS COAWP1ANW -S9t LCKLS cwassCp
206
TASK LOAD PER F IV E SECOPD PERIOD
I- 61~ 9 T 1 4 1 I 6 6.1 I S 5 I
k ----------- ~ - - -- :-- -1- . ] =---- .... ... .....-...
--I- ---J - --- --- ---- -V37 5 0 5 6 0 5 'II . 3 2 0 .. 3 0 2 . 0 45 IS 5 6 '6 ' 7 5 0 7 5 .0.. 00 70..0..5.7 0.5.0.5.. .. S 2 0 5.76..5 ..... 7. 2 5 907.
................. ..........
IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
I
6.1.8 Air-to-Ground (A/G) Strike- Escort aircraft may participate in
attack of ground targets, especially during Air Interdiction. We have
assumed low altitude penetration and that the location of the targets is
stored within the TACAN computer prior to the mission. Moreover, we have
assumed delivery of ballistic weapons and, given consent, that the actual
time of release is computed automatically. The pilot must select the approp-
riate armamient program and determine that he is in the vicinity of the target
area before he initiates "pop-up." When he reaches target-unmask altitude
and acquires the target visually, the pilot will maneuver the aircraft until
the target is observed to be within the HUD field-of-view. He then will
depress the "pickle" (weapons release) button and continue to track the
target until the flashing symbology indicates release of the bomb. This cue
also signals pull-up, and the pilot subsequently will establish heading for
egress from the target area.
93M CDONJNELL DOLIGLA* A*TMOPIAUTICO COMPAMV - ST. LO4,1S DeVIeON
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
0
I-
oG
00
wot
o -o
U. U. .I -
I~ L U.uI____
w -
0 U- 0a U ua a a ac0
Sal 0 > I
0 aa
,: aL : 5 5,0 < 5L< - a F- W LU ao
aS ~* 0 -0 0<F
(nmwLL wU 2c~~~~u E z~z >z z <zzu u 2z
0 )>, - 3 w-u
( -w Lu a: U w ww )UU0L
94-
MC~aOWAL DOOOL 0 AomaNssiice 00WRANYST.09NOZW~SLL
1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24
6.1.9 Egress - This segnent commences as the aircraft leave the target
area. The pilot frequently processes flight data, adjusts flight controls,
and monitors surrounding airspace. Further, counter-threat and anaiament
subsysteis are reset and rechecked.
I. II
;I
95
MCPCOOMEELL DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICS COMPANV 5?. LOUS OEVDSUO#I
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
00
Sn
-K-o 1_j N'
o 'II
_j _j _j _j _j j _j _jC
_j - LU --- *-( ItWs wL j u u wc
oj -j - j - _ j j_ _ j j _LL LL , , L
(N S Ius 5* .
- - ~ LU
___ __ __ z LUJ0 :
::*:j:: cc : c
w XL z LZ uu ZZU
444(4 c0 00
W -
v)lU
x < Q W<4r ue L
cc 2 C w 0 - 0CCEwC- < Z Z LL uU0<- w -
0" ou, -j c u,CL L) x -uu rc r( ccu) ~ ~ ~ ~ -z 4 - >0 00
0r -usj
0
- - PAC0OWdI'EEL DOUGOLAS 48M0WAL&IUCS COA*PY - . LaLMS DUVDUIOP
I1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
IIII
6.1.10 In-Flight Refuel - While in cruise, the pilot will select
altitude, heading and attitude coordinates for the Automatic Flight Control
System (AFCS). He also will designate the approximate location of the
tanker aircraft and will adjust radar parameters for a more precise deter-
mination of the refueling site. Once lock-on is achieved, the pilot will
deactivate the AFCS to maintain close formation during approach to the tanker
fleet. Rendezvous typically will occur at 20,000 ft., at least 50 nru from
* the FEBA. The remainder of the tasks within this segment are associated with
the actual refueling operation (e.g., extension of the probe, activation of
the refueling switches, and retraction of the probe).
. *
97
" IPAO &L SOUGLAS ASTMO40AUTICS COMP4 V_-T.1LOUD 0gVMDUOA
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MVDC E2046
0
az 000 o a. . 0 0 w0...
LL.
0
-
00
00-J
> 0 c 0
0
0 z. x 45z I 0 -i -
in 0L oz, -- ' 0 - -,0 0 Uz -
z >nUU
z z
m - m1 0 a1 03 WU
0i 0,I GO i 'iiO 0 u UiZo z Z io4
c, o 0 ~~ Lr :) w 4 CL
-0 W.w IS~Z MCIz wwuX~ aW iZia uOz9-9< 0 0 0 0 0 Ln.,ni, ,iO"i u. 0> <o 0 Zi w o i .o ,o a 24k ~ m 0
ACDI'PELLDO@LAaaVMNJUSCAA cc ST. L0D
IIBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
II
6.1.11 Marshal - Prior to approach for carrier landing, the escort and
strike aircraft will break formation and will descend to establish a holding
f pattern until clearance is received. While in the pattern, the pilot will
engage the AFCS in order to perform various housekeeping checks and to
I configure the subsystems for approach and landing. He also will Lonitor his
position in the pattern to assure proper in-flight alignment (IFA) duriny
approach. In addition, IFF codes are again verified to maximize classifica-
J tion of "beyond visual range" threats. Finally, the Instrument Landing
System (ILS) is set to standby and the proper heading is selected.I
I99
!I
I
II
fm99
M CONNELL DOUGLAS ASTMONAUTDCS COMPAANV.* S. LOtMIS avi NoI
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
2
r co I
0
LL~~~ ~ ~ -j -i -j -i -i -j ii 0i- i - j-2 2
-j nn _ fi fl
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w <00 2
)-n >-) - Q)L- LA L- LA LI- I*---
<000 00 00 00 0 -e 2,0 229 2C Z_ 2 LL -JE5 j L
O ~ ~ ~ULLL(A
0 U-
0 <0
U, 0
nr 0 -d
Z, w
z L
< z (x.
W z 0 0 0'-4
cc > - z wzW) < 0 W 0
< a z-CC 0z w 5 : 2:: > <
(L. 0 0 c Z-0 r o, 0 U, m
0 0 4 z -.X, <w- JL)3 L>- v- W W wL cIC r(L<0 -F-L
0 0 2 irD0 U, < L o oz< 0U
0 0 -j 2 0 Li..>2 Z - n 5U E ~ 0
P U cc cr 0 Z iw I- U-ic D 2C J uZc 0 -n V72 L c , 0 (0 > cz 0L - 2 U, L i
x L I- -w<U Z Z0- L. z U Ur U cE Uo c U 3mc
> ,K0 0 0
W U Zuui UWU, jw I 4C w w O w
V0 0O) i ) ni Z 0
<: x. __ __ _ ___ __ _____>__J J ZL ZTx c- cS L . 0U
L) >C ) o v) IEL 3L OU LA* AT ON UT C COL* 7
L) u S)v 0w22 Lu 4 2 X bO
1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24
I
V
6.1.12 Prelanding - During approach, the pilot's principal objectives
are to arrive at the outer marker:
o in the assigned time slot,
o at the appropriate altitude, attitude, heading and airspeed.
Therefore, housekeeping functions receive the highest priority within this
segment.
I
101WCV:PNfIIELL DOOL AS A mwOEAsiTICe COaPAfWV-T. LOI0M D L'lUOl
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEMDE24
00
Io W
lo -
F--Lu w LU
cK j - -_ _ _ _ _j0
C)C2 L-J
0 LL-
0 cr LUo m/U) 00 000 <O W WO
0U z 0
t- 0. t t > 0-
D D~w ww wZ Z U .ccU Z U Z -? w % u -
ooo4L >, <
ow <0L >L)L
f-0
0--j ~ ~ I- !o -. o o u c
ZWJ ~ 102
MC4MVOL EP -VOLA _SMOATC CC0 wN -,1.4SDVSC
I
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
I
6.1.13 Landing - The tasks in this segmient are perfor.ed during a fully
coupled approach. A carrier-based system monitors relevant flight parameters
(attitude, altitude, heading, glide slope, vertical velocity, dtI( airspeed)
and, via data link, automatically adjusts tile aircraft's flight controls to
compensate either for deviations from commanded levels or for changes in the
orientation of the flight deck. Essentially, the pilot miust process displayed
flight data and must remain prepared to assume manual control if a system
discrepancy is detected. He also must extend the gear, flaps and arresting
hook. Just before touchdown occurs, the pilot must visually track the glide
path and observe the altitude indicator (meatball) at the end of the runway.
At touchdown, the pilot must apply thrust until the arresting hook catches.
103I MCIDONNELL DOUOLA AS'*TRONtAUllCI COMPANdV * ST. LOIS~ DUViS9ON
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
. . . . . . . . ... i lPILOT TASES 3 ~
CRITICALI DIFFICULTY J.[27 COMMAND TYRUST FOR BOLTER LT SAFETY" D'ENM .....MM................. ......
I.26 MONITOR MEATBALL FLT SAFET. G.... . ..... ... . ..........25 CROSS CHECK STEERING COMMANDS MISSION MEU,.................. ...Y ENGAGE COUPLER MISSION LO. .. .......... .
22 C O M M U N IC A TE M IN IM A L L O W IN . . ..-- - - - -2 RE C MUNICAT INMINIMAL LOW . . ..... .21 DESELECT INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM STEERING MINIMAL LOW ...... .... ... ..
20 C ECE STANDRY ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR NEEDLES MISSION LO................. ...... ... .......... ..TO CROSS CHECK DATA LINE INSTRUMENT IAND.NG SYSTEM DATA MISSION LOW --- I-- ----- -- -*. ..8 CHECK APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR ENGAGED MIIN LOW. . ...................
MONIYDR VERTICAL VELOCITY FLT SAFETY . ..... -lB MONITOR ALTITUDE FL SAFE TY LOW..... f -
IN ENGAGE APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR MISSION: LOW....4B SCAN OUTSIDE EILT SAET MEDIUM -
13 MONITOR ANGLE OP ATTACK fLT SAFETY LOW .-13 POSITION AOS DOWN MISSION LOW .... .. .
II OPT ImIZE DISPLAY MISSION MEDIUM .......
