The Nature of MatterDay 1

Write down the title of today’s lecture

and the date in your notebook.

Update your learning objectives as we proceed!

The Nature of Matter (2-1) First, turn to your neighbor

Discuss the question, “What do you know about atoms?” (hint: use your learning objectives)

What are they made of? What do they look like? What else do you remember about them?

Be ready to share in one minute Copy the diagram we develop on the board

Atom: simplest unit of matter; cannot easily be broken down into electrons, neutrons, protons

Fun fact (you are not responsible for this): There are about 1028 atoms in your body! 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Atoms and molecules What is the difference between atoms and

molecules? Educated guess! Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share

Volunteers! I need three of you, please Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically joined

Function as a unit with new properties Can be split back apart into individual atoms Molecules can be small (water – only 3 atoms) Molecules can be huge (table sugar has 45 atoms!)

Elements and Compounds What are elements and compounds?

Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share anything Element: material that has only ONE type of ATOM

Ex: sodium Ex: chlorine

Compound: material that contains only ONE type of MOLECULE. Ex: sodium chloride

Remember: elements contain one type of atom Pure compounds contain one type of molecule

I need 8 volunteers this time

Review

Use about half a page to create the following table in your notes

Atom Molecule

A lot of one type of element

A lot of one type of compound

Review Use the kits to develop a model that

shows the differences between:One atom of hydrogen

One molecule of water

A small amount of the pure element hydrogen

A small amount of the pure compound “water” (or H2O)

Show your model to Mr. Welman Record a drawing of the model in your table. Note: each ball represents a single atom

Sticks can connect atoms to form one molecule When done: complete “exit slip” – turn in

Lipids and Carbohydrates(Record title and date)

Today’s and Tomorrow’s learning objective:•

Explain basic properties of lipids, carbohydrates,

proteins, and nucleic acids

Organic Carbon Compounds (2-3)

What does the term “organic carbon compound” mean to you? Discuss, be ready to share.

Organic carbon compounds: Macromolecules that contain carbon & are/were part of a living organism. Macromolecules = Really large compounds Organic carbon compounds BUILD all living

material.

Protein macromolecule Water molecule

4 main types of organic carbon compounds What are they? Check your learning objectives. Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids

Lipids – what are they?

Include “oils” (liquids), “fats” (solids) Oil examples: olive oil, diesel fuel Fat examples: cholesterol, trans fats, butter,

lard, some vitamins

Lipids – why are they important? What do you know about fats and oils? Store long-term energy (fat)

Fats difficult to break down (metabolize), but store more energy than carbs (sugars, grains, etc)

Question: what would you eat before a long run? Lipids (oils/fats) or carbohydrates (sugars/grains)?

Carbohydrates Question: What do cells use to store lots of

energy: Lipids or carbohydrates? Lipids

Lipids– why else are they important?

Make up cell membranes Cell messengers (help cells talk to each other) Long-term energy storage

“Head” with 2 or 3 “tails”

Carbohydrates – what are they? What do you know about carbohydrates? Monosaccharides

Single sugar – a simple ring molecule Examples:

Fructose (in honey, some fruits) Glucose (very common – energy for cells)

Polysaccharides – What does this mean? MANY monosaccharides combined

Carbohydrates – polysaccharides

Plants store extra glucose as “starch” Many glucose combined = starch (e.g. potatoes) Animals eat, break down starch – get quick energy

Animals store extra glucose as “glycogen” Many glucose combined = glycogen Stored in our liver & muscle cells

Question: What is the difference

between glycogen and starch?

Carbohydrates – why are they important? Quick energy use Short-term energy storage Cell structure – especially in plants

Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)

Exit slip!

1 min to review, ask questions Then complete exit slip in order to leave class.

Warmup – WrittenWork alone, using your notes

1) List one function of carbohydrates. 2) List one function of lipids. 3) You eat too much sugar. Would your body store it

as starch, glycogen, or a fat? Glycogen – in liver & muscles

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Today’s learning objective:

Explain basic properties of lipids, carbohydrates,

proteins, and nucleic acids

Outline

Questions from yesterday? Proteins and nucleic acids – notes/discussion!

(And you get to eat a cracker!) Interactive review!

Nucleic Acids – what are they?

What is DNA? What does it do? Discuss. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribononucleic Acid) Molecules that build proteins Hereditary

Passed from parent(s) to offspring

Nucleic Acid – Structure

What does DNA look like? DNA – double strand

“Double helix” RNA – single strand

“Single helix” Questions about DNA?

Proteins – what are they?

What do you know about proteins? Discuss. They’re macromolecules made of amino

acids joined together What are macromolecules again?

DNA – contains instructions to build proteins DNA puts amino acids in long chains Fold into specific shape = specific job

If shape is changed, protein won’t work!

Proteins – why are they important?

