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The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High

The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

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Page 1: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

The Muscular System

Chapter 11

Anatomy and Physiology

Mr. Knowles

Liberty Senior High School

Page 2: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

You can’t talk about the physique without a little

physics first!

Page 3: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

The Physics of the Muscular System

• Tension- an active force applied to some object that requires energy. Ex. People pulling on a rope, the PULL is the tension.

• When muscle cells contract, they PULL on the connective tissue, tendons.

Page 4: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

The Physics of a Physique

• Compression- another active force that PUSHES an object AWAY from the source.

• Resistance- a passive force that OPPOSES movement that depends on weight, shape, friction, etc.

Page 5: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

The Laws of Muscle Physics• When the Tension > Resistance =

Movement.• The object is pulled toward the source

of the tension. Muscle cells can ONLY shorten and generate tension, NOT lengthen to generate compression.

Page 6: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Tension and Muscles• The amount of tension a muscle can

generate is related to the number of resting sarcomeres it has. The more sarcomeres the more tension.

• Some muscles contract and pull against tendons or sheets of collagen called –aponeuroses at their ends.

Page 7: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Structure and Function of Muscles

Structure Function• Some work across joints movement.

• Others support soft tissue form slings.

• Still others completely

encircle openings sphincters.

Page 8: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

• Muscle fibers form bundles called …???? Fascicles!

• The fibers within a single fascicle are parallel BUT the organization of the fascicles, themselves, can vary.

Page 9: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Four Patterns of Fascicle Organization . . .

• Parallel Muscles

• Convergent Muscles

• Pennate Muscles

• Circular Muscles

Page 10: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Parallel Muscles• The fascicles are parallel to the

long axis of the muscle. Most common type of muscle.

• The muscle is spindle-shaped with a central body (belly) or gaster.

• Example: biceps brachii

Page 11: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Parallel Muscles

Page 12: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Convergent Muscles

• The muscle fibers are based over a broad area, but all the fibers come together at a common attachment site.

• Fibers spread out like a fan• Example: pectoralis major

Page 13: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Convergent Muscles

Page 14: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Pennate Muscles• The fascicles form a common angle

with the tendon.• Contracting pennate (feather) muscles

do not move their tendons as far as parallel but contain more muscle fibers which produces more tension.

Page 15: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Three Types of Pennate Muscles

• Unipennate: extensor digitorum

• Bipennate: rectus femoris

• Multipennate: deltoid

Page 16: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Unipennate: extensor digitorum

Page 17: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Bipennate: rectus femoris

Page 18: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Multipennate: deltoid

Page 19: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Circular Muscles• Fibers are concentrically arranged around

an opening or recess. When the muscle contracts, the diameter of the opening decreases.

• Guard entrances & exits of internal passageways; sphincters.

• Example: orbicularis oris

Page 20: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Circular Muscles

Page 21: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School
Page 22: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Tension of a Muscle

• Related to the length and number of the resting sarcomeres it has.

• The tension a muscle provides can change through the movement.

• Ex. The biceps brachialis through a curl.

Page 23: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Muscle Work Together• Complex movements require several muscles to

work together for efficiency.• Large limb muscles may not reach maximum

tension until part way through the motion. Need smaller muscles to assist.

• At the start of the movement, smaller muscles produces maximum tension, while the larger muscle produces minimum tension until much later.

Page 24: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

General Names of Muscles• Prime Mover or Agonist- a muscle whose

contraction is mainly responsible for the movement. Ex. Biceps.

• Antagonists- are prime movers whose actions oppose a particular agonist. Ex. Triceps to the biceps.

• Synergist- usually smaller muscles that assist the prime mover in performing an action; usually important at the beginning.

Page 25: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Muscle Terms• Every muscle has a beginning- origin and

an end- insertion. The movement produced is the action.

• Origins- remains stationary during the movement; usually proximal to the insertion.

• Insertions- changes its position during the movement.

Page 26: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Muscle Terms

• Action- is the motion produced by the contraction of the muscle(s). Usually across a joint.

Page 27: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Naming Muscles

• Some names refer to fascicle organization:Rectus- “straight,” parallel muscles to the long axis of the body.

• Often combined with a term describing precise location:Rectus abdominis, Rectus femoris.

Page 28: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Naming Muscles

• Directional terms:Transversus or Obliquus- fibers that run at an oblique angle to the long axis of body. Lateralis- lateral muscles.Medialis- more medial muscles.

Page 29: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Naming Muscles

• Location: names may specify a certain region of the body. Ex. Temporalis- head, Brachialis-arm.

• Relative Position: muscles close to the surface-externus, those deeper-internus.

• Structure: biceps- has two heads, triceps- has three , and quadriceps- has four.

Page 30: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Naming Muscles• Shape: Trapezius- trapezoid, Deltoid-

triangular, Orbicularis-circle.• Size: larger muscles- Major, smallest-

Minor, long muscles-Longus.• Action: based on the motion; flexor,

extensor, abductor, adductors.

Page 31: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Other Location Names

• Oris- refers to the mouth.

• Oculi- refers to the eye.

Page 32: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

The Muscle Insertion and Origin Activity

Page 33: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School
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Page 35: The Muscular System Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School