10 ATTAIN DESIRED ATTITUDE FLT SAFETY MEDIUM ...... "
9 SELECT MINIMUM RADAR MAP RANGE MINIMAL LOW ........ .VRIY FLAPSPOSITIONED DOWN FL.,SAFETY LOW .......
TROSIT'ON FLAP SWNITCH FULL I.C SAF ETY LOW.... ........
VERIFY LANDINGEAR DOWN VTSFT low ............- - -
N POSITION LANDING GEAR DOWN FLT SAFETY LOW ..... ...4 ATTAIN DESIRED THRUST MISSION MEDIUM..3 MONITOR AIRSPEED FLT SAFETY LOP. --
2 MONITOR AHEADING MISSION LOW . - -MONITOR ATTITUDE FLTSAFETY LOW.
o 5 'O is m 25 3D 35 4D 4 S S 55 Go R R 71 SE
FIGURE 6.17 DYNAMIC TASK FLOWS FOR LANDING.
o I
•I
104MAICDONNEL L 0OUICLAA AMMTRONAUTICS COMPANW-6r. LOUM* DEVISRuO
MDC E2046
TASK LOAD PER FIVE SECONO PERIOO
2 6 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 2 o 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3j o
.- ..... .... ... .-. .
. ............... .. . .......... ........... ,
---- -------4---- --I----------------------------------------
I-
10 7 0 0, 5 5 I I F F2o F25 130 -35 w6 6 I' so 5 I so 6 S IR 175 I9 SD 185 M 55 210 205 210 215 225225 M0 235 220 245 M51 '55 M5 O l '
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E20466.2 REAL-TIME ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
Obviously, the pilot is extensively involved in monitoring displays
and operating controls (flght controls and various subsystemi controls).
Overall mission success will be compromiised when individual objectives
cannot be achieved because the inherent requirements for processing infonra-
tion and initiating control actions exceed the capabilities of the pilot. We
stated earlier that programmable, electronic aisplays and multipurpose
keyboards offer one approach to limiting and sequencing display presentdtions
according to the pilot's information needs at a given stage of the mission.
By restricting presentations to essential flight, subsystem, and target
parameters, the possibility that extraneous visual events will vie for the
pilot's attention is minimized. Similarly, by integrating critical subsystem
(e.g., weapons) controls directly into the stick and throttle, the speed of
response is increased and the associated expenditure of physical effort is
reduced.
These and other engineering advances are certainly important. However,
we believe that the pilot's effectiveness could be further enhanced if (a)
his current status as a processor of infonmation and as a decision-maker were
monitored, and (b) he were coupled more directly with the aircraft subsystems
from a control standpoint.
We noted in the Introduction of this report thdt the program of biocyber-
netics research sponsored by DARPA has attempted to develop d communication
channel for biological signals elicited during different mental activities.
105
MCDONPMELL DOUJOLAS AOTROP4AUTOCS COMPAN V-. Z L04U 0U IV#S#I
II
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
It is assumed that through real-time analysis and interpretation of these
signals the computer will be able to determine (within certain limits):
o when visual or auditory information has not been processed,
o when the pilot is inattentive,
o when the pilot is task-loaded to the extent that he is unable to
perform additional duties,
o when the pilot lacks confidence in a decision he has made.
Subsection 6.3 outlines the courses of action which mdy be taken should it be
necessary to unburden or assist the pilot. They include, among others:
o redistributing task responsibilities by effecting greater automation
of certain housekeeping functions,
o reducing the complexity of or "decluttering" information displays,
especially the HUD,
o cueing the pilot to attend to critical flight, weapons, and target
data,
o displaying adaptive decision aids which present weighted recommenda-
tions for mission-related decision strategies, particularly with
respect to fire control functions,
o furnishing remedial "checklists,"
o optimizing the physical characteristics (e.g., contrast, focus, etc.)
of imagery and symbolic presentations.
We also will discuss "thought" commands and eye position sensing as two means
of supplementing manually operated or voice actuated control systems.
In order to justify the recording (noninvasive anid unobtrusive) of
biological data, there are certain a priori conditions which must be satis-
fied. According to Donchin (in press), it first must be shown that clearly
106
MCDONwEL L OOUGL As ArwOmAUTICs COMPAWV -0ST. LOU9 XZ EVO/=
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCt:1 OCTOBER 1979MDE24delineated and unique patterns of biological activity are, in fact, associated
with specific mental (cognitive) functions; the signals cannot be ambiguous.
Moreover, the signals must be interpretable in real-time as the pilot perfons
his tasks. Progress has been made in defining patterns of biological activity
that are related to the efficacy of various cognitive functions (cf. Thatcher
and John, 1977; John, 1977). Further, very significant improvements have
been reported regarding the procedures used to extract (from noise) and
classify these "messages" in real-time (John et al., 1978). These advances
notwittistanding, a great deal more must be accomplished (in computer tech-
nology, software development, and the design of physiological monitoring
equipment) before it is both feasible and practical to implement biocybernetic
techniques in dynamic, operational environments. Nonetheless, we assume that
the necessary breakthroughs will continue to occur.
Our intent in this subsection is to briefly review the biological
signals which are most relevant for our purposes. Figure 6.18 distinguishes
the two categories of signals we have considered, that is, brain electrical
activity and peripheral activity. Since our principal concern is with
monitoring brain function, the term "peripheral" denotes biological activity
in response systems other than the central nervous system. The figure also
lists two types of signals within each category, and, at a more molecular
* 1level , presents distinct informational features or components of two of tile
four types.
J Of necessity, we have omitted many important details of the basic
research findings in electrophysiology and biological signal processing which
f provide a foundation for the applications we have suggested. Therefore, we
107
ACDOWNELL DOAUOLAW ASTWONAPTICS C0MP9AV * ST. LCINS z"L*DSOI
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 DE24
> >
>>
C-
202
> - CD
>Z0
4~ 1-z f
0-
U -zLAJ0 0 -1 0c
2 2Z 00 V)0020 10 04 0ou 0
a zooU 0
C,- C-2
>- >"-
4.0
22 00.- a
4i
-I C3cc
8 wL
z .
0)
108WCDPiPIfLL WOUGLAS AS*VONALMOTCS COAAW- S.LO*M OMM800
1 EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979MDE24
encourage the reader to consult the Proceedings of the DARPA Conference on
I Biocybernetic Applications for Military Systems (Gomer, in press) arid the
Imany excellent textbooks and chapters (cf. Chapman, 1973; Desmedt, 1979;
John and Schwartz, 1978; McCallum and Knott, 1973, 1976; Otto, 1979; Thompson
and Patterson, 1974) for more complete descriptions of the progress that has
been made in these areas.
I 6.2.1 Brain Electrical Activity - In order to evaluate brain function
while a crew member performs a demanding task, we must rely upon electro-
j physiological techniques to observe the underlying interactions within and
between populations of cortical cells. Donchin (in press), John (1977), and
Thatcher and John (1977) have suggested that cognitive operations can be
conceptualized in terms of coherent patterns of activity within distributed
cell groups. And importantly, orderly neural behavior gives rise to rhythmic
voltage fluctuations in the two types of scalp recorded electrical activity
identified in Figure 6.18.IElectroencephalographic (EEG) activity consists of spontaneous or
on-going voltage fluctuations (see Figure 6.19). Event-related potentials
I (ERPs), on the other hand, are transient voltage fluctuations which are
associated with a critical inducing event (i.e., a sensory stimulus or a
I cognitive operation) and which are imbedded in the EEG activity. Since the
I EEG is generally more pronounced in amplitude, it usually obscures the
waveform of the ERP. However, there are several strategies for extracting
and measuring ERPs (or selected "components") in real-time (John et al.,
1978).!109
Mc-raWCDPELL DOUOLAS ASTWONAUTIC COMPANWV - 0T. LOS DVISDO
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
FRONTAL - 919
,1 MOTOR
-, -2/ PARIETALI
1 SEC
FIGURE 6.19 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM OF A NORMAL HUMAN ADULT. (ALPHA WAVESt AT ABOUT 10 PER SECOND PREDOMINATE IN ALL REGIONS BUT ARE
LARGEST POSTERIORLY. ONLY A FEW SMALLER AND FASTER BETAWAVES ARE VISIBLE IN THE ANTERIOR REGIONS. (FROM LINDSLEY,1948))
110MCDOMNE~LL 004JOLAS ATMOWNAAUTDC0 CoMAAEV - T.jLoINS mvUSIW
I1 OCTOBER 1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCOBER1979MDC E2046
If a discrete visual stiulus is presented to an observer who must
classify it and then signify the decision he has reached with a behavioral
response, the resultant ERP is composed of successive positive and negative
deflections continuing for up to 750 fnsec post stimulus. Figure 6.20 depicts
such a waveform in which the major deflections or components have been
labeled by a character-number designation. The character refers to the
polarity of the component (P = positive, N = negative), while the number
indicates the temporal delay or latency between the eliciting event and the
peak voltage of the component.
The morphology of the components occuring within 200 msec after stimulus
onset is influenced markedly by the physical attributes (e.g., wavelength,
intensity or contrast) of the evoking stimulus (cf. Regan, 1972). Conse-
quently, these so-called early components are referred to as exogenous. If
the input must be processed and a decision reached, the prominence of late or
endogenous component activity, particularly P3 00, is affected. The term
"endogenous" signifies that these components are not affected by the sensory
qualities of external events.
