The Muslim WorldThe Muslim World

Chapter 10Chapter 10

A.D. 600-1250 A.D. 600-1250

I. The Rise of IslamI. The Rise of Islam

A.A. Important PlacesImportant Places1.1. Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula: trading crossroads to Europe, : trading crossroads to Europe,

Africa, and AsiaAfrica, and Asia

2.2. MeccaMecca: a city in western Arabia where pilgrims : a city in western Arabia where pilgrims came to worship came to worship

Ka’aba: shrine associated with Abraham, contained Ka’aba: shrine associated with Abraham, contained over 300 idolsover 300 idols

Allah: God Allah: God

Rise of Islam (cont’d)Rise of Islam (cont’d)

B.B. MuhammadMuhammad1.1. Born into powerful Meccan familyBorn into powerful Meccan family

2.2. At 25, Married Khadijah (wealthy business At 25, Married Khadijah (wealthy business woman)woman)

3.3. At 40, heard voice of Gabriel; believed he was At 40, heard voice of Gabriel; believed he was the last prophetthe last prophet

4.4. Taught that Allah was the one and only GodTaught that Allah was the one and only God

5.5. Known as The ProphetKnown as The Prophet

Rise of Islam (cont’d)Rise of Islam (cont’d)

C.C. Islam Islam : “submission to the will of Allah”: “submission to the will of Allah”1.1. Religion founded by MuhammadReligion founded by Muhammad

2.2. MuslimsMuslims: “one who has submitted”: “one who has submitted” Followers of IslamFollowers of Islam

D.D. HostilityHostility1.1. Neglect of Arab godsNeglect of Arab gods

2.2. Mecca would lose pilgrimage centerMecca would lose pilgrimage center

Rise of Islam (cont’d)Rise of Islam (cont’d)

E.E. HijrahHijrah: Muhammad’s trek north that resulted : Muhammad’s trek north that resulted in an drastic increase in followersin an drastic increase in followers

1.1. Fashioned agreement b/t Muslims and JewsFashioned agreement b/t Muslims and Jews

2.2. Became military leaderBecame military leader

3.3. Returned to Mecca, destroyed the Ka’abaReturned to Mecca, destroyed the Ka’aba

4.4. Meccans pledged loyalty to MuhammadMeccans pledged loyalty to Muhammad

5.5. Died two years later at 62Died two years later at 62

II. Beliefs and Practices of IslamII. Beliefs and Practices of Islam

A.A. One God, AllahOne God, AllahB.B. Individual responsible for his/her actionsIndividual responsible for his/her actionsC.C. Five PillarsFive Pillars

1.1. Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”messenger of Allah.”

2.2. Prayer: pray 5 times a day; facing MeccaPrayer: pray 5 times a day; facing Mecca MosqueMosque: Islamic house of worship: Islamic house of worship

3.3. Alms: responsibility to support the less fortunate Alms: responsibility to support the less fortunate (through (through religious tax)religious tax)

4.4. Fasting: during Ramadan (holy month), don’t eat b/t Fasting: during Ramadan (holy month), don’t eat b/t dawn and dawn and sunsetsunset

5.5. Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage: HajjHajj: pilgrimage to Mecca by physically and financially : pilgrimage to Mecca by physically and financially able Muslimsable Muslims

Beliefs and Practices (cont’d)Beliefs and Practices (cont’d)

D.D. Other laws:Other laws:1.1. Forbidden to eat pork and drink intoxicating beveragesForbidden to eat pork and drink intoxicating beverages

2.2. Friday afternoons are set aside for communal worshipFriday afternoons are set aside for communal worship

3.3. No priests or central religious authorityNo priests or central religious authority

4.4. Everyone worships Allah directlyEveryone worships Allah directly

5.5. Ulama: religious teachers who apply the words and deeds Ulama: religious teachers who apply the words and deeds of Muhammadof Muhammad

6.6. Qur’an: holy book of Muhammad, written after his deathQur’an: holy book of Muhammad, written after his death Written in Arabic; only language of worshipWritten in Arabic; only language of worship