Proteins Helps build muscles, bones Create most of your traits (what you look like!) Move materials in and out of cells Helps with immune responses Control the rate of chemical reactions

(ENZYMES!)

Enzymes and chemical reactions

What is a chemical reaction? Discuss. Chemical reaction:

One or more chemicals (reactants) react to form different chemicals (products)

Reactant(s) Product(s) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Occur in living organisms (cells) Often millions of time faster!

Speed up = “catalyze” ENZYMES ARE ONE TYPE OF PROTEIN

Amylase- time to eat a cracker!

Amylase is an ENZYME that helps 1 starch molecule…

…get broken down into 3 glucose molecules

Without amylase, your body could not break down starch efficiently.

Proteins and enzymes Enzymes provide a site for chemicals to come

together to react – like a “lock and key” Enzymes are specific – only help certain

chemicals react. (Animation – describe in notes)

Proteins and enzymes

Enzymes may either: Break down molecules

(e.g. food) or Synthesize/build molecules

(e.g. building new proteins)

Review – carbs, lipids, and proteins

Review covers yesterday and today Not participating or off-topic = extra

homework (already printed…) Discuss, be ready to share each.

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

Monosaccharide = one ring; polysaccharide = many combined monosaccharides Both are carbohydrates

What are proteins made of? Amino acids

(not nucleic acids – those are DNA/RNA)

Is a lipid a molecule or an atom? Molecule

Difference between glycogen and glucose? Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of many

glucose molecules.; Glycogen stores energy for short-term needs Glucose is available for immediate energy

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Starch = plants; glycogen = animals

What do enzymes do? Speed up chemical reactions

Explain the “lock and key” analogy for how enzymes and their substrates interact. (Substrates are the chemical(s) they react with) Short answer and/or labeled drawing.

In this analogy, the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The substrate fits into a specific location in the enzyme, and once they are joined together, the chemical reaction can take place.

What are some important functions of proteins? Helps build muscles, bones Create most of your traits (what you look like!) Move materials in and out of cells Helps with immune responses Control the rate of chemical reactions

(ENZYMES!)

What would be more likely to help you break down food quickly: an enzyme or a nucleic acid?

Enzymes!

What is more difficult for living organisms to break down – a lipid or a carbohydrate?

Lipids

What is an important function of lipids? Make up cell membranes Cell messengers (help cells talk to each

other) Long-term energy storage

What is an important function of carbohydrates?

Quick energy use Short-term energy storage Cell structure – especially in plants

Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)

What is an atom? Short answer. Be clear – a vague answer will earn partial credit.

An atom is the smallest whole unit of matter.

What do nucleic acids contain instructions for?

Proteins (which build your traits)

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? Short answer.

An atom is the smallest “unit” of matter, while a molecule is comprised of at least two atoms chemically joined together.

Which generally stores more energy: a typical lipid molecule or a typical carbohydrate molecule? One word answer.

Lipid

Everything after this used in previous years…

Catalase Lab!

Catalase is an enzyme Present in your liver Like all enzymes, it speeds up a chemical

reaction – it breaks down hydrogen peroxide (a toxic cell waste product)

The speed of this reaction is influenced by temperature and other factors

2H2O2 2H20 + O2

(broken down into water and oxygen bubbles)

Proteins – what do they look like?

Primary structure – the order of the amino acids

Proteins – what do they look like?

Secondary and tertiary structure Refer to how the protein is folded

USED THIS IN PREVIOUS YEARS….Your task: Copy this table into your notebook and complete fill in the blanks. You may work with your neighbor. (Carbs and lipids right now, proteins later)

Lipids Carbohydrates ProteinsContain mostly:

List three important functions

1) Energy storage

List three examples Glucose (mono)

Your task: Copy and complete this table into your notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table)

Lipids Carbohydrates ProteinsContain mostly: Carbon,

hydrogenCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What do they look like?

One “head”, two or three “tails”

or

or

List three important functions

Energy storage, cell communication, hormones

Energy for cells, cell structure (cellulose, chitin), energy storage

List three examples Olive oil

Butter

Cholesterol

Glucose (mono)

Sucrose (di)

Starch/glycogen (polysaccharide)

Egg white, …

Your task: Copy and complete this table into your notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table)

Lipids Carbohydrates ProteinsContain mostly: Carbon,

hydrogenCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What do they look like?

One “head”, two or three “tails”

or

or

Long chain of aa (primary); then folded up (secondary, tertiary)

List three important functions

Energy storage, cell communication, hormones

Energy for cells, cell structure (cellulose, chitin), energy storage

Characteristics

Immune system

Cell transport

Enzymes

List three examples Olive oil

Butter

Cholesterol

Glucose (mono)

Sucrose (di)

Starch/glycogen (polysaccharide)

Egg white

Amylase

Catalase