The location of recording electrodes must be given careful consideration
when denoting the amplitude and latency of ERP components. This follows from
the previously stated position that neural representations of information
I processing and decision-making involve the coordinated behavior of disparate
j cell populations. Thus, the spatiotemporal distribution of late component
activity, when referenced to the International Electrode Placement System
I (Figure 6.21), is a most important indicator of cognitive function (cf. Adam
and Collins, 1978; Courchesne, et al., 1975; Goff, et al., 1978; Thatcher,
5' 1976).
i • I' I CONNELL OOUGL AI ASTMORIAUTUCI COAWPNY- ST. LOW 4 ~lOrnee
BIOCYBERN ETICS AND PILOT PER FORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
P300 9-1589
P2 0 0
Pt 0 0
15 Mv
N 1 40
N260
II1I I I I0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
MSEC
FIGURE 6.20 VERTEX EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL ELICITED BY A MATCHINGLETTER PRESENTATION DURING AN ITEM RECOGNITION TASK.(FROM GOMER ET AL., 1976)
112&fC0CON&LL V4L AN ANWOIAUICS COAPMV * SE LoL amDVFUw
I OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
VERTEX FRONT 9-1592
20% F
NASION 0R) 3r . A2-3 .
Pg1 10%-~- A~
PHARYNGEAL INION T5 3 PZ P4LEAD EAR LOSE
T
(A) a FROM JASPER (1958) INB)
*(B)FIGURE 6.21 LATERAL AND SUPERIOR VIEWS OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRODE
PLACEMENT SYSTEM.
113I VdClhDfWWLL D*OaLAS ATOPIA&JfC0 C0OAPPj V * . LOtN Dev~aqoC
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
One may question whether it will be possible to evaluate some of the ERP
components during tactical missions, since discrete visual events are rarely
presented to the pilot (other than in the foni of check list items). Rather,
alpha numerics, symbolic characters, and sensor imagery are displayed continu-
ously, and they change in content or value dynamically. Donchin (in press)
has shown that discrete probe stimuli (in this case auditory) can be intro-
duced artifically into those situations in which dynamic visual events
predominate. By analyzing "background" responses (principally P3 0 0 ) to
these probes we can infer how well the operator is performing "foreground"
tasks.
"Foreground" activities can be assessed directly however. That is, we
can evaluate the EEG changes which accompany information processing and
decision-making operations that are integral to the housekeeping and mission-
related tasks performed by the pilot. The EEG is categorized with respect to
two basic dimensions, frequency and amplitude. Usual frequency bands are:
o delta (.5 - 4Hz),
o theta (5 - 7Hz),
o alpha (8 - 12Hz),
o beta (18 - 30Hz).
Energy distributions can be measured within these and more restricted fre-
quency bands at each recording site. In fact, energy asymmetries in homo-
logous leads (left vs. right hemisphere) may be quite sensitive to subtle
differences in cognitive function.
114
MCDONNELL DOUOLAS ASTRONAUTICS COMPANV -ST. Loue Oe 01WON
1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
Figure 6.18 lists other endogenous components, two of which are of
additional value for monitoring pilot status. The contingent negative
variation (CNV) is a slow, negative shift in EEG baseline which develops in
the interval between successive presentations of discrete stimulus events
(see Figure 6.22). The time course, amplitude, and scalp distribution of
this waveform provide a general index of attentiveness (Donchin, in press).
Thus, the probe technique which has been used to elicit P3 00 can also be
used to generate CNV responses. The detection potential (DP), in contrast,
is a transient change in EEG activity which is associated with the detection
of dynamic target events (McCallum, in press; Cooper et al., 1977). McCallum
and his colleagues discovered this event-related slow potential during
preliminary studies of extended vigilance perfonance. Operators viewed a
static landscape which was displayed on a television monitor. At random time
periods, one of several vehicular targets would appear in the scene and
traverse the terrain along a prescribed route. These scientists found that a
well defined, positive-going potential reliably preceded behavioral indica-
tions of target detection (see Figure 6.23). Moreover, control experiments
have established that this component is not related to the initiation of
motor responding per se and that it has a predominant centroparietal scalp
distribution. If the scope of these investigations can be expanded to
incorporate more demanding target acquisition requirements, then the pilot's
j participation in a very important fire control function can be monitored
directly.
; I
115MCEPONNML DOIJGLAS ASTROVAUTICS COAMPAAPiV- WT. LOUS OleSOimV
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 DE24
Si S2 1
CNV AMPLITUDE
5 5~VI SEC +
I FIGURE 6.22 TYPICAL CNV WAVEFORM RECORDED FROM VERTEX ELECTRODE PLACEMENT.(Si AND S2 DENOTE SUCCESSIVE STIMULUS EVENTS.)
116I
*ICDOMEL L 00VGLAS A4STO4AU aCO COMORAN - ST. LOWS MCf0#0#
-. W -71
1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
F04.=
i:.-'PRESS
FIUE6.23 (O)THE DISPLAYED SCENE AND (BOTTOM) THE EYE-SCAN PATTERN AND VERTEX EEG
• - OF ONE SUBJECT BEFORE AND AFTER DETECTION OF VEHICLE. (THE VEHICLETRAVELED FROM RIGHT TO LEFT ACROSS THE MIDDLE OF THE DISPLAY. AT THE
"1 START OF THIS SECTION OF THE RECORD THE EYES WERE LOOKING AT THE CENTER OF
I THE DISPLAY. AT A THE EYES MOVED TO THE LEFT SIDE AND SCANNED THERE UNTIL
DETAILED MOVEMENTS LEADING TO THE DETECTION POTENTIAL AT F AND TRACKING5- THEREAFTER. ALL SIX VEHICLES ARE SHOWN. (FROM COOPER ET-'AL., 1977))
s 110
MPCO dPJEL L O OUGL AS A*TO~tdAL TICS COM~PA4 P V- S. LOUI 0,IVISION
VEREX
- V_ _ - W -_
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
We stated earlier that the recording and analysis of brain electrical
activity also may permit a direct coupling of the pilot with aircraft sub-
systems from a control standpoint. At issue is whether it will be possible
to interpret bioelectric manifestations of different thoughts as they occur,
whereby the pilot can "think" to activate switches or guide control actions.
Pinneo and his colleagues at Stanford Research Institute were funded by DARPA
to develop this particular communication link (Pinneo et al., 1975). Their
primary objective was to isolate features in the EEG data that are associated
with specific thoughts. They also attempted to devise computer pattern
recognition programs that would identify these features on-line. For a small
vocabulary of individual commands, they concluded that consistent patterns
are present in that EEG activity which is coincident with the thinking of a
particular word. Further, these patterns can be recognized and classifed by
a computer a statistically significant percentage of the tie. It must be
noted, however, that this process is not yet sufficiently reliable to be used
in a practical system.
There often is a need to increase the speed with which a control action
is initiated, such as in weapons release during air-to-air gun attack.
Researchers have discovered a negative slow potential shift, termed the
"readiness potential" (RP) (see Figure 6.24), which precedes the actual
execution of a voluntary manual response by as much as several hundred
milliseconds (cf., Donchin, 1979; Gaillard, 1978). It is an electrophysio-
logical indication of the intent to commence responding. This negative wave
should not be confused with the CNV that was described previously. Whereas
the RP is movement-related, the CNV is influenced by variables which modulate
118MdCOONOdELL 00OOL A ATrOmaAU roce comapjw .Lans otwoew
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
R IGHT HAND(R P)_
RT-TASK +1 p
JRP)
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
-3 -2 -1 R +1
time (sec)
FIGURE 6.24 EXAMPLES OF VERTEX READINESS POTENTIALS ASSOCIATED WITHI FINGER PRESSES DURING A REACTION TIME TASK AND DURING
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. (FROM GAILLARD, 1978)
119I rWCVDOPiPdLL OCUOL AS A0TffOPAIDCZ CO*PAEV -ZSE LoUIS oov9SDOA
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
attentiveness to task demands. Moreover, Gaillard (1978) notes that the RP
is distributed more posteriorly than tile CNV and that the RP is bilaterally
asymmetrical while the CNV is bilaterally symmetrical.
To reiterate, there are certain conditions which must be satisfied
before electrophysiological signals will be valuable in the context of
military applications. With respect to monitoring pilot status, clearly
delineated and unambiguous patterns of brain electrical activity miust be
associated with information processing, attentiveness, and decision-making.
Further, optimal patterns of activity (profiles) must be defined for these
cognitive functions as a pilot successfully performs housekeeping and
mission-related tasks. The profiles must be continuously updated and stored
in computer memory onboard the aircraft. Current electrophysiological data
which are recorded during the various stages of the mission must be evaluated
in comparison with the profiles for deviations from acceptable levels. In
the case of control system applications, we again must identify specific
features of brain electrical activity which, in this instance, correspond
with distinct thoughts and with the intent to initiate a manual response.
And as we stated with regard to pilot status, current electrophysiological
data must be matched, in real-time, with these unique profiles.
6.2.2 Peripheral Activity - While we have deliberately focused on brain
electrical activity and cognitive function, we recognize the importance of
monitoring the pilot's reaction to chronic and acute stress. We are referring
not only to environmental stressors, such as g forces or hypoxia, but also to
psychological stressors, such as workload. If considerable bodily resources
must be mobilized for extended time periods to restore the "status quo," then
120MCOOWNELL OUOLAS ASTOMPAUTICe COMPPANI T. LOLONS 01aorv#
I* BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046the pilot's proficiency in performing critical tasks will deteriorate.
ITherefore, we assume that sustained increases in certain types of biological
activity (or perhaps in the variability of a particular measure) will reflect
difficulty in coping with stress. We very briefly describe psychophysio-
logical activity in three response systems that have been studied to assess
levels of anxiety, tension, or physical effort.
Within this subsection we also review ocular activity frow two perspec-
tives. We begin by examining the dynamics of eye movements (i.e., timing,
velocity, and pattern) as they relate to information extraction and proces-
sing. Then we discuss the concept of eye control.
6.2.2.1 Psychophysiological Responses - Surface recordings of electro-
myographic (EMG) activity are widely used to evaluate changes in tension and
physical effort (cf. Goldstein, 1972; Johnson, in press). Electrodes are
placed on the skin over various muscle groups, although forehead and neck
leads are usually included when the effects of psychological stressors are
examined. The electrical activity generated in the muscles is frequently
rectified and integrated over an interval of time, the duration of which
' } depends upon the purpose for the recording.