Beliefs and Practices (cont’d)Beliefs and Practices (cont’d)

E.E. SunnaSunna: Muhammad’s example; best model : Muhammad’s example; best model for proper behaviorfor proper behavior

F.F. Shari’aShari’a: body of laws that regulates family : body of laws that regulates family life, moral conduct, and business and life, moral conduct, and business and community lifecommunity life

Beliefs and Practices (cont’d)Beliefs and Practices (cont’d)

IslamIslam1.1. One God: AllahOne God: Allah2.2. Jesus prophetJesus prophet3.3. Qur’an revealed to Qur’an revealed to

MuhammadMuhammad4.4. Ancestry to AbrahamAncestry to Abraham5.5. Heaven, hell, day of Heaven, hell, day of

judgmentjudgment

ChristianityChristianity1.1. One GodOne God2.2. Jesus son of GodJesus son of God3.3. Bible (Gospels) Bible (Gospels)

revealed to revealed to Moses/New Testament Moses/New Testament writerswriters

4.4. Ancestry to AbrahamAncestry to Abraham5.5. Heaven, hell, day of Heaven, hell, day of

judgmentjudgment

III. Islam ExpandsIII. Islam Expands

A.A. Muhammad’s successors spread IslamMuhammad’s successors spread Islam1.1. Community elected Abu-BakrCommunity elected Abu-Bakr

11stst CaliphCaliph: “successor”: “successor” Jihad: an armed struggle against unbelieversJihad: an armed struggle against unbelievers Muslim state controlled all of ArabiaMuslim state controlled all of Arabia

2.2. ““Rightly guided” caliphsRightly guided” caliphs Muslim armies conquer Syria & lower Egypt (parts of Muslim armies conquer Syria & lower Egypt (parts of

the Byzantine empire)the Byzantine empire) By 750, Muslim empire stretched from Atlantic By 750, Muslim empire stretched from Atlantic

Ocean to the Indus RiverOcean to the Indus River

Islam Expands (cont’d)Islam Expands (cont’d)

B.B. Reasons for successReasons for success1.1. Muhammad’s desire to spread Islam NorthMuhammad’s desire to spread Islam North

2.2. Disciplined and well commanded armiesDisciplined and well commanded armies

3.3. Persecution suffered by people under Byzantine Persecution suffered by people under Byzantine and Sassanid rule b/c they didn’t support state and Sassanid rule b/c they didn’t support state religionreligion

4.4. Muslims allowed conquered peoples to follow Muslims allowed conquered peoples to follow their own religion, but not spread it, as long as their own religion, but not spread it, as long as they paid the taxthey paid the tax

IV. Internal Conflict Creates CrisisIV. Internal Conflict Creates Crisis

A.A. Civil WarCivil War1.1. 656- Uthman murdered; groups struggle for 656- Uthman murdered; groups struggle for

powerpower Ali natural choice; assassinated; elective system dies Ali natural choice; assassinated; elective system dies

with himwith him

2.2. Umayyads ruleUmayyads rule Move capital from Mecca to DamascusMove capital from Mecca to Damascus Surrounded selves with wealthSurrounded selves with wealth Led to fundamental divisionsLed to fundamental divisions

Internal Conflict Creates Crisis Internal Conflict Creates Crisis (cont’d)(cont’d)

3.3. Sunni/Shi’a SplitSunni/Shi’a Split Majority of Muslims accept UmayyadsMajority of Muslims accept Umayyads Shi’a develop alternate view (shi’ites)Shi’a develop alternate view (shi’ites)

Internal Conflict Creates Crisis Internal Conflict Creates Crisis (cont’d)(cont’d)

SunniSunni1.1. Did not outwardly resist Did not outwardly resist

UmayyadsUmayyads2.2. Believe the first four caliphs Believe the first four caliphs

were “rightly guided”were “rightly guided”3.3. Muslim rulers should follow the Muslim rulers should follow the

Sunna, or “Muhammad’s Sunna, or “Muhammad’s example”example”

