The Moors & Spain

The People of the Iberian Peninsula

Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. The people that have lived in Spain include the Basques, Celts, Phoenicians,

Goths, Visigoths, Berbers, Jews, and Hispano-Romans (ancestors of today’s Spaniards).

During Roman times the native inhabitants of north Africa (Berbers) were called Mauri. By the 4th century AD, the Roman army heavily recruited Moors for their exceptional skill in battle.

The Visigoths

The Visigoths ruled Spain from 408 – 711 AD. In the seventh century A.D., invading Arabs conquered the Berbers & converted

them to Islam. The mixed Arab-Berber population continued to be called Mauri, or Moors, in Europe.

The Moors may have been invited by the Hispano-Romans who didn’t like the rule of the Visigoths.

The Visigoths died off as a distinctive ethnic group.

The Moors

The origin of the English term, "Moor" is the Greek word, "μαυρο" or "mavro" which literally means "black.” They are an ethnic mix of the native Berbers & Arabs.

They came from north Africa, across the Pillars of Hercules, which they renamed the Straights of Gibraltar (after a Muslim general). They conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula except for Asturias & Galicia (northern Spain).

They ruled Spain for over 700 years. Their capital was Cordoba. The Iberian peninsula was called the Caliphate of

Cordoba.

The Moors

The Moors allowed for religion freedom. However, Jews & Christians were required to pay a special tax for being infidels (non-Muslims).

In Spain today, especially in Andalusia (southern Spain), the presence of Moorish culture can still be seen on every corner.

The Moors

The Moors further developed agriculture, & in particular, irrigation, by channeling water to where it was needed (many of these systems are still in use today).

They introduced produce from Asia which were unknown. Many of these are basic ingredients in today’s Spanish cuisine & include spices & produce such as saffron, apricots, artichokes, pomegranates, carob, sugar, grapefruits, carrots, coriander & rice.

The Moors

Salt crusted baked fish have been show to come from the Islamic world.

When it came to preserving food, especially fish and vegetables, it would be mixed with salt or the item soaked in vinegar for a long time.

The introduction of almonds revolutionized pastry making.

The Moors

The most significant Moorish musician was known as Ziryab (the Blackbird) who arrived in Spain in 822. The Moors introduced the earliest versions of several instruments, including the Lute, the guitar or kithara & the Lyre.

The Moors

Scientific progress in astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, geography & philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain.

They brought back the lost knowledge of the ancient Greeks & Romans, notably Aristotle.

At that time, Europe had only two universities, the Moors had seventeen great universities. These were located in Almeria, Cordova, Granada, Juen, Malaga, Seville, and Toledo.

The Moors

In the 10th & 11th centuries, public libraries in Europe were non-existent, while Moorish Spain could boast of more than seventy, of which the one in Cordova housed 6,000 thousand manuscripts.

They introduced the compass & paper from China & 0 – 9 from India, which replaced Roman numerals.

The Moors

Alhambra is a famous Moorish site in southern Spain.

The Moors

The Moors were known for intricate designs & patterns.

Arabic Words More than 4,000 words of Arabic origin are used in modern Spanish as well as many in English. English words from Arabic.

admiral - magazine alcohol - mummy algebra - orange (1 of 5 English words that doesn’t rhyme) apricot - rook cotton- saffron giraffe- sofa hummus - sugar garbage - syrup hazard - tariff lemon - zero

Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours was fought on October 10, 732, between Franks led by Charles Martel and a massive invading Islamic army led by Emir Abdul Rahman, near the city of Tours, France.

There were about 80,000 Muslims against 30,000 Franks. During the battle, the Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er

Rahman was killed.

Battle of Tours The Muslim force consisted mainly of cavalry & was geared

for offensive warfare. They wore little armor. For arms, they relied on the sword & lance; arrows were little used.

The Franks were an infantry force (except for mounted nobles such as Charles). They used phalanx-formations & heavy armor (70 lbs. per person).

The Franks were as immovable as the Muslims were mobile. The Franks had a greater variety of weaponry: the shield, swords, daggers, javelins, & two kinds of axes, one for wielding & the other for throwing.

Battle of Tours

Charles chose to begin the battle in a defensive, phalanx-like formation. According to the Arabian sources they drew up in a large square.

The Arab army retreated south over the Pyrenees. Charles earned his nickname Martel, meaning hammer, in this battle. He continued to drive the Muslims from France in the following years.

The Battle of Tours This battle stopped the northward advance of Islam from

the Iberian peninsula & is considered by most historians to be of macro-historical importance.

It stopped the Islamic conquests, and preserved Christianity as the dominant faith in Europe, during a period in which Islam was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires in North Africa and the Middle East.

Charles Martel’s own grandson was Charlemagne, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire.

The Reconquista

The Reconquista was an effort by the Christian world to win Spain back from the Muslim Moors.

The Spanish took their country back one piece at a time. Portugal separated in the 12th century to form their own country.

Maps of the Reconquista

Each region you see above has it’sown dialect of Spanish. The dialectof Castille is what’s spoken throughoutthe world. Galacia & Catalonia are stillspoken today. Catalonia is actually considering forming their own country.

The Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula 5 Kingdoms

The Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Aragon The Kingdom of Castile The Kingdom of Navarre The Kingdom of Granada

Each Kingdom has its own language. The Spanish spoken throughout theworld is Castilian Spanish. There are regions in Spain today that want to beIndependent & form their own country.

The Reconquista

When King Ferdinand of Aragon & Queen Isabelle of Castile were married, they combined their kingdoms to form the Spain we know today.

New Trade Route

The couple wanted to find a new trade route to Asia because Constantinople had fallen to the Turk in 1453 & it wasn’t as easy to trade anymore.