'1I Shifts in cardiovascular activity also occur in response to stress and
changes in physical effort. The parameters of interest to most investigators
have been (a) heart rate and rhythm and (b) blood flow and pressure (Gunn et
al., 1972). Heart rate (HR) has been the preferred datum when evaluating
anxiety or tension, due largely to practical difficulties in acquiring the
I other data during simulation and operational testing. Direct measurement
121
IwCDOPNN4LL DOUGLAS ATrMONAvTIC* COAMPANI#V-0T. LOUIS OIOVVRCW
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1OCTOBER 1979 Mj 24techniques consist of (a) recording the electrical activity generated by
contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle - the electrocardiogram (ECG),
and (b) detecting the corresponding heart sounds - the phonocardiogram.
Indirect techniques usually involve some form of sensing the changes in
peripheral blood flow. There is a question, however, whether fluctuations
in mean HR or in HR variability provide the most sensitive indication of
physical status.
Similarly, both the rate and depth of respiration increase significantly
when subjects are exposed to periods of stress. The most common methods for
measuring these parameters incorporate impedance, strain gauge, or thermistor
techniques. It must be noted that respiratory patterns are disrupted by
speech, thereby limiting the value of rate and amplitude recordings during
certain mission segments.
Our goal, as far as monitoring the pilot is concerned, is to identify
consistent patterns of activity - not only in individual psychophysiological
measures but in a group or groups of measures - that are related to distinct
changes in anxiety, tension, and physical effort.
6.2.2.2 Ocular Activity - It is generally accepted that eye movements
reflect the observer's distribution of attention within visual space (cf.
Krebs et al., 1977). However, the timing and velocity of these movements may
also reveal the effectiveness with which a pilot processes information. We
suggest that ocular measures may supplement electrophysiological measures of
cognitive function during display monitoring tasks. A more detailed discus-
sion of the types of eye movements and their relation to perception and
cognition is presented by Cumming (1978).
122MCDO40ANIWLL VOVOGLAS ASTMONAUJTICS COMPANWI -ST. LOUSS DIVM800
1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEOCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046Large movements orient the eye so that the high resolution area of the
retina (the fovea) is directed toward the point of interest within the visual
scene. We can define three classes of large eye movements. Saccades are
voluntary, abrupt changes in fixation between points located at the samie
viewing distance. They are characterized by accelerations and decelerations
of up to 40,000 deg/sec 2 and by peak velocities of 480 to 600 deg/sec.
Saccadic eye movements during visual search typically subtend 1 to 40 deg.
Smooth movements, on the other hand, occur when the eyes track an object
which moves vertically, obliquely, or laterally in the range of 1 to 30
deg/sec. These movements are also produced to compensate for head or body
motion as the observer fixates on a stationary object. Finally, vergence
movements allow the eyes to adjust to changes in viewing distance or depth.
Even when an observer carefully attempts to maintain precise fixation,
small movements inevitably persist. These movements are classified as
tremor, microsaccades, and drifts. According to Cumming (1978):
"Tremor is a small, irregular lateral oscillation with frequency comipo-
nents up to 100 Hz and an ampplitude equivalent to a few foveal conediameters. Microsaccades are small, fast, conjugate flicks, taking some20 msec and moving the eyes a few minutes of arc. Between microsaccadesthe eyes drift haphazardly at about 5 min of arc/sec, with tremorsuperimposed on the drifting motion. The two eyes drift independentlyand probably also undergo tremor independently, and so these movementshave usually been attributed to unavoidable residual instability in theocul omotor systemi." (p. 224)
We are most concerned with the dynamics of large eye movements that
occur as the pilot scans displays and the visual scene outside the crew
station. Two-stage models of visual perception hold that events of interest
are located initially via peripheral vision; this leads to fixation and,
123
MCDONNELL DOUOLAS ATWOrVAUrICS CO1PANWV-0T. LOXS DNa OSIaO
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046therefore, more detailed analysis. Many investigators believe that fixation
implies attention. However, the relationships between the velocity and the
amplitude (angular distance) of saccadic eye movements wiay provide additional
insights concerning fluctuations in attentiveness or in decision strategy
(Stern, 1978). Equally as important in this regard are temporal parameters,
such as fixation duration (dwell time), since unusually long or short fix-
ation pauses may reflect periods in which visual information is not beir
processed.
Young and Sheena (1975) have surveyed most of the procedures for meas-
uring eye movements and eye position within the laboratory. Unfortunately, a
major shortcoming of many measurement techniques is that they require varying
degrees of head stabilization to achieve accurate determinations of eye
position. This obviously limits their usefulness in operational crew sta-
tions. Thus, it is noteworthy that the military has developed procedures for
transmitting head position (and, in an indirect manner, line-of-sight)
coordinates to create a close coupling of the pilot with aircraft subsystems
from a control standpoint.
Furness (in press) has reviewed several methods for deriving line-of-isight data in the cockpit to facilitate the aiming of weapons, the designa-
tion of ground targets, or the activation of control surfaces. One system
which has been developed incorporates a tightly fitted helmet and a parabolic
visor. A gunsight reticle is projected via an optical assembly onto the
center of the visor. The reticle appears as a 10 mil ring within a 50 [nil
ring and is collimated. Two lead sulfide photodiodes are located on each
side of the helmet, and, of course, their positions are constant with respect
124
MCDONNELL 0O&IOLAS ASTOWONAUTlIC COMPANY-ST. LOWS DnrmNO
I1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE51 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
to the position of the reticle. In principle, as the crew member moves his
head and superimposes the reticle over a target of interest, the relative
positions of these two photodiodes are measured and translated into line-of-
sight information. To accomplish this, an infrared scanning device is
located behind the crew i;iewber on the canopy rail. It generates two parallel
planes of infrared light that rotate throughout the cockpit and illuminate
the two photodiodes. The signals from the photodiodes and the timing signals
from the scanner are transmitted to a special-purpose digital computer. The
computer determines the positions of the photodiodes in three-dimensional
space and resolves the resultant vector into aziiuth and elevation angles.
Once relative azimuth and elevation coordinates are known, they are combined
with information about aircraft boresight to specify, in an absolute sense,
precisely where the crew mei;iber is aiming his head (and thus directing his
gaze).
Electro-oculographic (EOG) and, to a lesser extent, oculometer tech-
niques permit the recording of eye movements without placing restraints on
allowable head movements. Merchant (in press) has recently described the
development of a helmet-mounted oculometer, the design of which is based on
the visor-projected reticle system used to infer line-of-sight in the cock-
pit. In this adaptation, the reticle generator on the side of the helmet is
replaced with miniaturized versions of the oculometer sensor and the infrared
illumination source. The latter projects light rays off the parabolic visor,
- while the former views a reflected image of the eye. Not only can the dynam-
ics of large eye movements be studied in this manner, but eye position can be
determined directly by measurement of the distance between the corneal reflec-
; tion (of the light rays from the illumination source) and the pupil center.
125
I MCDONNELL DOIOLA ASWTAR r#ATIC COMPANW-S. LOGA OMSSRboV#
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 IDC E20466.3 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
Our prelise has been that system effectiveness can be improved drama-
tically if the central computer is made aware of momentary shifts in operator
status. In addition to monitoring transient aspects of cognitive function,
we also believe it worthwhile to assess more long term or general status, as
influenced by such factors as fatigue, anxiety, and physical well-being.
The previous subsection (6.2) documented that mental activities are
indeed manifest in a variety of biological signals. Subsequent to computer
analysis of the informational content (both phasic and tonic) of these
signals, we suggested that it would be possible to unburden or assist the
pilot through:
o redistribution of task responsibilities by effecting greater automa-
tion of certain housekeeping functions,
o reduction in the complexity of information displays, especially the
HUD,
o cues for the pilot to attend to critical flight, weapons, and target
data,
o presentation of adaptive decision aids which recommend mission-related
strategies for fire control functions,
o recall of checklist items,
o more optimal adjustments of the physical characteristics (e.g.,
contrast, focus, etc.) of imagery and symbolic displays.
126
MCDO4NELL DOUtOLAS ASTROPATICS COMPAMV -0T. LOUL0 OMo
I1 O E 1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE_ I1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046Moreover, we noted that (a) pattern analysis of brain electrical activity
associateu with either distinct "thought" commands or the intent to initiate
movement and (b) eye position sensing, provided separate means of augwenting
(especially in terns of speed) manually operated and voice actuated controls.
Figure 6.25 presents the biological signals listed earlier in Figure
6.18, but now links them to specific applications. With respect to electro-
encephalographic activity, we presume that distinctive features are sensitive
to continual as well as sudden cognitive. demands. Remember that "features"
refer to energy distributions within restricteG frequency bands and to
possible asymmetries in these distributions across standard recording sites.
Other features of EEG activity may emerge as trained pilots "think" particular
commands, thereby creating the necessary inputs to initiate and guide control
actions. As evident from the figure and the text of Subsection 6.2, exogenous
and endogenous components of event-related potentials are also valuable
sources of pilot information. For example, by referencing the time course,
amplitude, and locus of maximal response for exogenous components of visual
ERPs (since each of these attributes change as image quality and contrast dre
manipulated (cf. Gomer and Bish, 1978)), display settings can be adjusted
automatically to achieve criterion levels of display performance. Regan (in
press) recently has proposed such a "feedback loop" for a form of exoge-
nous activity labelled steady-state.
