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1
The Nephron
2
Yu et al., Curr. Opin. Gene. Dev. 14:550-7, 2004
3
Shah, M. M. et al. Development 2004;131:1449-1462
4
HoxB7:GFP
(ureteric bud
expression)
YesYesCombination
NoN.A.Metanephric
Mesenchyme
Alone
N.A.NoUreteric Bud
Alone
Tubules?Branching
Duct ?
Grobstein, 1955
Kidney Induction in Vitro
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Many heterologous tissues can induce metanephric
mesenchyme to form tubules
But only the metanephric mesenchyme can form
tubules in response to inducers
Hence, the metanephric mesenchyme is highly
patterned before being induced to form tubules
6
Induction of the Ureteric Bud: C-ret and GDNF
C-ret: TK receptor expressed in the nephric duct and ureteric bud
C-ret -/- mice: No metanephros (although mesonephros is
normal)
Branching of the ureteric bud in tissue recombinations of c-ret -/-
and wild type tissues:
-+-/-
-++/+
-/-+/+
Bud
Mesenchyme Schuchardt et al.
Development 122,
1919-1929 (1996)
GDNF is a ligand for c-ret
GDNF -/- mice have no kidneys or
ureter
GDNF is expressed in the kidney
mesenchyme around the ureteric bud
branchpoints, and can induce ureteric
bud branching and outgrowth in vitro
(Sainio et al, Development 124, 4077-
4087, 1997)
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Tissue-specific genes are expressed in the kidney mesenchyme
prior to its ineteraction with the duct
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Pronephros
MesonephrosUreteric bud
Metanephros
Duct
Tubule
Glomus
Filtration
Barrier
The Vertebrate Kidney
som im
The Intermediate Mesoderm
Partial List of Intermediate Mesoderm Derivatives
Kidney, Somatic Gonad, Hematopoietic Tissue, Aorta, Adrenal
Glands
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c
d coe
somlpn
ntB C D
n psm im lp
np
n som im lp
Asom im
10
11
Phase I:
Osr1
St. 9 St. 12
Phase II:
Pax2, lim1, wt1
Gene expression during intermediate mesoderm formation
A B C D
0h 5h 10h 15h
Fate Map of the Avian Intermediate Mesoderm
St. 5 St. 7 St. 9
12
im im
somsom somsom
nt
som
im im
lplp
A
D
B C
E F
quailpax-2
quailpax-2
IM is not specified in the primitive streak
som
nt
pax-2quail
imnt
som*
A CB
pax-2quail
im
lp
pax-2quail
im
lp lp
*
im
lp
*
D
IH
FE
G
IM becomes progressively specified as it migrates
from the primitive streak
IM is determined
with respect to
transplantation into
paraxial tissues by
St. 8
IM is NOT
determined with
respect to
transplantation into
lateral tissues at St.
8, but becomes
determined by St. 9
13
Paraxis(Mesogenin, Meox,
Tbx6)
Pax-2(Lim1, Wt1)
FoxC2 Osr1 Cytokeratin
Paraxial Paraxial/IM IM IM/LP LP
im
d coe
Som
(paraxial)
lpn
nt
Transcription Factors
in the mesoderm
Models of Intermediate Mesoderm Patterning:
The Medio-lateral Axis
Mediolateral gradient
Interaction between two already specified tissues
Vertical signaling
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pax2
lim1
pax2
quail
Quail somite
Quail somite
+ Chick
lateral plate
mesoderm
A property in the lateral plate which can induce
IM genes in the somite
Bmp signaling at the time of initial Intermediate
Mesoderm formation
Bmp-2 Bmp-4 P-Smad1
P-Smad1 from Faure et al., Dev. Biol. 244:44 (2002)
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Normal
Bmp
Noggin
osr1 lim1 wt1
b
b b
nn
Alterations in IM gene expression by manipulation of
Bmp signaling in vivo
b
n
b
n
c
c
c c
Bmp-2 can generate IM from paraxial mesoderm
in a dose-responsive manner
osr1 lim1 cytokeratin
St. 5-6
anterior
primitive
streak
St. 8
paraxial
mesoderm
paraxis
16
Does BMP regulate IM gene expression cell-
autonomously?
Bmp signaling can induce IM gene expression
cell-autonomously
pCS2-c.a.
Alk3-IRES-
GFP
Gfp Scl/Tal
Control
Gfp
Gfp
Pax2
Osr1
psm
17
Direct responders to Bmp signaling ?
Msx2 Osr1 Tbx6
No Rx
Bmp2
CHX
Bmp2 +
CHX
St. 8 PSM
cultured for 3
hours
Directly
activated
Not directly activated;
Under negative
regulation?
Not directly
repressed
Paraxis(Mesogenin, Meox,
Tbx6)
Pax-2(Lim1, Wt1)
FoxC2 Osr1 Cytokeratin
Paraxial Paraxial/IM IM IM/LP LP
im
d coe
Som
(paraxial)
lpn
nt
Transcription Factors
in the mesoderm
18
Intermediate Mesoderm markers are expanded
medially in FoxC1/C2 mutants
Osr1
Osr1
Lim1
FoxC2 represses Pax-2 in the IM
pMES-GFP
(Control)
pMES-FoxC2-
GFP
pMES-FoxC2-
GFP
Dapi Pax-2 Gfp
somim
somim
im im
im imim im
Pax-2 Gfp
Pax-2 Gfp
19
Untransfected
pMES-FoxC2-GFP
Dapi
Dapi
Pax-7
Pax-7
FoxC2 induces expression of the somite marker Pax-7 in the IM
Gfp
s ss
im im im
imim ss
osr1,pax,
lim,etc
FoxC
Pax7
Somite IM Lateral Plate
FoxC
Pax7
Bmp
FoxC
Pax7
Bmp
High
Bmp
Paraxis Pax-2 Osr1 Cytokeratin
CK
osr1,pax,
lim,etc
osr1,pax,
lim,etc
20