4.4. Claim that the Shi’a have Claim that the Shi’a have distorted the meaning of various distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur’anpassages in the Qur’an

5.5. 83% of population83% of population

Shi’aShi’a1.1. Develop alternate view to Develop alternate view to

UmayyadsUmayyads2.2. Believe that Ali, the Prophet’s Believe that Ali, the Prophet’s

son-in-law, should have son-in-law, should have succeeded Muhammadsucceeded Muhammad

3.3. Believe that all Muslim rulers Believe that all Muslim rulers should be descended from should be descended from Muhammad; do not recognize Muhammad; do not recognize the authority of the Sunnathe authority of the Sunna

4.4. Claim that the Sunni have Claim that the Sunni have distorted the meaning of various distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur’anpassages in the Qur’an

5.5. 16 % of population16 % of population

Internal Conflict Creates Crisis Internal Conflict Creates Crisis (cont’d)(cont’d)

B.B. Conflict ExtendsConflict Extends1.1. 750, Rebels overthrow Umayyads, Abbasids gain 750, Rebels overthrow Umayyads, Abbasids gain

controlcontrol

2.2. Murder remaining family membersMurder remaining family members

3.3. Move capital to Baghdad, Iraq; great trade routesMove capital to Baghdad, Iraq; great trade routes

4.4. Create strong bureaucracy ($ affairs)Create strong bureaucracy ($ affairs)

Internal Conflict Creates Crisis Internal Conflict Creates Crisis (cont’d)(cont’d)

C.C. Trade networksTrade networks1.1. Sea Trade-Mediterranean Sea and Indian OceanSea Trade-Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean2.2. CurrencyCurrency

Abbasid Dinar: single currency in empireAbbasid Dinar: single currency in empire Sakks: “check”; letter of credit exchanged for cash at Sakks: “check”; letter of credit exchanged for cash at

any bankany bank

3.3. Large citiesLarge cities Cordoba: pop 200,000Cordoba: pop 200,000 In contrast, Paris: 38,000In contrast, Paris: 38,000 Fueled immense achievements in arts and sciencesFueled immense achievements in arts and sciences

V. Muslim CultureV. Muslim Culture

A.A. SocietySociety1.1. Rise of Muslim CitiesRise of Muslim Cities

Many cultures combinedMany cultures combined Attracted many peopleAttracted many people Baghdad approaches 1 million peopleBaghdad approaches 1 million people

2.2. 4 Social Classes:4 Social Classes: Upper class—Muslim at birthUpper class—Muslim at birth Second Class—converts to IslamSecond Class—converts to Islam Third Class—”protected peoples” included Christians, Jews, and Third Class—”protected peoples” included Christians, Jews, and

ZoroastriansZoroastrians Lowest Class—slaves (POWs; all non-Muslims)Lowest Class—slaves (POWs; all non-Muslims)

Muslim Culture (cont’d)Muslim Culture (cont’d)

3.3. WomenWomen Shari’a gave Muslim women specific legal rights Shari’a gave Muslim women specific legal rights

concerning marriage, family, and propertyconcerning marriage, family, and property Expected to submit to Muslim menExpected to submit to Muslim men Responsibilities varied with incomeResponsibilities varied with income

Poor women worked fields, wealthier women Poor women worked fields, wealthier women responsible for household and servantsresponsible for household and servants

Had access to educationHad access to education Over time, women forced to live increasingly Over time, women forced to live increasingly

isolated livesisolated lives

Muslim Culture (cont’d)Muslim Culture (cont’d)

4.4. Art and Science flourishesArt and Science flourishes Fall of Rome (476) created chaos in Europe; Fall of Rome (476) created chaos in Europe;

scholarship sufferedscholarship suffered Umayyads and Abbasids expanded knowledgeUmayyads and Abbasids expanded knowledge

a)a) LiteratureLiteratureb)b) Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

CalligraphyCalligraphy

c)c) Medical advancesMedical advancesd)d) Math and ScienceMath and Sciencee)e) PhilosophyPhilosophy