Returning to Figure 6.25, the suggested applications for endogenous
components of ERPs require no further explanation. However, we should review
the information-bearing properties of the different types of peripheral
C. I activity, as well as some of the headings we have employed to depict their
127
MCDOP L L DOUOLAS AUTrONAUTICs COMPA I ST. LMOIS DnVgSIAo
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
N0O1V001 31Vl)AdO8ddV 0L (13103810N338SV 3ZVD kl3Hi3HM 3NIVYH130~
z0
- 0
> Skv3ISAS~fl
> X ~1081N0) UG CINV 31VA1 1
Q 4
0Ax
(r SnJXJ.S 3Al1IN003 1Vb3NgE SS3SSV
0 ZLL.
Sni '#-I4A~ l(AC0 S~
0 ccIA~1N0~~S C)f0-> >
0 - -
.C)
0LA-
2 II =-
0 <
DI 2N C0lV8JlS3O40
2o Z0
0 0 LLJ
r-LLJ
C
0o
SnI 3A NI- Li39! S3S
128 V~s(lSO Sl0
AIPC PC~fWLL H:PU LAS Aerf oov ~ roce comp~jw~jprLa&- o Ivsp -
II
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
usage. Previously, we described psychophysiological activity in three
response systems that have been monitored extensively to assess tension and
physical effort, particularly following the onset of stress. Therefore, we
* have grouped these response systeis together and assumed that the principal
virtue of recording from them will be to denote changes in "physical status."
Again, sustained increases in the behavior of these response systems, if
caused by prolonged exposure to stress, should forewarn an imminent deter-
ioration in pilot proficiency. Finally, the dynamics of eye movements
(i.e., timing, velocity, and pattern) should serve as an additional indica-
tion of the effectiveness with which a pilot extracts and processes displayed
i nformati on.
In taking the process to its logical conclusion, Figures 6.26 through
6.38 present biocybernetic applications as a function of individual pilot
tasks. These are tasks which occur within the various segments of the escort
mission we described before in Subsection 6.1. For each of the tasks which
must be performed, we have indicated whether we are seeking status inform-
ation of some sort, or whether we intend to supplewent conventional mmethods
* of control system activation.
• I• - We recommended earlier that biocybernetic applications be restricted to
those pilot tasks which are very difficult, are critical to the success of
the mission, or occur during periods of heavy workload. Whereas the original
. II task listings in Figures 6.6 through 6.17 are quite complete, we now have
" I eliminated less essential tasks (with respect to difficulty, criticality, or
129
3 C00PNL L 0OUJOL AS ASTMONAUICS COMANJV-0T. LO4LN0 S 0
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
workload considerations) in constructing the biocybernetic matrices which
follow. Moreover, to avoid unnecessary redundancy in the format of succes-
sive figures, we show just those tasks which have not appeared in any of the
preceding iatrices (starting with Figure 6.26). For example, although the
pilot must determine altitude during launch as well as climb, this task is
entered as a row heading only in the matrix devoted to launch.
.
ip;
42:
t'
130
MCDONWIELL DOUOLAS AeTROPAUTICi COM#PA0WV T. LOl. ONVIDON
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046I
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIG
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALSACTIVITY
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
P300 DETECTION READINESS
POTENTIAL POTENTIAL
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
4 z- 0 1,-0
-4 - -0 w Fa
- ,
0 cc
O C.) Z M
25-0 3OL 0 ~
a: 0 > - a CC
u (o.< cc,.2 0~ >2
PILOT TASKS < w I < 0
CH EC K F LA PS U P ........................ ................................................................... ................. ................-----------
CHECK LANDING GEAR UP....... .................................. ................. .................................. ................ ................
RETRACT FLAPS ................................................................... X
RETRACT LANDING GEAR ............... .......................................... X
MONITOR RATE OF CLIMB ...... .................. X X X
-MONITOR ALTITUDE ............................. X X X
MONITOR AIRSPEED ----------------------------- X X X
SCAN FXTRNAL .............................. X X X
MONITOR ATTITUOE ........................... X X X
ATTAIN PROPER ATTITUDE ............................... ................ ............... . . . .... .................... . .
MIONITOR FORWARD ACCELERATION .... X X X
FIGURE 6.26 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING LAUNCH.
'I 131*" r COOiiEL L DOUJOLAN ATrONAUTICs COMPANV-Z T. LOU* MwVoo
X&A
LOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO-IASPHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
ENTS EYE EYECONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
REAOIINES NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL VARIATION
APPLICATIONS
z 2
> 04
00 CC04 0 -,
0 Z
zz OW
o 4x
4 0
x x x
x x x
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE VDE24
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL$
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
LECIIROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSACTIVITY
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS COMPONENTS
P300 DETECTION READINESSPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL,
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATI0
z :n z
t 0 12z <o a: 0 I--
PILTTAKS 0 I 0Oa
a: t -4D
GIVE~~~~~~ 1-N LEEzE INL
CHECK~~~~~~ CAU ALIUE- - - -- C
CHECKOCAGNUANTIT Y - - - - - --..............X X x
MONITOR VERTICAL VELOCITY- - - - --..........X x x
RECEIVE COMMUNICATION- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --................... .... X
COMMUNICATE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --............. ...... .... X
UNLOCK SHOULDER HARNESS .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLEAR ISUALAIRSPA--WINMAN-POITION------ ----- ---------- ----------
MONITOR NAVIGATION- - - - - - --..............X x x
IMNITOR HEAOIN(- - - - - - - --.......... .... X X XI
FIGURE 6.27 BIOCYBERMETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING CLIMB.
132
p.C0OWNWEL L 00UOL A ANTMOM1AULICS COMI-APE - S. L0EMS DfIVI*CON
E2046
ES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO-LATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
TECTION READINESS NEGATIVE
TENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION
BERNETIC APPLICATIONS
_z z Zo
Oxtx
x x-
0 0
x0 1 x4r 0 0 O
- x 0 U0
zU 0 1
-z I-p.
< x
x0 Q
x x
xxx
-----------------..... a.....x x x
................ ................. ...... xx x
W-x X
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICJV
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
I E( TH(E NCEHAI (),,HAP,,IC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS
AI:TIVIT
E XOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
P300 DETECTION REAINI
POTENTIAL POTENT-
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICAT
<2
< z
PIO-AK - Oa % --
>0
00
RETURN RADAR TO SEARCH MODE ....................
VISUALLY MONITOR STRIKE FORCE ................................... ................... ............. . ......... .. ................ --------.......... ...........
S•CHECK RADAR ELEVATION COVERAGE ....................... X X Ii x
CHECK RADAR AZIMUTH SCAN ............................... X X I x
CHECK RADAR RANGE SCALE -----------------------. ---- .... XX r x
0 -0O. -0h
.o..o .u~..,0, ...... x t
SE E(T AIJTONA71C DIRECTION FINDER...................................... ....... . .. . .X
C FIGURE 6.28 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT
C"CDURING RENDEZVOUS.
MCDaONELL 4OUpoL A e l rmOivAU'riCs COMPmA Iw-wr'. Louis noVIIsNmm
i
E2046
IRIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO--RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS EYE E"E
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
DETECTION I READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION
OCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
z zz
0 (
4 00
zz z -
z >.
0
}-0
>
0
................. .. .................................. X xx
x
xx
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALSBRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
lENT ..I Tf :1 OTET.-A I,...
T _ _
TII'T N TIC APPICA7 IOINS__ _L_ _ _
PIL.OT TASK.S -2-____ ____A_
-O T DA. DISPLAY .... ................ .... I
C..ECK EEL STATUS ............... .......... X x
%-0%.3A ENGINE INSTRUMENTS .................... ... x
SIAITD ' 1I U SU.EILL N E. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .........E -- -- -- - --x-- - -- -- - - --
-EI IR TO AIR ARMAMENT STATUS .............. X x
.EE. SPA-RO fiISSI, E SE LECTED -.................. K X____ ..SELECT AIR TO AIR MOOET....................................K-------------
.EIMODE SYE.E PROG.AMI ........................ K
IRYCY 1AMTER O.IEESE COUNTER . ----............ K x x
R.ECK FLARE DISPENSE COUNjTER. ...... -------------- -- Xx
,ECT CHAEF ')ISPENSE CIIjNTER . . . . ..---- ----- .. K
A k ATI)MATIC CATE DISPEN1SE CNATLIT . . .---------- K---
'.ERIFE CHAFF DISPENSE ENABTLE........... K
A)J1UST BRIGRHTNESS 1 T.RE AT I)SE LAY....... . . .. K
SET RADI-1I'llEINTS ................... .................... ....... - -
IERIYIP ELECTRONIC COUENTERMEASURE SELECTED .... K .... K
.ER1ISAM RECE1I. ---R_... ..................... ........ .............................. ...............
*t QNRRDRA1
TIMETEROIF ............... ------.......... .. . x
TURN TAICTIIRIt AIR NAVIGATIONI TO RECEIVE ............. ............... K
TOjRN DOENYTIFEY.EIENO OR I OE TO STANDB'Y.... .. .. . . . . . .------
FYP.RI)SS.I;EIP TRE EI)RAROTE0OF lIPATTIE UREA. K x x
FIGURE 6.29 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING INGRESS.
1 34
MCCOPNPIELL 0OLIOL A AsTwoP.ALvrCs COMAP4V- CT. LOU# 01W~ORWv
E2046
ALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
5 DICAL .LAR AL T,-d
QIW NT SaIT SIE
c *sT n~n sr SI EM+eNTS 5), st
x-
x
xxx
....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
x
x
x
x x xV
V
x
---- ---- ----
V
V
x
V V V
V
1 OCTBE 1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PI L -LkrE RFORMANCEE 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTI'VITY
S
I I CTRIEN(CfP-TALOURAPIC E.EN.T RELATEDOPOTENTIALS e SIo
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
0 DETECTON READ'NESS %E,!Ar s
E_ ~POTENTIAL POTENTIAL AdTO
I I ,~BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
C V,
, ,-
- S
PILOT TASKS --
CHECK NAVIGATION DATA .. . . . . . . ........ X x x
SET MASTER ARM TO SAFE .........................................................- . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... X
OBSERVE FLASHING BREAKAWAY CUE .......... .............................................................................................. X
OBSERVE MISSILE TIME OF FLIGHT ..... . . . . ......... X X X
VERIF Y M ISSILE LAIUN4CH -............................................ ... -........... ................ . 2 .............. 4.... I........... . ... ........ .. .......... .. ....................... ............... .DE RESS TRIGGER N..............- -. --. -----------------............... ........................... . ....... x x
SERVE..................... ....... . .......................................... .......