They paid for an Italian man, Christopher Columbus, to sail west to find a quicker route.

Unification of Spain

Once the Christian King ruled all of Spain (they gained Navarre in 1512), the Muslims who remained in Spain were to be given religious freedom.

At first, the Spanish tried persuasion and debate to convert the remaining Moors.

Unification of Spain However, in 1499, the Spanish Archbishop took the more

ruthless approach of forced conversions; & burned Arabic manuscripts. His brutal methods let to open revolt, which was quickly suppressed. The Spanish then considered the Treaty of Capitulation voided, & suspended freedom of religion.

The Moors were told to convert to Christianity or leave Spain.

Today, Catholicism is, by far, the largest religion in Spain.

The Moors & Spain

The People of the Iberian Peninsula

was the Roman name for the Peninsula. The people that have lived in Spain include the , Celts,

, Goths, , Berbers, , and Hispano-Romans (ancestors of today’s

). During Roman times the inhabitants of north Africa ( ) were

called . By the th century AD, the Roman army heavily recruited Moors for their exceptional in battle.

The Visigoths The ruled Spain from – AD. In the century A.D., invading conquered the Berbers &

them to Islam. The mixed Arab-Berber population continued to be called Mauri, or , in Europe.

The Moors may have been by the Hispano-Romans who didn’t like the of the Visigoths.

The Visigoths off as a distinctive group.

The Moors

The origin of the term, "Moor" is the Greek word, "μαυρο" or "mavro" which literally means “ .” They are an ethnic mix of the native

& . They came from north , across the Pillars of , which they

renamed the Straights of (after a Muslim general). They all of the Iberian Peninsula except for Asturias & (northern

). They ruled Spain for over years. Their capital was . The Iberian peninsula was called the of

Cordoba.

The Moors

The Moors allowed for freedom. However, & were required to pay a

special for being (non-Muslims). In Spain today, especially in Andalusia (

Spain), the presence of Moorish can still be seen on every .

The Moors

The Moors further developed , & in particular, irrigation, by channeling water to where it was needed (many of these systems are still in use

). They introduced produce from which were unknown. Many of these are

basic ingredients in today’s Spanish cuisine & include spices & produce such as saffron, , artichokes, pomegranates, carob, , grapefruits,

, coriander & .

The Moors Salt crusted baked have been show to come from

the Islamic . When it came to food, especially fish &

, it would be mixed with or the item soaked in for a long time.

The introduction of revolutionized making.

The Moors The most significant Moorish was known as

Ziryab (the ) who arrived in Spain in . The Moors introduced the

earliest versions of several instruments, including the , the guitar or & the

.

The Moors

Scientific progress in , chemistry, , mathematics, & philosophy in Moorish Spain.

They brought back the knowledge of the ancient Greeks & Romans, notably .

At that time, Europe had only universities, the Moors had great universities. These were located in Almeria, Cordova, Granada, Juen, Malaga, Seville, & .

The Moors

In the th & th centuries, public in Europe were non-existent, while Moorish Spain could boast of more than , of which the one in Cordova housed

thousand manuscripts. They introduced the & paper from China &

from India, which Roman numerals.

The Moors

is a famous Moorish site in Spain.

The Moors

The Moors were known for intricate &

.

Arabic Words More than words of origin are used in modern Spanish as well as many in English. English words from Arabic.

- - - - - - - - - -

Battle of Tours

The Battle of was fought on October 10, , between led by Charles and a massive invading

army led by Emir Abdul , near the city of Tours, . There were about 80,000 against 30,000 . During the battle, the Franks the Islamic army and Emir

Abd er Rahman was .

Battle of Tours The Muslim force consisted mainly of & was geared for

warfare. They wore little . For arms, they relied on the & lance; were little used.

The Franks were an force (except for mounted nobles such as Charles). They used -formations & heavy

( lbs. per person). The Franks were as as the Muslims were .

The Franks had a greater variety of : the , swords, , javelins, & two kinds of , one for wielding & the other for throwing.

Battle of Tours Charles chose to begin the battle in a ,

phalanx-like formation. According to the Arabian they drew up in a large .

The Arab army south over the . Charles earned his nickname Martel, meaning

, in this battle. He continued to drive the from in the following years.

The Battle of Tours This battle the northward of from the Iberian peninsula & is

considered by most historians to be of -historical importance. It stopped the Islamic , and as the dominant in , during a

period in which Islam was g the remains of the old & Empires in North and the .

Charles Martel’s own was , who ruled the Roman .

The Reconquista

The was an effort by the world to win Spain back from the

Muslim . The Spanish took their back one

at a time. separated in the th century to

form their own .

Maps of the Reconquista

Each region you see above has it’sown of Spanish. The dialectof is what’s spoken throughoutthe world. & are stillspoken today. is actually considering forming their own .

The Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula 5 Kingdoms

The Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Kingdom of

Each Kingdom has its own . The Spanish spoken throughout theworld is Spanish. There are regions in today that want to be

& form their own country.

The Reconquista When King of &

Queen of were married, they their to

the we know today.

New Trade Route The couple wanted to find a new to because

had fallen to the in & it wasn’t as easy to anymore.

They paid for an man, , to sail to find a quicker .

Unification of Spain Once the Christian ruled of (they gained in 1512), the

Muslims who in Spain were to be given religious . At first, the Spanish tried & debate to convert the Moors.

Unification of Spain However, in 1499, the Spanish took the more ruthless

approach of conversions; & Arabic manuscripts. His brutal methods let to open , which was quickly suppressed. The Spanish then considered the Treaty of Capitulation voided, & suspended of religion.

The Moors were told to convert to Christianity or leave Spain. Today, is, by far, the largest religion in .