OBSERVE LAUNCV LIMITS STEERING, ALLOWABLE STEERING ERROR. x
FLHSTEERINGDO CO MANOS ....................................................................................................................................... .. ........... ............ x
JETTISON FUEL TANKS .......................... X
CHECK SPARROWN MISSILE STATUS ........ .. ....... X x X
SCAN EARLT WARNING DISPLAY TARGET STROBE BEARING ................. X X x
NOTE AIR INTERCEPT WNARNING LIGHT.. ........................................ ........ .............................. ........................ x
OBSERVE RADA TRACKING TARGET ASSESS DAT ................... X K
E,- I LOC ON ................. X
:EPPESS T. OTTE F DFSCGNAT R CONTROL TO LOCK ON ....................................... .. ....... X
S5 T §', ,S S-6TAO.......................................... .- K
i , , , , ,e CG F T . . . . . . ....... ............................. ..... ...... ................ .......... . .... ..... ........... ................ ................. .. .............. ...... x
......................................... . . .. ..-1ATE AM TO,,.~ AR ................... ..... ..... Kx
I VrE. A I 1,........... .... ... ........ . .. ..... x
I., ' V .'..I,. ................... I.......................K.
FIGURE 6.30 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING MEDIUM RANGE INTERCEPT.
I135
SMCDONNELL DOUOLAS ATMONAoTC COMPAI4v - s. LO wasoN
CE2046
SIGNALSPERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
P.'SIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITYRESPONSES
COTI.NGET MOV EMENTS POSITION
IONS 2
V 0
x x
x
.................... ....... x x
Sx x
.........- .x -7x
xcS
Scx
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
I L ECTROENCEPHAL (GRAPHIC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSACTIVITY
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
P300 DETECTION READINU
POTENTIAL POTENTII
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATO
-, Z <z a:
S z=5 <z, ---
- 42 -r<
0 2 4 2 Z
0 Z40 z
< 0 -
PILOT TASKS < x 44 05_ DI S.-
PERFORM EVASIVE MANEUVERS ............................ X x x X x
TRACK SAM VISUALLY ................................................ ................ ...................................................... .........
ACTIVATE ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES CHAFF ................-.........................- X
DETECT SAM LAUNCH ON THREAT LIGHT ---------....------------------------------.....................------------- --- x
MONITOR THREAT DISPLAY ISAM SITE AZIMUTH) ............ X X X
DETECT ENEMY RADAR LOCK ON ........................-..........-.................. ............... . ............. ................ ....... X
CHECK ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES MODE ------------- X X
CHECK DEFENSE ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES --- X x
FIGURE 6.31 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKS
DURING SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE AVOIDANCE.
136
ACDONNELL DOUOLAS ASTMONAU TICS COMPANV-ST. LOUIS Or VNWRO
-DC E2046
GORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO-
INT RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITYRESPONSES
ENDOGENOuS
COMPOE %TS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
0 zzO0
i4
uJu
0 4
-- :o "I-0 -u 0 a
4o
- I
.................................... ....... X X X X
.... X X
x
x x x
x x x
4'/
I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
ENvCR0-'~ I". R ........ f .INI H VIAIIUVIIY NTIA.UV..SO
A1
1 - ESP
;LloNNT)s C'OMPOENfNTS
BIOCYBE RNE TIC APPL ICATIONS
PI OT TASKS z
DETECT STRIKE FORCE RADAR----. ....-------- ---------- _ - - --- _----------------------------J -----
SELECT NAVIGATION MODE _---------- x.................................... X X X x
DETERMINE NEW HEADING TO STRIKE FORCE ................. - - -............ X X
CHECK ANG LE OF ATTACE
OBSERVE RETICLE OVER TARGET _ ............ . . ...... . X X x X
OPTIMIZE RETICLE DYNAMICS ......................... .......... ................... ..................... X x
CHECK ROUNDS REMAINING ........................................... ......
OBSERVE GUN SYMBOLOGY ..........---------------- --... ...... X X K
SELECT GUN MODE ........... .................. .......... .......... X X x
VISUALLY ASSESS MISSILE SUCCESS ..............V I U A L Y M O I T R.IS I L.F I.T. ........ ......................................... - - - - - -- ........ ................ ...... .... .. .. ..... ... .. .. ....... . .... . ..I - - - -- - - -x
OBSERVE IN ANGE CUE SHOOT LIGHT ..... . ....... X X X
SA LR IS OILE TO R CMI P ...... .................. ........ . ............. ........... .. .. . . .. .................... .. XOBEVEI ANECE HOTLGY. . . ... TMAINTAIN STEER DOT WITHIN ALLOWABLE STEERING EROR ............ X
DEPRESS UNCAGE SWITCH ............................................. . .. .. ... x
HE MISSILE TDNE ABOVE TR -SHOLD ...... --- -------.............. _ _....K.... .
S -.BSERVE TARGET FTCT % BA SIDEWIDE -. ASLE ALIGNMET ...... _ X X
, FASH .UDE. PEDALS ................. .......................... x
ERTENO RETRAVPTEONBRARE R ....-------...................
R UETETCTIONOERTARGET . ........ ................................................................................................ x
SE>E.T .S.L ACo.SIYON% E -OO ACQ CO HOQESIGHT .. ... ............... X
RSTRGE SI-EWIO S RIIODG STATS X X.... K K
'I 'TE%DE H *MODE X
T RACK TARIGET .' I ALL¥ .......... ............................... .......... ....... ................ ........... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .R ......... E........ ...... L......................
ECK FE'l STAT'S BINGOl SE TNG -. ................................. . X X X
FIGURE 6.32 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING AIR COMBAT MANEUVERING.
137j IMWCOWNRELL DOUGLAS ASTNONAUTICu COMWPANV-* T. LOCJUSl DWVWONt
E2046
IL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
P. SIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
VE SPONSES
LYE EYE
<'1 Y.GIY MOVEMIENTS POSIT{ON
IAL
MIONS
i0x0
K
. . . . . ....... ...... .......... ............. ..... .... .... ......... .. ....... x
x x
x
x
K x
------. .... ..... . ... .... X X x
K Xx x XXx
: xx
x x x
x
X
x
x
x
.. . .. . . . . . ... .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
!
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNI
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
E CTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSAcl t v IT IT
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
P300 DETECTION READINESSPOTENTIAL POTENTIALI OTE
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
<a
Dz
0 0
i i
0 z
PILOT TASKS < Z
OBSERVE FLASHING SYMBOLOGY .......... ................. ................. . . . . ... -- - - -- - - ------ ----- ---------- . . .. X
DEPRESS PICKLE BUTTON ------------------..--------------------.................... X x
SELECT HUD SYMBOL-OG ................. ................. ....................... x
2TRACK TARGET IN HUD FIELD OF VIEW ........... X X X
OBSERVE DELIVERY MODE SYMBOL --------........ X X
•MODIFY ARM PROGRAM AS REQUIRED ....................... ................ ....... X
4.CHECK DELIVERY MODE ........................... X X
•CHECK ARMAMENT PRGGRAM --------------------- X X
?'fSE LECT AIR GROUND MASTER MODE ....... ........... ...... ................ ....... x
%L
FIGURE 6.33 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING AIR-TO-GROUND STRIKE.
-,-,'0.0
OBSERE MLI OELL -OLA A r-O A --C - -CMPANY--.LO -- x o#VfS#4ON
DERSfIKEBTON - - - - - - - -
E2046
OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO"D POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
R SPONSES
ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
.ION READINESS j NEGATIVEITAL POTENTiAL VARIATION
RNETIC APPLICATIONS
z
2 220
- -
z xx
0x<x
>x
zx
>>
> Z ~
x x
2 z -
-x -- 20
2 -z 0 -
x x
1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGIC
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
FLECTROENCEPHALOL;RAPHIC EVENT REL ATED POTENTIALSACTiviT,
PDT
_________ IOCYBERNETIC APPLICA
Z z
- 02
- 0<-d<2 4 < 4
00
Z
02- 0 Ou0< <A2
DIPESECHF ............................... ... ...............a
PERFRM AM VASIE M NEUER -------------------- x x-
SESE CHAFF-SEN- ------- - --...............------------------- x
CHECK THREAT DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.......... ............... xVERIF YELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES SELECTED -X X
VERIFY El ECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES ON- - --........X X
FIGURE 6.34 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING EGRESS.
* 139AUCO4OWEELL DOL4aL AS AerfNAu TICS COMPrAM . LMcUS Cu VISIcn
E2046
ORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO-T RELATED PoTENTlALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
E %DOGENOUS
)'MPONLNTS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
zz 20 0
00 0
0 u 0
> 00LI
Sz
x
.. . ....................... ................ . ...... X X X
X
X
X
i 4IA IL) i ,. 1 , .. "-i
l- I-
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
ELECTVO NCEIPYALOIVA IC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS - SIOLO
ACTI I I IHE
VxOGE NOUSE 11,SlS
COMPONENTS COMPONE NTS
P3W0 DETECTION R AEI"INESS LOSTS.I
OTENTIAL PLTTI AL A
RIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
Z
z<
o0z-V - V =; :-;
'001- 0
CONFIRM POSITION OF ECHELON .................................... I...... X X
CHECK INDICATOR FOR CORRECT AMOUNT .......................... . . . . . . . .-----------------.. . .. .. i.. . .. .. .. .. ---------------- -- - - -- - - - ----------------- -- - - -- - - - --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- -- ----------------.. ..........
NOTE TANKER STANDBY GREEN OFF . ............................................................................................ ----- -------- xXCHECK TANKER STANDBY GREEN ON ........ ........................................ -......
OBSE V TRANSFER LIH OFF.... ---------------------------------------------------.------------ I:::------------------::[ ::::::: : I ....... x xCHECK TRANSFER LIGHT ON --------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - --------------_........................................ x x
CHECK TANKER READY LIGHT ON T........................................................................................................ X
CHECK DROGUE XTENDED.... ............................................ X Xx x
SET REFUELING GITCHES ..--------------------------------------------------------- --................ x
CHECKPROBE FULLY EXTENDED ........................................... X X
POSITION PROBE TO EXTEND .. ............................................ X X X
SET EXTERNAL LIGHTS TO STANDBY BRIGHT. ......................... ........ .
DESELECT AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER - - -....... ................ ......................................... X
DEACTIVATE AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM- - --.................................................K
FLA TFORMATION HRUS- --- ............................................................--- --------------
ELY FORMATION~' --T----H- - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - -
CHLY FO MA TERN A TTITUDEF ......................................... ................................................. ....................................................... ...... .. ............... ..........CHANGE TO REFUEL F ENC -.-........... . . . . . . . .....................................................
CE K M AST AU R S IN ................................. . ................ ....... . ............... ..
VF)ES AL-TNDETSTTIGA...................................................................................................................------.................X
ERF< I LOCKON ... N. ............................................. ..................................... .. . .. .......... .. . . . .. ...X
COMIMAND L K N _ ................................................... XX
E INA 'A , T FOR.. OC ON --- ............................ .............................................. x
CHECK AERIAL PmEE,EI'NG CONTROt POINT COORDINATES ................. X X
SPEL SCYINI SC AN- - --..........*-------*---------------**------------
----SELT F.AP SAN'.. - - - --...-.......................- Kx
(AENABLE WA -V INT ..... - ......- ......- ..........................-... K
SE1 IN AERIAL PEPEf INGlI)NTPILI POINT III)OINATES- -......... XK
SELECT TARGF C ARVANCE Al TITUD CHANNEL AIR TO AIR MOOE -------- K
FIGURE 6.35 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING IN-FLIGHT REFUELING.
140JSMCOONNELL DOUOLAS ASrONAUJrCS COMPAN V -fS. LOUIS 08VISION
DC E2046-ICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
LS I'S$OLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITYRESPONSES
sEE EYE
joNIrC 11 MOVEMENTS POSITIONRIEADINESS St ;A1,V
POTENTIAL AV N
"LICAT IONS
0V 0
0 0
0 -
x
Xx
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
xx
x x
x
x
..... ............. .... X X X
-............... ............... ................ .................. ....................... x
............... ................ ................ ................. ................. ....... X
. .................... x .
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
x
. . . .. .I C
x x
KSC
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLO
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAl
ACTIVITY
EXOGENOUS ENDOGEN-
COMPONENTS COMPONE114
P300 I DETECTION IPOTENTIAL I 1
BIOCYBERNETIC Apr
P4
z _z
0 u
z cc<zc0
o D 0
LANDING STA rus ........................................... X X
VERIFY DATA LINK FREQUENCY ......................... .................................. ................ ........................................ ...... .. .....
S"SELECT COURSE ......................................... ....... X X X x
SELECT INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM ON STANDBYATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR ---------------------------------------------------------. ...... X
VERIFY INSTRUMENT
LANDING SYSTEM CHANNEL ............... X X X
•VERIFY BEACON CHANNEL ................. ................. * ----- xX
"SELECT AUTOMATIC CARRIER LANDING .................. .................................. ........ X
."VERIFY IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE CODE ................. ........ X X
" !ENTER IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE DIGITS ................. .................. ................ ....... x
SELECT IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE ............................... x x
', POSITION SPEEDBRAKES ................................ - ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- - -.. . . . . . . . . . .. X
. -ADJUST CABIN AIR AS REQUIRED -------------------------------------------------------------------- X
' SC'LECT RADAR OPERATE ........................................ X X X
="SELECT WAYPOINT ....................................... ........ X X X
ACTIVATE RADAR ALTITUDE ............................ ..................• ................ •....... X
DEPRESS ENTER .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - • - - - X
SELECT TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION .................... ........ X X X X
__FIGURE 6.36 BIO^ ,3ERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT
II
TAS DURING MARSHAL.
CE MCONNELL MUOUMOLAD AErRONALrlCI COMDIANSPAYO. LOAUT OMTIICCRR
LANDNG SATU--------------------------------1X
E2046
EGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO-ENT.RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEIIPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL }VARIATION
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
4 z0
L)00
I-a: N
t 4 <
S-z ,-, - I=z z
Z< 0 )-
0 u w
z I 0-0 ct1
> I z 4z z 4
0 0 o-
x x x
------------------------------------- - - ---------------- x
'x
x
xx
xx
x
'C x 'C
x
x
x
x
?-C
I'C
'C 'C '
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGN
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
FLECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT-RELATEO POTENTIALSACTIVITY
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
P300 DETECTION READINESSjPOTENTIAL {POTENTIAL8IOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
< <
ZZ Z
< 4 2 c <4<2
O 2 4E
OW 0 >WOW
2 00z
u- z
0 0 a:~
0 > 00.PILOT TASKS w <4 4 4w14
VERIFY RADAR ALTITUDE OPERATION----.. .... x x x
RECHECK LOW ALTITUDE WVARNING SETTING .... X x x
RESET ALTIMETER- - - - - - - --.......... .... X x
FIGURE 6.37 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOTTASKS DURING PRELANDING.
142
*ICDoRINEWLL 0404OLAS ASTMODP4AUTICS COPIlAiIV-07. LOCOS Dn',.eo~v
E2046
FES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PSYCHO- PERIPHERAL
ACTIVITY
TED POTENTIALS PI-YSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
TECTION READINESS NEGATIVE[ENTIAL POTE NTIAL VARIATION
PBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
z z
3D 0
I- 0
0 -u 0
x <-0 z
z >- S0 0- z 0
0 I W'0 0
QxI-.'
x ox 0
I
1 EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
CATEGORIESO
BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT RELATED
ACTIVITY
EXOGENOUS
COMPONENTS
P300 DETECT
POTENT
BIOCYBERI
z z
0 <
0 0 z
10,-~~F z~ J ~~
PILOT TASKS 4 <4 4o 4 wI-q
COMMAND THRUST FOR BOLTER ............................................................................ X
MONITOR MEATBALL ---------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
CROSS CHECK STEERING COMMANDS ----------------------------------- x x x
ENGAGE COUPLER..: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ....... X
CHECK STANDBY ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR NEEDLES ------------- X X X
CROSS CHECK DATALINK/INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM DATA ............ X X X
CHECK APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR ENGAGED ...................... X X X
ENGAGE APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR ........................ ................. ................ ...... X
POSITION HOOK DOWN -------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------- X
OPTIMIZE DISPLAY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ........................ X
SELECT MINIMUM RADAR MAP RANGE ...................................... X X X
VERIFY FLAPS POSITONED DOWN -------------------------------------- X X
POSITION FLAP SWITCH FULL ---------------------------------------------------- -................ ....... X
'j VERIFY LANDING GEAR DOWN ---------------------------------------- X x
I.IPOSITION LANDING GEAR DOWN---------------------------------------------------------------------X
FIGURE 6.38 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOTTASKS DURING LANDING.
143
V i MCONNELL 0OCLAS ASTrONAUTDCU COMPANV-0.t LOUIS DOWIaON
" E2046
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY
PSYCHO-EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY
RESPONSES
ENDOGENOUS
COMPONENTS EYE EYE
CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION
P300 DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION
BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS
2z4 - 0 Sl4 -"4
2U
-4!42 w. w. ~
- -_4 U 0 4
4 xZ .1,
xX
xx xxX X
x x
X X
x
xx x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x
XX Xx
Xx
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In proposing to add a communication channel from the pilot to the
central computer, we have shown that electrophysiological measures are
relatable to pilot status and, ultimately, to performance. Further, we have
made the distinction between the long term changes in cognitive function that
occur across tle mission, and the more transient aspects of information
processing and decision-making which are associated with specific pilot
tasks. As McCallum (in press) notes, however, it has not been determined
whether a single physiological measure can serve as a reliable index of
operator status, or, rather, if several response systems must be monitored
to reveal operator states which may threaten performance. This issue of
single vs. multiple inputs also must be resolved in deciding upon tle most
effective means of augmenting conventional methods of control activation.
We did not rank the various mission segments when suggesting biocyber-
netic applications in the last subsection. A ranking could have been made
dependent upon the relative importance of each mission segment, either with
respect to the overall mission objectives or with regard to survivability.
Clearly, if we were forced to be selective (perhaps due to cost/benefit
considerations) in applying biocybernetic techniques, we would choose those
mission segments or requirements for which the pilot is especially vulnerable
and both the accurac.y and speed of performance are critical. In reviewing
the in-flight mission requirements presented in Section 4, we find that the
following, which occur during air-to-air or air-to-ground engagements, place
the greatest demands on the pilot:
o penetration
o threat warning
144MCDP ILL OU@MLAS A8TWOPJ4UICU COAEPANV- * ' LO{We D vauojV
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PER FORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
o detection
o location
o identification
o decision
o execution
o assessment
The principal tasks which must be accomplished within these mission require-
ments may collectively be termed fire control functions. That is, we are
concerned with the pilot's ability to establish correct range, azimuth,
elevation, and/or FOV coordinates for the sensors used during the target
acquisition process. Moreover, we are concerned with his ability to interpret
multisensor imagery and to select laser/EO designators and, if necessary,
countermeasures. Then, if we assume that appropriate range and/or velocity
considerations have been taken into account in choosing the weapon, that
arming has been accomplished prior to the engagement, and that the actual
time of release is cormputed automatically, we are concerned with the pilot's
ability to maneuver the aircraft so that the target is positioned within the
missile launch or gun envelope. Superimposed upon these responsibilities is
a general accountability for flight control, navigation, communications,
subsystems monitoring, and, especially, threat detection/evasion.
As the pilot participates in fire control functions not managed directly
by the computer, our principal information needs are related to momentary
fluctuations in the pilot's capacity to process information and reach deci-
sions. If real-time reasures of pilot status are available, comtputer graphic
techniques can be called upon to create pictorial and symbolic displays with
C; sufficient detail to lead the pilot through changing tactical situations and
4 145
MCDONNVELL DOLLAg ASTRONAUTICS COMPAW V-ST. LOU"S DOWAVOIN
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
weapons procedures. These decision aids will enable the pilot to adopt
strategies for action which are in accordance with the current posture of the
mission.
Most of the electrophysiological studies we cited earlier took place in
university laboratories, and the task demands imposed upon the subjects were
somewhat constrained from an operational point of view. It is apparent that
the progression of a program which considers electrophysiological signals as
input to adaptive military systems will require that investigations be
extended to appropriate part-task and full-mission simulations. Thus, we
presently are conducting part-task flight simulations in which we have
challenged the pilot's ability to make multiple decisions within short
periods of time. Our intent in these investigations is to further define
the features of brain electrical activity and eye behavior which, when
analyzed on-line during the simulation, may forewarm imminent deteriorations
in pilot perforn ance.
Finally, we should note that biocybernetic applications are, in fact,
being addressed by the military laboratories (cf. O'Donnell and Hartman, in
press). Reising (in press), of the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory,
has predicted that techniques which yield pilot status information will be
an essential component of adaptive crew stations in the future. Moreover,
* pattern analysis of "thought"-related EEG activity for control purposes has
been discussed recently by scientists from the Air Force Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory (Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 110, Number 5,
1979, pp. 239-243). It would seem that the high-risk program sponsored by
DARPA over the past several years may significantl. influence R&D activities
within the military and aerospace industries.* 146
acDO/WMELL DOUOLAS ASTAVOPAUTICS C0PW#tV-0T. LOWa aD#W#oWCN
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE
1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
8.0 REFERENCES
Adam, N. & Collins, G. I. Late components of the visual evoked potential tosearch in short-ten, memory. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neuro-physiology, 1978, 44, 147-156.
Chapman, R. M. Evoked potentials of the brain related to thinking. InF. J. McGuigan and R. A. Schoonover (Eds.), The Psychophysiology OfThinking. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Cooper, P., McCallum, W. C., Newton, P., Papakastopoulas, D., Pocock, R. V. &Warren, W. S. Cortical potentials associated with tile detection of visualevents. Science, 1977, 196, 74-77.
Courchesne, E., Hillyard, S. A. & Galambos, R. Stimulus novelty, taskrelevance and the visual evoked potential in man. Electroencephalographyand Clinical Neurophysiology, 1975, 39, 131-143.
Cumming, G. D. Eye m;ovements and visual perception. In E. C. Carterette andM. P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of Perception, Vol. IX. New York: AcademicPress, 1978.
Desmedt, J. E. (Ed.), Cognitive Components in Event-Related Potentials.Basel: Karger Press, 1979.
Donchin, E. Event-related potentials: A tool in the study of human informa-tion processing. In E. H. Begleiter (Ed.), Evoked Potentials in Psychiatry.New York: Plenum Press, 1979.
Donchin, E. Event-related potentials: Inferring cognitive events in opera-tional settings. In F. E. Gomer (Ed.), Biocybernetic Applications ForMilitary Systems. Proceedings of the DARPA Conference, Chicago, 1978.St. Louis: McDonnell Douglds Corporation, (in press).
Furness, T. A. Visually-coupled information systems. In F. E. bomer (Ed.),Biocybernetic Applications For Military Systems. Proceedings of the DARPAConference, Chicago, 1978. St. Louis: McDonnell Douglas Corporation, (inpress).
Gaillard, A. Slow Brain Potentials Preceding Task Performance. Soesterberg -The Netherlands: Institute for Perception TNO, 1978.
Goff, W. R., Allison, T. & Vaughan, H. G. The functional neuroanatomy ofevent-related potentials. In E. Callaway, P. Tueting and S. Kaslow (Eds.),Brain Event-Related Potentials in Man. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Goldstein, I. B. Electromyography: A measure of skeletal muscle response.In N. S. Greenfield and R. A. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology.New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972.
Gomer, F. E. (Ed.), Biocybernetic Applications For Military Systems. Pro-ceedings of the DARPA Conference, Chicago, 1978. St. Louis: McDonnellDouglas Corporation, (in press).
147
4DCOOCPNNrLL 0OUOLAS ASTWONAUTuCi COMPAWV -6T. LOLD DVW000
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
REFERENCES (Continued)
Goimer, F. E. & Bish, K. G. Evoked potential correlates of display imagequality. Human Factors, 1978, 20, 589-596.
Gomer, F. E., Spicuzza, R. J. & O'Donnell, R. D. Evoked potential correlatesof visual item recognition during memory-scanning tasks. PhysiologicalPsychology, 1976, 4, 61-65.
Gomer, F. E. & Youngling, E. W. Electrophysiological applications to humanfactors problems in military settings. Human Factors Society bulletin,1978, 21/8, 1-3.
Gunn, C. G., Wolf, S., Block, R. T. & Person, R. J. Psychophysiology of thecardiovascular system. In N. S. Greenfield and R. A. Sternbach (Eds.),Handbook of Psychophysiology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston,1972.
Jasper, H. H. Report of the Committee on Methods of Clinical Examination inEEG, Appendix: The ten twenty electrode system of the InternationalFederation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1958, 10,371-375.
John, E. R. Functional Neuroscience Volume 2: Neurometrics. New York:John Wiley and Sons, 1977.
John, E. R., Ruchkin, D. S. & Vidal, J. J. Measurement of event-relatedpotentials. In E. Callaway, P. Tueting and S. Kaslow (Eds.), Brain Event-Related Potentials in Man. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
John, E. R.& Schwartz, E. L. The neurophysiology of information processingand cognition. In M. R. Rosenzwetg and L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Reviewof Psychology, Volume 29. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1978.
Johnson, L. C. Use of physiological measures to monitor operator state. InF. E. Gomer (Ed.), Biocybernetic Applications For Military Systems.Proceedings of the DARPA Conference, Chicago, 1978. St. Louis: McDonnellDouglas Corporation, (in press).
Krebs, M. J., Wingert, J. W. & Cunningham, T. Exploration of an oculometer-based model of pilot workload. National Astronautics and Space Adminis-tration Technical Report CR-145153, 1977.
Levine, S. H., Beideman, L. R. & Youngling, E. W. Dynamic FLIR targetacquisition, Phase I. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company - St. LouisTechnical Report MDC-E1920, 1978.
Lindsley, D. B. Studying neuropsychology and bodily functions. In G.Andrews (Ed.), Methods of Psychology. New York: Wiley 1948.
148
MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ASTMOlAUTICS COMIPA0WV. TF. LOtU zP8Weat
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
REFERENCES (Continued)
McCallum, W. C. Brain electrical activity associated with the detection ofmoving targets and declining vigilance perfurmance. In F. E. Gomer (Ed.),Biocybernetic Applications For Military Systems. Proceedings of the DARPAConference, Chicago, 1978. St. Louis: McDonnell Douglas Corporation, (inpress).
McCallum i, W. C. & Knott, J. R. (Eds.), Event-Related Slow Potentials of theBrain: Their Relations to Behavior. Proceedings of the Second Inter-national-CNV Congress, Vancouver, 1971. Amsterdam: Elsevier PublishingCo., 1973.
McCallum, W. C. & Knott, J. R. (Eds.), The Responsive Brain. Bristol: JohnWright, 1976.
Merchant, J. Eye position control of infomation displays. In F. E. Gomer(Ed.), Biocybernetic Applications For Military Systems. Proceedings of theDARPA Conference, Chicago, 1978. St. Louis: McDonnell Douglas Corporation,(in press).
Mills, G. S., Grayson, M. A., Jauer, R. A. & Loy, S. L. Research on visualdisplay integration for advanced fighter aircraft. Air Force AerospaceMedical Research.Laboratory Technical Report 78-97, 1978.
O'Donnell, R. D. & Hartman, B. 0. Contributions of psychophysiologicaltechniques to aircraft design and other operational problems. AGARDTechnical Report AG-244, 1979.
Otto, D. (Ed.), Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Event-Related Brain Poten-tial Research, EPA-600/9-77-043. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1979.
Pinneo, L. R., Johnson, P., Herron, J. & Rebert, C. S. Feasibility study fordesign of a biocybernetic communication system. Stanford Research Insti-tute Technical Report ARPA-2034, 1975.
Regan, D. Evoked Potentials in Psychology, Sensory Physiology and ClinicalMedicine. London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1972.
Regan, D. Control system applications of steady-state evoked potentials.In F. E. Gomer (Ed.), Biocbernetic Applications For Military Systems.Proceedings of the DARPA Conference, Chicago, 1978. St. Louis: McDonnellDouglas Corporation, (in press).
Reising, J. The crew adaptive cockpit: Firefox, here we come. Proceedingsof the Third Annual Conference on Digital Avionics Systems, Dallas, 1979,(in press).
Stern, J. A. Eye movements, reading and cognition. In J. W. Senders,S 1 D. F. Fisher and R. A. Monty (Eds.), Eye Movements and Higher Psychological
Functions. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1978.
149
MCVOWIJPELL DOULJGLAN AsrTMONAU TICS COMPANV-ST. LOaS DW WIO
..
BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046
REFERENCES (Continued)
Thatcher, R. W. Electrophysiological correlates of animal and human memory.In R. D. Terry and S. Gershon (Eds.), Neurobiology of Aging. New York:Raven Press, 1976.
Thatcher, R. W. & John, E. R. Functional Neuroscience Volume 1: Foundationsof Cognitive Processes. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977.
Thompson, R. F. & Patterson, M. M. (Eds.), Bioelectric Recording Techniques,Part B. New York: Acadeiic Press, 1974.
Wise, J. A. & Asiala, C. F-18 human engineering task analysis Part II -
Tireline and workload analysis. McDonnell Aircraft Company Report MDC-A4276(2), 1977.
Young, L. R. & Sheena, D. Survey of eye movement recording rethods. BehaviorResearch Methods and Instrumentation, 1975, 7, 397-429.
, It
CT.150MOCDPONELL DKPOLAS ASTMONAUJTICS COMA-ANW . r. L4,1 D IVION